白芷中四种线型呋喃香豆素类成分药理作用研究

研究了白芷中异欧前胡素、欧前胡素、水合氧化前胡素、白当归素等4种主要线型呋喃香豆素类成分的药理作用。分别采用热板法、醋酸扭体法观察镇痛活性;家兔离体回肠法观察解痉活性;MTT法观察抗肿瘤活性。发现异欧前胡素、欧前胡素具有明显的镇痛作用,能明显抑制热板、醋酸所致小鼠疼痛,为白芷镇痛的活性成分;异欧前胡素、欧前胡素、水合氧化前胡素均能明显缓解BaCl2所致兔肠平滑肌痉挛,为白芷解痉的活性成分;异欧前胡素、水合氧化前胡素具有显著抗肿瘤作用,对HL-60、P388、HELA、A549等细胞株的生长均有明显抑制作用。     

河川沙塘鳢胚胎、仔鱼发育过程中 蛋白质含量及氨基酸库的变化

采用生物化学方法测定和分析了河川沙塘鳢（Odontobutis potamophila）胚胎、仔鱼发育过程中蛋白质含量及氨基酸的组成和含量。结果显示,从受精卵开始到孵出后8 d饥饿仔鱼的整个胚胎和仔鱼发育过程中,其总蛋白和总氨基酸含量均呈下降趋势;总的必需氨基酸含量和总的非必需氨基酸含量也一样都呈现出下降趋势;平均含量最高的氨基酸是亮氨酸Leu、赖氨酸Lys、谷氨酸Glu和天冬氨酸Asp。与总氨基酸库相反,游离氨基酸库却呈现出随着发育的进行而不断增长的趋势,这种增长趋势也反映在游离的必需氨基酸和游离的非必需氨基酸含量的变化上,并且平均含量最高的游离氨基酸是赖氨酸Lys、亮氨酸Leu、脯氨酸Pro和谷氨酸Glu。整个发育过程中,游离氨基酸的含量仅占总氨基酸库的很小一部分（在受精卵,仅占0.16%）。由于总蛋白和总氨基酸含量在发育过程中均呈下降趋势,而游离氨基酸含量呈增长趋势,由此可知,在整个胚胎发生过程中,其卵黄蛋白的水解速度大于胚体同化和异化作用对氨基酸的消耗速度。     

72份青稞氨基酸组成与营养价值评价

为了解青稞氨基酸的组成及营养品质,本研究测定了72份青稞材料籽粒的17种氨基酸(色氨酸除外)含量,通过对供试青稞材料氨基酸含量进行聚类分析,并比较育成品种与地方品种的氨基酸组成差异,对青稞的氨基酸进行了营养价值评价。结果表明,青稞氨基酸总含量平均为87.454 mg/g DW,变幅为47.8~178.7 mg/g DW,其中必需氨基酸含量占37.15%,谷氨酸的含量最高且变异大,蛋氨酸含量最低,赖氨酸含量变异小,91.67%的青稞材料的第一限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸。青稞氨基酸的贴近度为0.903,与世界粮农组织(FAO)、世界卫生组织(WHO)、联合国大学(UNU)提出的模式蛋白质的必需氨基酸组成较接近,氨基酸比值系数分SRC(73.14)较高。非必需氨基酸占青稞总氨基酸含量的62.85%,其中鲜味和甜味氨基酸含量分别为26.58 mg/g DW和21.85 mg/g DW,分别占总氨基酸含量的30.04%和24.43%。不同青稞材料的氨基酸含量和营养价值有很大的差异,地方品种各氨基酸含量均高于育成品种。供试材料中有4份青稞的氨基酸营养价值及风味氨基酸含量均较高。研究结果可为优质氨基酸组成的青稞选育及青稞加工提供指导。     

食用菌副产物中可再利用的营养成分分析

【目的】研究食用菌深加工产生的食用菌副产物中是否含有可再利用的营养成分。【方法】对10种食用菌副产物中的主要营养成分总糖、蛋白质、粗纤维等进行分析测定,并进一步对其葡聚糖构型和氨基酸组成进行定量分析。【结果】食用菌副产物中含有丰富的蛋白质和多糖,进一步分析发现副产物中的多糖主要由具有生物活性的β-葡聚糖组成,氨基酸组成中均含有17种常见氨基酸和7种人体必需氨基酸。其中,茯苓副产物的总糖和β-葡聚糖含量分别为66.04%和59.46%,灵芝孢子粉副产物的蛋白质含量达36.17%,蛹虫草副产物的必需氨基酸总量达10.43%。【结论】食用菌副产物中含有较高的营养成分,具有较大的再利用价值,为食用菌产业的可持续发展建立了基础。     

三个茯苓材料氨基酸与蛋白质的含量比较

目的：3个茯苓品种的蛋白质与氨基酸含量比较。方法：凯氏定氮法和考马斯亮蓝测定蛋白质和氨基酸含量;结果：3个品种的茯苓所含蛋白质、氨基酸种类齐全,辐射一号中人体所需的8种必需氨基酸含量最具明显优势,其游离氨基酸和总蛋白含量高于湘靖28,蛋白质与游离氨基酸含量高低为野生型＞辐射一号＞湘靖28;结论：辐射一号是一个经济价值指标较优的品种,对茯苓新品种选育和茯苓蛋白类保健品开发具有指导意义。     

丹参种子脂肪及蛋白质组分分析

以陕西商洛丹参GAP基地丹参种子为材料,用气相色谱法分析丹参种子中的脂肪酸组分.用VS-KT-P型自动凯氏定氮仪分析种子蛋白质总含量及蛋白质组分,用121M型氨基酸分析仪测定种子所含氨基酸的种类,以明确丹参种子中脂肪和蛋白质的利用价值.结果表明:丹参种子脂肪中的不饱和脂肪酸含量高达88.1%,其中亚麻酸、哑油酸和油酸等不饱和脂肪酸分别占总油脂的28.84%、37.43%和22.03%,而且,亚麻酸和亚油酸等多不饱和脂肪酸含量(66%)明显高于单不饱和脂肪酸含量(22%),说明其脂肪酸的组成不饱和程度高.丹参种子中蛋白质总含量为14.46%,其中麦谷蛋白含量最高,占蛋白质总量的72.57%,其余依次为清蛋白17.03%、醇溶蛋白6.09%、球蛋白4.31%;丹参种子蛋白质中的必需氨基酸(EAA)占氨基酸总量(TAA)的59.2%,其中赖氨酸的氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)为88.91,其它必需氨基酸SRC接近100.结果说明丹参种子具有一定的营养价值和保健作用.     

海南产螺旋藻粉蛋白质氨基酸

采用Tecator自动定氮仪和Waters PICO-TAG氨基酸自动分析仪测定了海南螺旋藻粉中蛋白质含量和17种氨基酸含量。结果显示海南螺旋藻粉中蛋白质含量达63.3%,总氨基酸含量达60.88%,其中必需氨基酸含量超过40%,比例平衡,符合FA0标准,可与国外产品媲美。     

三疣梭子蟹软壳蟹肝胰腺的消化酶活力与营养成分分析

通过生化分析、气质联用和液质联用等技术, 系统地研究了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)软壳蟹肝胰腺的消化酶活力与营养组成。结果表明三疣梭子蟹软壳蟹肝胰腺中粗脂肪的含量最高, 达47.97%, 但脂肪酶活力却最小; 其消化酶活力大小为: 淀粉酶>类胰蛋白酶>脂肪酶, 且各消化酶活力之间差异显著(P<0.05)。共检出38种脂肪酸, 其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)18 种, 单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)8 种, 多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)12 种; 其中SFA的含量最高, 为33.05%, PUFA次之, 占32.45%, MUFA的含量最少, 为28.18%。氨基酸组成中谷氨酸含量居首位, 共检测出29种氨基酸, 包括7种必需氨基酸、2种半必需氨基酸及20中非必需氨基酸; 非必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例最高, 为52.77%; 其次为必需氨基酸, 占35.39%; 半必需氨基酸最低, 为11.84%。由此可知, 脂类物质是三疣梭子蟹软壳蟹期间主要的能源物质, 其脂肪酸和氨基酸的种类及含量与硬壳蟹相比存在着一定的差异。     

冬虫夏草鲜品及干品游离氨基酸比较分析

采用异硫氰酸苯酯(PITC)柱前衍生高效液相色谱法,测定并比较烘干、晒干所得的冬虫夏草干燥样品及未经处理的鲜冬虫夏草样品的游离氨基酸含量。结果表明:3类样品均含有19种游离氨基酸,其中鲜冬虫夏草的游离氨基酸总量、药效氨基酸、呈味氨基酸及必需氨基酸含量均最高,显著高于晒干和烘干冬虫夏草(P0.01),晒干和烘干冬虫夏草之间无显著差异。冬虫夏草的游离氨基酸在晒干、烘干过程中会造成损失。该研究为冬虫夏草加工工艺的提升提供了科学依据。     

4种金福菇菌株子实体的蛋白质营养价值评价

对引种成功的4种金福菇菌株(DC、XY、JK、TW)子实体的氨基酸组成及蛋白质含量进行测定,并应用氨基酸比值系数法和模糊识别法对其营养价值进行全面评价。结果表明,4种金福菇菌株子实体的第一限制氨基酸均为赖氨酸,必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值接近或超过了联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)/世界卫生组织(WHO)提出的理想蛋白质的标准,与鸡蛋蛋白的贴近度μ基本在0.9以上;菌盖的总氨基酸含量和蛋白质含量均高于菌柄的,XY、JK和TW3个菌株的菌盖总氨基酸分和氨基酸比值系数分均比菌柄的高,而各菌株菌柄的必需氨基酸指数和生物价均高于菌盖的。综合分析表明,除TW菌株因蛋白质含量较低而导致其营养指数较低之外,其余3种金福菇的蛋白质营养价值没有明显的区别,金福菇子实体是一种优质的蛋白质资源。     

山药品种间氨基酸含量的差异性研究

采用盐酸水解法分析了福建省建阳主栽的7个山药品种的氨基酸含量及组成。得出供试材料中都含有17种氨基酸,总氨基酸质量分数在2.86~6.64%,平均4.95%,其中以JY-4品种总氨基酸质量分数最高,JY-2最低;各种氨基酸质量分数高低顺序基本相似,以精氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸居前三位,胱氨酸质量分数最低,必需氨基酸质量分数的高低依次是亮氨酸>苯丙氨酸>赖氨酸>缬氨酸>异亮氨酸>苏氨酸>蛋氨酸;鲜味氨基酸在各品种间的差异显著,以JY-4最高,达3.41%,依次是JY-3、JY-6、JY-1、JY-5、JY-7、JY-2。再运用聚类分析方法从氨基酸的组成及含量角度对7个品种进行分类可分为三类;相关分析表明:山药总氨基酸含量愈高,必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量亦愈高。     

THE ROLE OF BACTERIAL SYMBIONTS IN AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF BLACK BEAN APHIDS

To evaluate the role of bacterial symbionts (Buchnera spp.) in the black bean aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch), the aphids were treated with the antibiotic, rifampicin, to eliminate their intracellular symbiotic bacteria. Analysis of protein and amino acid concentration in 7‐day‐old of aposymbiotic aphids showed that the total protein content per mg fresh weight was significantly reduced by 29%, but free amino acid titers were increased by 17%. The ratio of the essential amino acids was in general only around 20% essential amino acids in phloem sap of broad bean, whereas it was 44% and 37% in symbiotic and aposymbiotic aphids, respectively, suggesting that the composition of the free amino acids was unbalanced. For example, the essential amino acid, threonine represented 21.6% of essential amino acids in symbiotic aphids, but it was only 16.7% in aposymbiotic aphids. Likewise, two nonessential amino acids, tyrosine and serine, represented 8.9% and 5.6% of total amino acids in symbiontic aphids, respectively, but they enhanced to 21.1% and 13.6% in aposymbiotic aphids. It seems likely that the elevated free amino acid concentration in aposymbiotic aphids was caused by the limited protein anabolism as the result of the unbalanced amino acid composition.     

不同产区太子参氨基酸含量测定及多元统计分析

本文采用高速氨基酸自动分析仪对太子参四大种植主产区(安徽、江苏、福建、贵州)的栽培品及河南的野生品,共13个批次太子参药材的氨基酸组成和含量进行测定。结果显示氨基酸含量基本顺序为:精氨酸(Arg)>谷氨酸(Glu)>天冬氨酸(Asp)>脯氨酸(Pro),其中安徽宣城产太子参样品(S2)的16种氨基酸总含量和7种人体必需氨基酸含量最高。以上述4种主要氨基酸作为指标,探讨了不同产区太子参药材的内在品质。采用聚类分析法对氨基酸含量进行多元统计分析,表明氨基酸含量分析可体现样品产区间和产区内的差异性,可区别野生品与栽培品。这些结果为发展太子参道地药材的质量标准控制提供了依据。     

不同来源仙草的氨基酸比较分析

采用盐酸水解法分析不同来源仙草的氨基酸组成及含量差异,结果表明供试仙草均含有17种氨基酸和7种必需氨基酸,氨基酸总量为4.75％～13.65％,17种氨基酸总量和7种必需氨基酸总量的高低顺序都是9＞10＞5＞8＞1 ＞6＞4＞3＞2＞7,均以9号仙草含量最高,7号仙草最低.各种氨基酸含量高低顺序相似,以谷氨酸、天门冬氨...     

麦苗中氨基酸测定与评价

用日立L-8800型氨基酸自动分析仪测定了麦苗中的氨基酸含量.结果表明麦苗中18种氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸及药效氨基酸含量较高,提示麦苗在营养学和医学上都有很高的研究价值.     

Nutritional Composition and Assessment of Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory

The chemical composition, mineral elements, vitamins, free fatty acids and amino acid content of the edible red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory, grown in the sea near Nan＇ao island, Guangdong Province, were analyzed in the present study. Gracilaria lemaneiformis Bory showed a total sugar content of 14.65%. The protein content was 21%, of which approximately 41% was determined to be essential amino acids （EAA）. The major amino acid components were glutamic acid, leucine, arginine, and alanine. Of the EAA assayed, methionine and cysteine appeared to be the most limiting amino acids compared with the EAA pattern provided by Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. The total lipids content was 0.87% and comprised a high composition of unsaturated fatty acids （61%）, mainly as linoleic acid and oleic acid, and a little amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid; palmitic acid was the main component （39%） of saturated acids. Relatively high levels of vitamin C, iodine, phosphorus, and zinc were also present in G. lemaneiformis. The nutritional composition between G. lemaneiformis and Nostoc flagelliforme, a rare alga that is widely eaten in Chinese society, was compared. The results suggest that N. flagelliforme can be substituted for by G. lemaneiformis, not only because of their similar shape, but also because of their approximate nutritional composition. Gracilaria lemaneiformis may possibly serve as a potential healthy food in human diets in the future.     

Alteration of free amino acid concentrations in insect galls induced by Andricus mukaigawae (Hymenoptera; Cynipidae)

1. Insect galls are abnormal plant growths that develop in response to a stimulus provided by a galling insect. The nutrition hypothesis suggests that the concentrations of nutritive compounds in galls are changed to provide optimum nutrition for the larvae and adults of galling insects. 2. To test the nutrition hypothesis, we determined the concentrations of 20 free amino acids in galls and in galled and ungalled twigs of Quercus fabri during the larval and adult stages of Andricus mukaigawae using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet–visible detection. 3. At the larval stage, the concentrations of 12 out of 20 amino acids in A. mukaigawae galls were significantly higher than those in galled and ungalled twigs. Asparagine and tryptophan were the most abundant nonessential and essential amino acids, respectively, in A. mukaigawae galls. 4. At the adult stage, the concentrations of most amino acids, except proline, were significantly lower in A. mukaigawae galls than in galled and ungalled twigs. The A. mukaigawae adults may not manipulate amino acid levels because the adults do not feed on galls. The decrease of amino acid levels in adult galls may be viewed as a depletion. 5. The composition of free amino acids in A. mukaigawae galls was significantly different from the composition in galled and ungalled twigs in both the larval and adult stages. 6. Our results may support the nutrition hypothesis. We suggest that a high concentration of proline in A. mukaigawae galls may protect larvae and adults from plant defense responses.     

Metabolic engineering of a complex biochemical pathway: The lysine and threonine biosynthesis as an example

The nutritional quality of crop plants is determined by their content in essential amino acids provided in food for humans or in feed for monogastric animals. Amino acid composition of crop–based diets can be improved via manipulation of the properties of key enzymes of amino acid biosynthetic pathways by mutation and transformation. We focused on the aspartate-derived amino acid pathway producing four essential amino acids: lysine, threonine, isoleucine and methionine. Genes encoding aspartate kinase (AK) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) that operate as key genes of the aspartate pathway have been cloned from Arabidopsis. Genetic and molecular studies revealed that at least five different ak genes are represented. Some of them were characterized in terms of gene and promoter structure, developmental expression and regulatory properties. In the case of dhdps, two quite identical genes have been identified and characterized at expression level. Mutated genes encoding a fully feedback-insensitive form of the DHDPS enzyme were obtained from Nicotiana sylvestris and Arabidopsis. Several chimeric constructs harbouring this mutated allele under the control of constitutive or seed-specific promoters were transferred via Agrobacterium or biolistics in various plant species. In all cases, lines with significant increase of free lysine content were obtained in vegetative organs, but the impact of the transgene in seeds is limited due to the presence of an active catabolic enzyme, lysine ketoreductase. These results show that, although dealing with a complex, highly regulated pathway, the overexpression of a single gene encoding a feedback-insensitive form of the key enzyme DHDPS exerts a significant effect on the carbon flux through the aspartate pathway towards lysine production.     

Injection of essential amino acids substitutes for bacterial supply in aposymbiotic pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum)

The symbiotic bacteria Buchnera contribute to the nutrition of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, through the provision of essential amino acids which are lacking in the diet. However, chemically defined diets, containing nutritionally adequate amounts of essential amino acids, fail to rescue aposymbiotic aphids, in which the bacteria have been disrupted with antibiotics. In this study the injection of a mixture of essential amino acids into the haemocoel of aposymbiotic aphids was shown to alleviate, at least partially, the impact of symbiont loss. Specifically, the total amino acid content in the tissues of aposymbiotic aphids was reduced by approximately 40% to levels comparable with symbiotic insects, and there was a 1.7-fold increase in the number of embryos, suggesting that the availability of essential amino acids promotes aphid protein synthesis by rejuvenating the free amino acid pool of aposymbiotic aphids. In addition, a similar effect on the total amino acid content was observed when phenylalanine alone, but not glutamine, lysine or tryptophan, was injected into the haemocoel of aposymbiotic aphids, and there was also a significant increase in the number of embryos following injection of phenylalanine or tryptophan alone. The impact of amino acid injection on the embryo complement of aposymbiotic aphids was limited to an increase in the number of embryos, with no increase in basal embryo size. It is proposed that older embryos may rely on their own complement of symbiotic bacteria for essential amino acid provisioning. Taken together, the data highlight the importance of bacterial provisioning of essential amino acids, particularly the aromatic amino acids, in the intact symbiosis.     

柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法测定绞股蓝茶叶中17种游离氨基酸含量

建立2,4-二硝基氟苯柱前衍生化-反相高效液相色谱法测定绞股蓝茶叶中17种游离氨基酸的含量。以Phenomenex Gemini NX C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm)为分析柱,采用梯度洗脱,流动相A为0.05mol·L-1乙酸钠(pH=6.4,含0.1%N,N-二甲基甲酰胺),流动相B为乙腈-水(1∶1,v/v),检测波长为360nm,柱温35℃;经方法学考察,该方法具有良好的稳定性和重现性。测定结果表明,绞股蓝茶叶中17种游离氨基酸总量为39.79mg·g-1,其中人体必需氨基酸占游离氨基酸总量的36.57%。从氨基酸含量考虑,绞股蓝茶叶具备一定的开发利用价值。