食用菌的药用价值

食用菌除含有丰富的蛋白质和碳水化合物外,还含有人体所必需的多种氨基酸、维生素、矿质元素和多糖。对平衡人体代谢十分有益。其中多糖已被证明为功能物质,且具有多种医疗作用。据报道,已经提纯并用于药理研究的多糖有:银耳多糖、银耳孢子多糖、香菇多糖、黑木耳多糖、猴头多糖、侧耳多糖、密环菌多糖、云芝多糖、茯苓多糖、竹荪多糖、猪苓多糖、灵芝多糖、亮菌多糖及苦孢牛肝菌多糖等。其中多数已制成片剂、冲剂、糖浆或针剂应用于临床,收到较好疗效。调节免疫功能的作用食用菌的多糖成分对免疫功能的调节主要体现在以下几方面。 1.对补体的影响据报道,在研究从香菇中提取的β(1→3)主链的葡聚糖和α-甘露聚糖的抗肿瘤作用过程     

灵芝提取物β-1,3-葡聚糖含量测定及多糖成分分析

采用酶法试剂盒检测法和苯胺蓝荧光检测法对不同结构多糖中β-葡聚糖含量进行测定,结果表明,两种方法对高纯度β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖的含量检测均较为准确,但含有葡萄糖的杂多糖和多分支连接的β-葡聚糖均会对酶法试剂盒检测产生干扰,苯胺蓝荧光法检测β-1,3-葡聚糖专一性较好。通过比较不同灵芝提取物中β-1,3-葡聚糖的含量和得率可知,热水提取物和KOH提取物中β-1,3-葡聚糖的含量较高,分别为20.52%和45.86%,β-1,3-葡聚糖得率分别为0.27%和1.27%,占β-1,3-葡聚糖总提取得率的88%。HPSEC分析结果显示不同提取物中多糖的分子量分布不同,热水提取物中主要包含2个组分,分子量分别为2.835×10~6Da和9.587×10~4Da,KOH提取物中主要包含分子量分布在1×10~5–1×10~6Da范围内的3个组分。各提取物中多糖的单糖组成均以葡萄糖为主,水提多糖中含有少量半乳糖,酸碱提取多糖中含有少量木糖和甘露糖。本研究结果显示,分步提取中沸水和KOH碱溶液提取β-1,3-葡聚糖效率较高。     

中药美白成分的复配及复方中药发酵液的功效

【目的】通过中药美白成分的复配,进而研究复方中药发酵液活性成分及功效性。【方法】以酪氨酸酶抑制率为指标研究最佳复配含量,采用分光光度法测定复方中药发酵液中总酚、多糖、黄酮、蛋白质含量,通过HPLC技术进行氨基酸分析,抗氧化能力通过总还原力和自由基清除试验进行评价,通过酪氨酸酶活性抑制实验进行美白功效分析。【结果】正交实验得出4种中药美白成分中覆盆子对酪氨酸酶抑制效果最好;复方中药发酵液中多酚、多糖、黄酮和蛋白质含量分别为147.80、4.36、1.17、2.22 g/kg;复方中药发酵液具有较高的总还原力、羟自由基清除能力和DPPH自由基清除能力;5%(W/V)复方中药发酵液的酪氨酸酶活性抑制率为82.41%。【结论】复方中药发酵液中含有多种活性成分,具有一定的抗氧化和美白功效。     

沙质微泡菌β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶的克隆表达及酶学性质

【背景】β-葡聚糖是自然界中广泛存在的非淀粉多糖,是谷类植物细胞壁的主要成分。β-葡聚糖酶能够水解β-葡聚糖生成低聚合度的寡糖,在食品、饲料、造纸等领域发挥着重要的作用。【目的】从海洋细菌沙质微泡菌(Microbulbifer arenaceous)中克隆到一个β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶基因,在大肠杆菌中可溶表达,研究其相关酶学性质。【方法】以沙质微泡菌(Microbulbifer arenaceous)基因组DNA为模板,克隆一个β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶基因(MaGlu16A),构建重组表达载体p ET-28a-MaGlu16A并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,通过Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】MaGlu16A的最适pH和最适温度分别为pH 6.0和40°C,在pH 5.0-10.5和35°C以下稳定。对EDTA具有较高的抵抗性,在1 mmol/L和10 mmol/L EDTA浓度下仍保持99.3%和82.5%的酶活力。该酶能够有效水解可得然多糖、昆布多糖、大麦葡聚糖、地衣多糖、燕麦葡聚糖和酵母葡聚糖,水解产物主要为葡萄糖、二糖、三糖和四糖。【结论】海洋细菌沙质微泡菌(Microbulbiferarenaceous)来源β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶的克隆表达及酶学性质的测定为β-葡聚糖酶的挖掘及β-葡寡糖的制备奠定了基础。     

黑曲霉纤维素酶的化学组成

本文测定的黑曲霉纤维素酶各组分均为糖蛋白,但含糖量和组成各不相同,含糖量分别为：β－葡萄糖苷酶１１．３％,内切β－葡聚糖酶１１．８％,β－葡聚糖纤维二糖水解酶ＣＢＨ—１７．２％、ＣＢＨ－Ⅱ５．８％。各酶组分的氨基酸组成有一定的差异,但也有一些共同之处,即都含有较多的酸性氨基酸（Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｕ）,碱性氨基酸（Ｈｉｓ、Ａｒｇ）含量较低。分析酶组分间的相似性时发现,β－葡聚精纤维二糖水解酶的ＣＢＨ－Ⅰ组分与内切β－葡聚糖酶在各种氨基酸的含量上较为相似,而同属于β－葡聚糖纤维二糖水解酶的两个组分ＣＢＨⅠ和ＣＢＨ—Ⅱ在氨基酸的含量上有一定的差异。     

湖羊瘤胃微生物GH9家族葡聚糖酶基因IDSGLUC9-25的表达与功能表征

【目的】葡聚糖酶是饲用添加剂的重要成分,本研究旨在从湖羊消化道微生物中挖掘性质优良的GH9家族葡聚糖酶基因,用于研发新型饲用酶制剂。【方法】从湖羊瘤胃微生物cDNA中扩增IDSGLUC9-25基因,在大肠杆菌中进行异源表达,对重组蛋白进行诱导表达和纯化,研究重组蛋白的酶学性质和底物水解模式。【结果】IDSGLUC9-25基因编码527个氨基酸,包含一个CelD_N结构和一个GH9家族催化结构域;重组蛋白rIDSGLUC9-25分子量约为62.7 kDa,最适反应温度和pH分别为40℃和6.0,在30-50℃下活性较高,在pH 4.0-8.0范围内能够保持较高的稳定性,经pH 4.0-8.0缓冲液处理1 h后残余活性均大于90%;底物谱分析表明,rIDSGLUC9-25能催化大麦β-葡聚糖、苔藓地衣多糖、魔芋胶和木葡聚糖,比活性分别为(443.55±24.48)、(65.56±5.98)、(122.37±2.85)和(159.16±7.73) U/mg;利用薄层色谱法(thin layer chromatography, TLC)和高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)分析水解产物发现,rIDSGLUC9-25降解大麦葡聚糖主要生成纤维三糖(占总还原糖64.19%±1.19%)和纤维四糖(占总还原糖26.24%±0.12%),催化地衣多糖主要生成纤维三糖(占总还原糖78.46%±0.89%)。【结论】本研究报道了一种来自密螺旋体属细菌的内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶IDSGLUC9-25 (EC 3.2.1.4),能高效催化多糖底物生成纤维三糖和纤维四糖,为研发饲用酶制剂和制备低聚寡糖建立基础。     

六种彩叶植物营养成分及有害元素含量分析

以六种彩叶植物紫叶李、红花木、红叶石楠、红枫、鸡爪槭和金叶女贞的叶片为材料,对其营养成分及有害元素含量进行了测定及分析。结果表明:蛋白质和可溶性糖含量以红花木为最高,维生素C含量以红枫为最高,β-胡萝卜素含量差异最大,紫叶李最高达15.99mg·kg-1。六种彩叶植物矿质营养元素种类齐全,其中红花木的营养元素总量最高。六种彩叶植物均含有18种氨基酸成分,必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量各不相同,但必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例却较为一致,且都高于40%。六种彩叶植物叶片内均含有一定量的铅、镉、砷、汞等有害元素,但有害元素尤其是砷和汞的含量均低于允许量。     

采后南瓜果实中几种营养成分的变化

"蜜本"南瓜采后0～150 d期间,其果实中多糖和抗坏血酸含量下降,β-胡萝卜素含量增加;总糖、还原糖和蛋白质含量增加,后期下降;氨基酸含量下降,后期增加.     

金银花尺蠖幼虫、蛹和成虫的营养成分分析

【目的】了解金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu幼虫、蛹和成虫的主要营养成分,评价其营养价值,为金银花尺蠖的食用开发提供理论依据。【方法】采用国家标准检测方法,测定金银花尺蠖幼虫、蛹和成虫的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸、微量元素和维生素的含量,分析金银花尺蠖幼虫、蛹和成虫的氨基酸分、必需氨基酸指数、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值、不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值,并与常见食物进行比较分析。【结果】结果表明,金银花尺蠖幼虫、蛹和成虫的水分含量分别为72.93%、64.92%和56.16%;蛋白质含量分别为50.64%、60.12%和48.38%;脂肪含量分别为21.98%、23.84%和20.60%;总糖含量分别为3.32%、5.35%和2.79%;总氨基酸含量分别为394.31、413.54和356.09 mg/g;必需氨基酸总含量分别为158.80、166.83、132.67 mg/g;必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例分别为40.27%、40.34%和37.26%;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值分别为67.43%、67.62%和59.38%;必需氨基酸指数分别为1.02、1.07和0.87;不饱和脂肪酸的含量分别为68.45%、69.09%和66.29%,其P/S值分别为2.17、2.24和1.95;必需脂肪酸含量分别为34.35%、34.77%和32.71%;微量元素Zen的含量分别为11.29、98.42、66.98 mg/100 g,Fe的含量分别为32.31、19.84、13.04 mg/100 g,幼虫中Cu的含量为18.54 mg/100 g,蛹和成虫中均不含Cu;维生素以B6的含量最高,分别为7.93、25.82、26.21 mg/100 g。【结论】金银花尺蠖具有较高的营养价值和食用价值,具有极大的开发潜力。     

围氏马尾藻的营养化学成分及评价

探寻围氏马尾藻的主要营养成分和多糖成分,为其开发利用提供理论基础。运用营养分析方法分析表明围氏马尾藻的矿质元素含量丰富,粗脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物分别为其干重的1.44%、11.78%和41.61%,总氨基酸的含量为6.63 g/100 g,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的45%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值是0.81,第一限制氨基酸为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,第二限制氨基酸为赖氨酸,必需氨基酸指数为96,维生素B2和β-胡萝卜素分别为102μg/100 g和11.4μg/100 g。热水回流法提取围氏马尾藻多糖,脱蛋白后经醇沉及有机溶剂洗涤得到精制多糖,红外光谱分析显示多糖含有糖醛酸和硫酸酯基。综上,围氏马尾藻具有较高的营养价值,是一种高蛋白、低脂肪且富含矿物质和硫酸酯多糖的大型经济海藻,具有较大的开发潜力和市场前景。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various