诃子活性成分的抗肿瘤药效

诃子是一类多民族习用药材,不仅在蒙药、中药和藏药中被广泛应用,也被广泛用于印度和伊朗等东南亚国家的传统医药中。诃子含有鞣质、酚酸、三萜、多糖、挥发油等多种活性成分。现代药理学研究表明,诃子具有抗动脉粥样硬化、止泻、保肝利胆、抗菌、抗诱变等作用。本文通过查阅近几年文献,结合国内外研究,对诃子活性成分抗肿瘤的研究进展进行概述,为防治肿瘤和进一步开发利用诃子资源提供一定的参考。     

古代印度三果浆的传入及其影响

三果浆(三勒浆)为源于印度的传统果药剂,由使君子科植物诃子和毛诃子,以及大戟科植物余甘子等三种植物的果实为原料制作而成,是著名的藏药基础方,也是印度阿育吠陀传统药中使用频率最高的代表方剂。三种植物同时录入《中国药典》,余甘子列入我国药食两用植物目录。中古时期,三果浆随着中外文化的频繁交流及丝绸之路的开通传入中国,而今只在古代文献中留下蛛丝马迹。近年来,随着对民族医药的深入研究与开发利用,对藏药三果浆的研究有越来越多的报道。该文运用民族植物学和人类文化学相结合的理论与方法,以及历史植物地理学的调查研究,对古籍文献进行了梳理,并考证了其植物基源,以期探讨三果浆传入我国的路线和时期。结果表明:三果浆主要由古代栗特商人带入我国中原地区,并且随着佛教的东向传播而传入的时间更早。同时,在藏族地区,古代中国西藏象雄王国与古印度的原始交流,也是三果浆传入的途径之一。三果浆的基源植物在不同地区有一定的差异和替代品,主流原料则均为诃子、毛诃子和余甘子,三种基源植物在我国均有分布。如今,三果浆作为藏医药瑰宝在我国逐渐普及。     

白喉乌头及其炮制品生物碱成分变化与细胞毒性研究

摘要 目的：比较白喉乌头生品、炮制品生物碱成分的含量变化及其细胞毒性。方法：将白喉乌头生品及哈萨克法炮制品（以下简称"炮制品"）采用高效液相色谱法（High Performance Liquid Chromatography，HPLC）分析比较，测定炮制前后各提取液生物碱成分的变化；用MTT比色法分析比较不同浓度白喉乌头生品及炮制品提取液的细胞毒性。结果：白喉乌头经炮制，乌头碱及次乌头碱峰面积显著减少，降低率分别为 45.1 %和 74.5 %；去乙酰高乌甲素峰面积明显升高，升高率为62.2 %；高乌甲素、冉乌头碱及去乙酰冉乌头碱峰面积基本不变；同时，有新的色谱峰产生，说明经炮制有新成分产生；白喉乌头生品及炮制品提取液浓度分别为在5000、2500、1250、625、312.5 μg/mL 给药48 h，与白喉乌头生品提取液相比，其炮制品提取液细胞抑制率明显降低（P＜0.05），白喉乌头生品及炮制品的IC50分别是1826.70 μg/mL、3192.48 μg/mL。结论：白喉乌头经炮制，主要成分的色谱峰面积发生了变化，同时有新色谱峰产生，其毒性成分乌头碱、次乌头碱峰面积明显减少，说明乌头碱、次乌头碱含量减少，通过 MTT 比色法检测细胞毒性，证明其达到减毒目的。     

藏药的历史及研究进展

藏族是分布于我国青藏高原的一个古老民族。藏医药学的文字记载始于1300多年前。八世纪以后流传下来的藏医药文献很多,本文就其中6种进行论述,着重指出：①对藏药正品的考证来说,十七八世纪之交时桑杰嘉措主编的《蓝琉璃》和与之配套的彩色药物挂图是很好的资料。②丹增彭措著的《晶珠本草》成书年代宜暂作1743士9年,而不是目前一些文献流行的1840年或1800年。③丹增再传弟子蒙古人绛贝多杰著藏文本草《正确认药图鉴》,约半数附图注汉文药名,此书能反映当时蒙医使用藏药名的实际情况。但不是全部藏药,且导致后世汉译与英译古藏医药文献时对藏药名的误译,但其正文中引用许多藏医药名著对该药的生境、形态等描述而为《晶珠本草》未记载的,对考证藏药仍有重要作用。本文还就七十年代两种藏药方剂405个,统计出现20次以上的最常用藏药50种,列表供参考。此外还介绍近30年来对藏药的调查开发情况。文末附参考文献121篇。     

从处方的中药剂量看中医药立法的紧迫性

《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第二十七条规定“医疗机构的药剂人员调配处方……对有配伍禁忌或者超剂量的处方,应当拒绝调配;必要时,经处方医师更正或者重新签字,方可调配”,这从法律上免除了药剂人员的处方否决权,同时也赋予了处方医师对有“配伍禁忌”或“超剂量”处方的自由裁量权;由此造成的医疗损害时有发生。为保证中医药的有序发展、医师合法处方及患者安全用药,中医药立法迫在眉睫。     

诃子化学成分、药理作用机制、质量控制及炮制研究进展CSCD

通过查阅近几年国内外文献,对诃子的化学成分、药理作用及机制、质量控制和炮制研究进展进行综述。诃子内所含化学成分丰富多样,其中含鞣质、酚酸、三萜类成分居多。现代中药药理学研究表明具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等多种药理作用。本文系统阐述了诃子的化学成分、药理作用及机制、质量标准、炮制研究以及其自身安全性,为临床科学合理用药和进一步对诃子的深入开发应用提供理论依据。     

基于数据挖掘技术的耳穴压豆治疗失眠的选穴规律研究

摘要 目的：运用数据挖掘技术探讨耳穴压豆治疗失眠的选穴规律,为失眠的辨证论治提供新思路。方法：计算机检索中国知网、维普、万方数据库关于耳穴压豆或耳穴压豆结合其它干预措施治疗失眠的临床研究文献,筛选符合纳入标准的文献,建立Excel表格对耳穴压豆信息进行提取,对耳穴的证型、使用频次、耳穴组合和相关性等方面进行挖掘和可视化分析。结果：筛选出耳穴压豆治疗失眠相关文献1232篇,耳穴共86个。失眠辨证分型以虚症为主,其中以心脾两虚为主要证型,其次为心肾不交。耳穴压豆治疗失眠频次最高的穴位依次为神门(96.27%)、心(78.90%)、皮质下(73.70%)、交感(57.22%)、肾(42.69%)、内分泌(32.55%)。耳穴压豆的关联规则结果显示,治疗失眠关联度最高的为神门与心,配伍以神门-心-皮质下最为常见,其中核心耳穴组合为神门、心、皮质下和交感。结论：在研究方法上,引入Cytosccape软件和R语言作为工具,拓宽了耳穴处方的数据挖掘思路;通过数据挖掘分析揭示了耳穴压豆治疗失眠的取穴特点、用穴规律和穴位配伍组合,为临床优化耳穴处方、提高疗效提供指导和启示。     

李德新教授临证经验总结

作者通过分析李德新教授临证的辨证论治及临床经验,总结出李德新教授的诊疗特点：1）厘清病症本质,强调中医辨证;2）用药功专,处方精炼;3）注重中药炮制,减毒增强疗效;4）诸病善从脾胃论治;5）中医功底深厚,注重审察舌脉。以期望同道能从中得到启发。     

紫堇属藏药的药用民族植物学研究

紫堇属植物在藏药中具有较悠久的历史,而且随着历史的发展藏医所使用的该属药用植物的种类也在不断增加.本文采用药用民族植物学研究中的文献研究法,对文献中有关藏医用该属药用植物资源的利用情况进行了整理和分析.结果发现,藏医对该属植物的命名具有一定的规律,但目前还没有人对此进行系统研究;不同地区的藏医在使用该属药用植物资源中存在着一定程度的差异,这可能与不同地区该属的种类分布不同有关;该属藏药植物中藏医主要用于治疗止血、肝胆疾病和流感等疾病.与丰富的该属植物种类相比,并结合藏医的利用情况,从该属植物中寻找新的药用资源具有一定的潜力.     

“配伍法则·拼合原理”在中药新药研发中的应用

中药配伍法则为中药复方理论的精华,复方配伍产生的中药多成分、多靶点、多途径的治疗作用为中药新药研发提供了理论指导和实践依据.中药复方的配伍原则和化药设计中的结构拼合原理均是将不同的药物单元按照一定的法则有机组合,以期达到增效、减毒的目的.受此启发,将配伍法则与拼合原理相结合,从经典药对中选择有效成分进行拼合,进而发现可开发为临床新药的先导化合物.本文介绍了相关研究中"配伍法则·拼合原理"成功结合的典型实例,本思路将在中药有效成分及新药先导化合物开发中得到更广泛的应用.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.