外源硒对低温胁迫下铁皮石斛幼苗的缓解效应及其抗氧化生理特征变化

以3个不同品系的铁皮石斛幼苗为材料,分别于叶面喷施不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液处理,并结合人工控温生长条件下的低温胁迫试验,探讨外源硒对铁皮石斛幼苗耐冷性和恢复生长能力的影响作用及其与有关抗氧化生理指标间的关系。结果表明:(1)耐冷性表现较强的品系其幼苗在低温胁迫下的叶绿素、MDA及脯氨酸含量变化幅度相对小于耐冷性较弱的品系。(2)适量浓度(0.05～0.10mg.L-1)外源硒处理对低温胁迫下铁皮石斛幼苗叶绿素降解具有缓解效应,可降低MDA含量,增加脯氨酸含量,同时显著提高GSH-AsA循环活性,从而提高铁皮石斛幼苗的耐冷性,但过高浓度的外源硒处理(>0.20mg.L-1)则效果相反。(3)低温胁迫解除后,0.10mg.L-1的外源硒处理能引起铁皮石斛‘ZD-1’幼苗中AsA含量显著下降并促进其GSH合成积累,有效提升铁皮石斛幼苗在恢复生长期的综合抗氧化防御能力。     

硒肥对马铃薯硒素吸收、转化及产量、品质的影响

通过设对照(CK)、保水缓释硒肥(W)、生物炭基硒肥(C)、硒酸钠硒肥(S)4个处理来研究不同硒肥对马铃薯(品种为早大白)硒素吸收、转化及产量、品质的影响。结果表明:各处理马铃薯各器官硒含量在生育期内总体上呈下降趋势,马铃薯各器官的硒含量呈现:苗期根茎叶片;成熟期叶片茎块茎的特点;随着硒肥用量的增加,W处理下的总硒、无机硒、有机硒含量呈增大趋势,产量、有机硒转化率、粗蛋白、还原糖和Vc呈先升高后降低的趋势;C处理和S处理下,马铃薯以上各指标均呈先升高后降低的趋势,在低施硒量(0.126 kg/hm2)时,3种硒肥显著降低了马铃薯块茎淀粉含量,之后随着施硒量的增加淀粉含量变化不显著;与对照相比,3种硒肥在适宜施硒量(0.379 kg/hm2)时,马铃薯产量提高了4.87%—5.44%,粗蛋白含量增加了12.18%—20.03%,还原糖提高了6.45%—12.90%,Vc含量提高-0.54%—3.11%,有机硒转化率增加13.00%—15.10%,淀粉含量增加了-0.73%—1.12%;综合考虑3种硒肥对马铃薯含硒量、产量、品质的影响,W处理最佳,C处理次之,S处理最差。     

纳米硒对紫色马铃薯生长及其矿质元素含量和品质特性的影响

以紫色马铃薯品种‘黑美人’为试材,采用水培法,分别用不同浓度(0、0.38、0.19和0.095 mmol/L)纳米硒溶液对紫色马铃薯进行叶面喷施处理,研究纳米硒对紫色马铃薯生长、矿质元素含量及品质特性的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,各硒处理马铃薯的生物量与单株结薯数均显著增加,其中喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理的生物量最高且增幅达1.5倍,喷施0.19 mmol/L硒处理的单株结薯数显著增加2.2倍。(2)纳米硒能够显著提高紫色马铃薯叶片、根系、块茎硒含量,各器官硒含量大小呈现:根系>叶片>块茎的特点,且喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理块茎总硒含量达0.106 mg/kg,较对照显著提高0.65倍,达到了马铃薯块茎的富硒标准;同时纳米硒可在不同程度上调控K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn在马铃薯各器官中的分配。(3)随施硒浓度的增加,紫色马铃薯块茎中淀粉、可溶性蛋白及游离氨基酸含量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均在喷施0.19 mmol/L硒处理下达到最大值,且较对照分别显著增加56.33%、26.91%和27.89%;块茎中花青素、可溶性糖含量呈下降趋势,均在喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理下达到最大值,且较对照分别显著提高24.73%、25.33%;而块茎中硝态氮含量呈上升趋势,在喷施0.095 mmol/L硒处理下最低并较对照显著降低34.82%。研究表明,叶面喷施0.095~0.19 mmol/L纳米硒溶液能够显著促进紫色马铃薯生长和单株结薯数,提高硒元素含量,调控矿质元素含量在器官中分配,有效改善其块茎品质特性。     

低温和外源NO对铁皮石斛原球茎多糖合成的影响

以铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)原球茎为材料,研究了低温(4℃)、外源NO(NO供体SNP)以及NO清除剂(cPTIO)和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂(PBITU)对铁皮石斛原球茎中NO含量、蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性、多糖含量以及蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖等糖含量的影响,以明确低温和內源NO在多糖合成中的关系。结果显示:(1)4℃低温处理下,铁皮石斛原球茎中NO含量显著上升,SS活性升高,蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量增加,多糖含量也得到提高;SNP(0.5mmol·L-1)处理与4℃低温处理具有相似的效果;且低温诱导的铁皮石斛原球茎中SS活性提高和多糖含量的增加时期均在NO大量产生之后、蔗糖的积累早于果糖和葡萄糖。(2)4℃低温+SNP组合处理能够显著提高铁皮石斛原球茎中SS活性、NO含量以及蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和多糖含量,它们分别比对照组显著高出了68.04%,96.20%,60.69%、45.64%、66.90%和67.03%,且比低温和SNP单独处理效果都好。(3)PBITU能够部分抑制低温诱发铁皮石斛原球茎中产生NO,抑制率达到77.15%;同时还抑制了低温对铁皮石斛原球茎中SS活性、多糖合成和蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖积累的促进作用。(4)SNP+cPTIO和4℃+cPTIO处理组中铁皮石斛原球茎SS活性和蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、多糖含量及NO水平,且与对照组差异不显著。研究表明,低温和外源NO对铁皮石斛原球茎多糖的合成均具有促进作用,并且低温可诱导铁皮石斛原球茎产生NO,SS活性提高和多糖含量增加与NO产生相关,说明NO是诱导铁皮石斛原球茎多糖合成所必需的信号分子。     

同源四倍体铁皮石斛的生长及多糖积累

通过秋水仙素诱导铁皮石斛多倍体,以外观形态、气孔、染色体数目筛选多倍体植株,分析多倍化对铁皮石斛多糖累积及生长的影响。结果表明,同源四倍体铁皮石斛茎、叶及原球茎的多糖含量分别是二倍体的1.31、1．83及1．95倍,但生长速度显著或极显著低于对照。ISSR分析显示,同源四倍体植株产生较明显的基因变异。     

硫硒配施对茎瘤芥生长和营养效应的研究

以茎瘤芥品种‘涪杂1号’为材料,通过盆栽实验探讨不同浓度的硫(S)、硒(Se)配施处理对茎瘤芥干物质积累、矿质元素吸收及膨大茎营养品质的影响,为生产中合理施用硫、硒肥提供理论依据.结果表明:与对照(S0Se0,未施硫硒肥)相比,增施硫、硒肥处理均能显著提高茎瘤芥的根、膨大茎、叶片和单株干物质产量,并以S50Se1[S/Se=50(mg/kg)/1(mg/kg)]和S100Se1的处理效果较好,其单株干物质产量分别比对照显著增加32.3%和36.2%;不同硫、硒浓度配施处理对茎瘤芥13种矿质元素积累的影响不同,主要显著促进了茎、叶对氮、磷、钾、硫、硒的吸收积累,而对其它元素的影响不显著,其中茎、叶的硒含量以S50Se3处理最高,硫含量以S100Se1处理最高;各硫硒配施处理对膨大茎营养品质的影响不同,其中S50Se1和S50Se3处理能显著提高膨大茎有机硒、总氨基酸和粗蛋白含量,而对维生素C和可溶性糖含量无显著影响.可见,适宜的硫硒配施可以明显促进其对矿质元素的吸收,提高植株干物质积累,有效改善茎瘤芥膨大茎营养品质,且硫硒配施用量以S 50mg/kg、Se 1mg/kg为宜.     

硝酸镧和兰科菌根真菌对铁皮石斛生理特性的影响

利用盆栽的方式研究了不同硝酸镧水平(0、1.0、3.0、5.0和7.0mg·L-1)下接种兰科菌根真菌对铁皮石斛生物量、多糖和蛋白质合成的影响,并分析了叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化,以探讨硝酸镧和兰科菌根真菌对铁皮石斛生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)添加适量的硝酸镧有利于菌根真菌侵染和菌根发育,提高铁皮石斛幼苗生物量。(2)在接种菌根真菌的同时添加5.0mg·L-1的硝酸镧,铁皮石斛的根重、茎叶重和总生物量均达到最大,分别是未添加硝酸镧以及未接种对照组的4.26倍、4.98倍和4.87倍,其菌根侵染率也高达92.8%;而且可显著提高叶片中叶绿素含量,并显著降低细胞内的丙二醛含量。(3)在适量(5.0mg·L-1)的硝酸镧水平下接种菌根真菌能促进铁皮石斛幼苗多糖和蛋白质的合成,并显著提高细胞内SOD、CAT和POD活性。研究认为,菌根真菌与适宜浓度硝酸镧(5.0 mg·L-1)联合使用能显著促进铁皮石斛菌根的形成,增强植株的生理活性和适应能力,提高其生物量和多糖等活性成分的积累,有效改善铁皮石斛的药用品质。     

铁皮石斛组培苗菌根真菌接种效应

本研究以铁皮石斛无菌组培苗为材料,通过接种菌株建立组培苗菌根共生培养体系,对接种共生的组培苗各生长阶段进行比较研究,以探讨接菌菌株对无菌组培苗生长的影响并筛选出最佳菌株,为铁皮石斛快速优质繁殖提供思考和借鉴。结果表明:D1菌株、D2菌株和D3菌株对铁皮石斛无菌组培苗地上部分生长和根系生长均有明显促进作用,组培苗D1、D2、D3处理的平均鲜重增长率分别比对照组(CK)高27.4%、9.8%、19.7%,与CK相比差异均达极显著水平(p0.01);组培苗D1、D2、D3、D5处理的根增长率分别比CK高23.1%、34.7%、49.1%、36.5%,与CK相比较差异达极显著水平(p0.01)。除了D4以外的大多数菌株可明显促进铁皮石斛组培苗叶片光合色素的累积,为植物生长提供充足的营养物质,进而促进组培苗的生长。     

四种添加物对铁皮石斛原球茎生长及多糖含量的影响

为探讨铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)培养基中添加物的作用,在1/2MS培养基中加入椰肉、甘蔗渣、香蕉皮和麦麸等4种添加物,研究不同浓度添加物和培养时间对原球茎生长和多糖含量的影响。结果表明,4种添加物对铁皮石斛原球茎的增殖、分化和多糖含量均有一定影响,其中添加15.0 g L–1甘蔗渣,培养60 d能明显促进铁皮石斛原球茎的增殖与分化(146.1%);而添加20.0 g L–1甘蔗渣,培养40 d能显著提高铁皮石斛原球茎多糖含量(50.4%)。这说明甘蔗渣是培养铁皮石斛原球茎的适宜添加物,既能促进铁皮石斛原球茎的生长发育,还能降低生产成本。     

库拉索芦荟富硒栽培技术研究

通过在大棚条件下盆栽芦荟,以不同浓度梯度的硒营养液作为外源硒,采用根系施硒和叶面喷洒施硒两种方式,分别在补硒后的不同时间段检测芦荟总硒、有机硒、芦荟苷、芦荟多糖、芦荟总氨基酸的含量,研究施不同浓度硒营养液对库拉索芦荟营养成分的影响。结果表明,在大棚条件下,使用400mg/L硒营养液叶面喷施时,库拉索芦荟硒富集效果最好,于叶喷后第一周期、第二周期、第三周期取样检测,总硒分别为:11.75、31.40和59.70mg/kg,有机硒分别为:8.99、27.00和52.60mg/kg;芦荟苷含量分别为2 690、1 830和4 350mg/kg,芦荟多糖含量分别为39.13、55.31和30.13mg/mL,氨基酸含量分别为0.41、0.47和0.63g/100g,该处理明显优于其它处理组。说明芦荟适当进行补硒会促进芦荟多糖、氨基酸的合成。     

Effects of Temperature on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae)

In this paper, we studied the response of photosynthesis and growth in Dendrobium officinale to temperature under the control experiment to provide a theoretical basis for its cultivation. Temperature had a significant effect on the photosynthetic rate (Pn) of Dofficinale. The light saturated photosynthesis at ambient CO2 concentration (Pmax) of the plants were highest at 30℃. High photosynthetic rate at 30℃ were related to the more balance between the maximum rate of electron transport and maximum rate of RuBP mediated carboxylation. Moreover temperature also showed a significant effect on the growth and polysaccharide content of D.officinale′s stem. The polysaccharide content of Dofficinale at 20℃ was significantly higher than that at other temperatures, while the stem length, stem node number, stem fresh weight and stem dry weight were achieved the highest point at 30℃. The results showed that, the temperature of 30℃ was more appropriate for the photosynthesis of Dofficinale, while the plants at 20℃ have higher polysaccharide content.     

温度对铁皮石斛生长及生理特性的影响

通过不同温度下的控制实验,研究了铁皮石斛光合作用与生长对温度的响应,以期为铁皮石斛的栽培提供理论依据。温度对铁皮石斛的光合速率（Pn）有明显影响,30℃处理的植株具有最高的饱和光合速率（Pmax）,其较高的光合速率与RuBP电子传递速率与羧化速率间相对平衡有关。温度对铁皮石斛茎的生长及多糖含量有明显影响,20℃处理的石斛多糖含量显著性的高于其他两个处理,而茎长、茎节数、茎鲜重等则是在30℃下最高。结果表明,30℃的温度对铁皮石斛的光合作用较为适宜,但在20℃条件下植株具有更高的多糖含量。     

硒处理对斜茎黄芪生长生理和初生代谢的影响

以一种具有较高Se富集能力的植物——斜茎黄芪（Astragalus adsurgens）为试验材料,在水培条件下研究不同浓度Se处理对其生长发育、光合参数和初生代谢产物积累的影响。结果表明：5 μmol·L^-1 Se处理显著促进了斜茎黄芪根系和地上部的伸长生长;100 μmol·L^-1 Se处理则具有相反效果。光合色素含量和叶片叶绿素荧光参数研究结果与生长指标相一致,低浓度Se对斜茎黄芪叶片的光合作用具有促进作用,高浓度Se则对其具有明显的抑制作用。随着处理浓度的升高,斜茎黄芪根系和地上部Se含量逐渐增加,但Se的转运系数明显降低,100 μmol·L^-1处理下Se转运系数比5 μmol·L^-1处理降低了83.5%。通过对初生代谢产物进行检测和分析,发现低浓度Se处理主要上调了斜茎黄芪中与氨基酸代谢相关途径的代谢水平,而高浓度Se处理主要上调了与次生代谢物质合成关系密切的初生代谢产物的代谢水平。我们的研究结果表明,低浓度Se处理提高了斜茎黄芪光合作用水平以及与生长相关的初生代谢水平,从而促进了植株生长;高浓度Se处理下斜茎黄芪则通过降低Se向地上部的转运水平并将更多的初生代谢产物用于次生代谢产物的合成,从而提高了植株对Se胁迫的耐性。     

Selenium concentration in blood and hair of holstein dairy cows

Four-hundred Holstein cows in 40 dairy farms in north Greece were included in this study, and blood (n=400), black hair (n=400), white hair (n=40), and feed (n=40) samples were obtained. Although the feeding regime in these farms was similar, the selenium content of feeds was variable. The Se content of concentrate feeds was 0.104±0.086 mg/kg dry matter (DM), and of silage, it was 0.025±0.018 mg/kg. A significantly positive correlation was found between the Se concentration in black hair and the Se concentration in blood (r ²=0.610, p<0.001), the Se concentration in white hair and the Se concentration in blood (r ²=0.770, p<0.001), and the Se concentration in white hair and the Se concentration in black hair (r ²=0.921, p<0.001). The Se concentration in white hair was significantly smaller than that in black hair (p<0.001).     

Selenium and sulfur accumulation and soil selenium dissipation in planting of four herbaceous plant species in soil contaminated with drainage sediment rich in both selenium and sulfur

Four selenium (Se) nonaccumulator plant species, including a forage grass species, Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), a forage legume species, Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a wetland species, Rush (Juncus tenuis Wild.), and a dry-land alkaline soil species, Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata L.), were grown in soil contaminated by agricultural drainage sediment having elevated levels of Se and sulfur (S). The above-ground plant tissues were consecutively harvested five times and examined for Se and S accumulation. Plant tissue Se concentrations ranged from 23.0 mg kg-1 to 8.3 mg kg-1. Tissue S concentrations ranged from 3239 mg kg-1 to 7034 mg kg-1. Both tissue Se and S concentrations were significantly different between harvests, species, and species/harvest interactions. Total Se accumulation by the plant biomass harvested ranged from 0.3 to 1.3 mg per soil column and total S accumulations ranged from 87.5 to 321.1 mg per soil column. The reduction in the percentage of total soil Se after 24 weeks growth of the plant species ranged from 12.0% in the Tall Fescue planting to 17.3% in the Rush planting. Over 90% of the soil Se losses were unidentified losses and leaching of Se was prevented. The accumulations of Se and S in the plant biomass were very small compared with the total soil Se and S losses, but substantial amounts of total soil Se (12.0 to 15.0%) and S (28.0 to 50.9%) inventories were dissipated by the growing and harvesting of the plants. The soil S concentration was several hundred times higher than the soil Se concentration, but Se accumulation by the plants and Se dissipation from the soil were not impaired by the high level of soil sulfur. For natural grassland habitat restoration, such as at the Kesterson Wildlife Refuge in the Central Valley of California, or for restoration of large-scale Se contaminated agricultural lands, Se nonaccumulator plant species are favorable candidates, because the possibility of introducing Se toxicity into the food chain can be minimized.     

Selenium supplementation of lactating dairy cows: effects on milk production and total selenium content and speciation in blood, milk and cheese

Forty multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 16-week continuous design study to determine the effects of either selenium (Se) source, selenised yeast (SY) (derived from a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060) or sodium selenite (SS), or Se inclusion rate in the form of SY in the diets of lactating dairy cows on the Se concentration and speciation in blood, milk and cheese. Cows received ad libitum a total mixed ration (TMR) with a 1 : 1 forage : concentrate ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis. There were four diets (T1 to T4), which differed only in either source or dose of Se additive. Estimated total dietary Se for T1 (no supplement), T2 (SS), T3 (SY) and T4 (SY) was 0.16, 0.30, 0.30 and 0.45 mg/kg DM, respectively. Blood and milk samples were taken at 28-day intervals and at each time point there were positive linear effects of Se in the form of SY on the Se concentration in blood and milk. At day 112, blood and milk Se values for T1 to T4 were 177, 208, 248 and 279 ± 6.6 and 24, 38, 57 and 72 ± 3.7 ng/g fresh material, respectively, and indicate improved uptake and incorporation of Se from SY. In whole blood, selenocysteine (SeCys) was the main selenised amino acid and the concentration of selenomethionine (SeMet) increased with the increasing inclusion rate of SY. In milk, there were no marked treatment effects on the SeCys content, but Se source had a marked effect on the concentration of SeMet. At day 112, replacing SS (T2) with SY (T3) increased the SeMet concentration of milk from 36 to 111 ng Se/g and its concentration increased further to 157 ng Se/g dried sample as the inclusion rate of SY increased further (T4) to provide 0.45 mg Se/kg TMR. Neither Se source nor inclusion rate affected the keeping quality of milk. At day 112, milk from T1, T2 and T3 was made into a hard cheese and Se source had a marked effect on total Se and the concentration of total Se comprised as either SeMet or SeCys. Replacing SS (T2) with SY (T3) increased total Se, SeMet and SeCys content in cheese from 180 to 340 ng Se/g, 57 to 153 ng Se/g and 52 to 92 ng Se/g dried sample, respectively. The use of SY to produce food products with enhanced Se content as a means of meeting the Se requirements is discussed.     

The Effects of Selenium on Physiological Traits, Grain Selenium Content and Yield of Winter Wheat at Different Development Stages

The paper evaluated the effects of Se application time and rate on physiological traits, grain Se content, and yield of winter wheat by field experiment. Se application significantly increased grain Se content and yield, and the increased amount treated with 20 and 30 mg Se?L^?1 was the highest. At blooming–filling stage, Se application significantly increased grain Se content, but did not affect yield. Chlorophyll content was increased by Se application, and the increased amount at heading–blooming stage was higher than that in wheat leaves at the other stages. At four development stages, Se treatments (except for 10 mg Se?L^?1 at jointing–heading stage) significantly decreased the rate of superoxide (O₂ ^?) radical production. At heading–blooming (except for 50 mg Se?L^?1) and blooming–filling stages, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content was significantly decreased by Se treatments. The rate of O₂ ^? production and H₂O₂ content at 20 and 30 mg Se?L^?1 was the lowest. Se treatments (except for 10 mg Se?L^?1 at regreening–jointing and blooming–filling stages) also induced an evident decrease in malondialdehyde content. Proline content induced by Se treatments at jointing–heading and heading–blooming stages was higher than that in wheat leaves at regreening–jointing and blooming–filling stages. At four development stages, Se treatments all significantly increased glutathione peroxidase activity, and the treatments with 20 and 30 mg Se?L^?1 also evidently increased reduced glutathione content. These results suggested that Se application at different development stages increased antioxidant capacity of wheat, reduced oxidant stress to some extent, and the effects of Se treatments was the best if Se concentration ranged between 20 and 30 mg Se?L^?1. In addition, Se application time was more beneficial for Se accumulation and yield in wheat grain at heading–blooming stage.     

Selenium and glutathione levels, and glutathione peroxidase activities in blood components of uremic patients on hemodialysis supplemented with selenium and treated with erythropoietin

Patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) often have reduced concentrations of selenium (Se) and lowered activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood components. The kidney is a major source of plasma GSH-Px. We measured Se and glutathione levels in blood components and red cell and plasma GSH-Px activities in 58 uremic patients on regular (3 times a week) hemodialysis (HD). The dialyzed patients were divided in 4 subgroups and were supplemented for 3 months with: 1) placebo (bakers yeast), 2) erythropoietin (EPO; 3 times a week with 2,000 U after each HD session), 3) Se-rich yeast (300 μg 3 times a week after each HD), and 4) Se-rich yeast plus EPO in doses as above. The results were compared with those for 25 healthy subjects. The Se concentrations and GSH-Px activities in the blood components of dialyzed uremic patients were significantly lower compared with the control group. Treatment of the HD patients with placebo and EPO only did not change the parameters studied. The treatment with Se as well as with Se and EPO caused an increase in Se levels and red cell GSH-Px activity. Plasma GSH-Px activity, however, increased only slowly or did not change after treatment with Se and with Se plus EPO. In the group treated with Se plus EPO the element concentration in blood components was higher compared with the group supplemented with Se alone. The weak or absence of response in plasma GSH-Px activity to Se supply indicates that the impaired kidney of uremic HD patients has reduced possibilities to synthesize this enzyme.