混迷中诞生的氨基酸发酵——关于日本近代发酵工业的回顾

木下祝郎先生是谷氨酸发酵生产的创始人。1955年首先发现了高效生物合成谷氨酸的微生物,使谷氨酸发酵生产得以实现,现在这种技术已在全世界推广。谷氨酸发酵生产的成功,是发酵工业划时代的进步。本文是他的近作,对日本近代发酵工业的发展作了扼要回顾,内容丰富生动。木下祝郎先生特约请胡杰先生翻译,并由胡学智先生校后供本刊发表。它山之石,可以攻玉。日本近代发酵工业崛起的历程,对于振兴我国的发酵工业颇有启迪。     

新型大规模纯种固态发酵研究进展

发酵工业是生物技术产业必要平台,但目前正面临节能减排的巨大压力.固态发酵技术天然具有节水、节能的优势,近年来固态发酵技术已逐渐成为研究的新热点.固态发酵总体发展趋势是菌株从最开始的自然混菌发酵和强化微生物混合发酵逐渐发展为纯种发酵和限定微生物混合发酵;发酵方式也从传统的静态培养发展到培养基的动态培养和气相动态培养;操作方式从批次发酵向连续发酵发展;在好氧发酵依然占主体的情况下,厌氧发酵也呈现了今后和好氧发酵并驾齐驱的潜力.而气相双动态好氧固态发酵技术与连续厌氧固态发酵技术平台的建立为现代固态发酵的广泛应用打下了很好的基础.     

丙酸絮凝发酵新工艺研究

报道了丙酸发酵的一种新工艺:絮凝发酵工艺。采用谢氏丙酸杆菌(Propionibacterium shermanii)W125在批次发酵产酸达到29g/L的基础上,选择氢氧化钙作为中和剂兼絮凝剂,建立了絮凝半连续发酵工艺,连续运行250h,产酸量达到了35.4g/L,产酸率提高了22%,糖酸转化率达到了51.56%,体积效率达到了0.37g/(L/h)。     

雷公藤解毒持效双向发酵工艺的建立

采用双向发酵的原理,运用"发酵过程动态比较法"研究了灵芝接种于雷公藤药性基质上发酵不同时间所得菌质的化学成分、急性毒性和免疫功能的变化,以其确定雷公藤解毒持效双向发酵的最佳发酵终点。研究结果表明:发酵第30天所得的菌质(G30)总二萜的含量最低,为0.57%;与雷公藤生药比较,G30的LD50最高,且发酵第30天所得菌质的体液免疫和细胞免疫抑制作用最强。综合对成分含量、毒性及药效的动态数据联系比较、分析,确定了雷公藤解毒持效双向发酵的发酵终点与适宜的发酵周期是菌丝长满瓶后的第30天。     

中国食（药）用真菌发酵工程研究进展

通过回顾食(药)用真菌生产工艺的研究历史,阐述了现代食(药)用真菌发酵工程包括液体发酵和固体发酵的研究状况,着重指出新型与多样性固体发酵工程的创建和发展可为人类提供取之不尽、用之不竭的传统生产工艺难以获得的珍贵目的产物。     

酵母菌的高密度发酵

高密度发酵是酵母工业的发展趋势。本文分析了限制酵母菌高密度发酵的可能的因素,并讨论了高密度发酵的研究进展和发展方向。最后介绍了高密度发酵的清洁生产工艺。     

提高α—淀粉酶摇瓶发酵单位的几点改进

我们在对BF7658α—淀粉酶菌种进行诱变筛选时发现:摇瓶发酵时通气状况的好坏对酶的发酵单位影响很大。而常规的三角形摇瓶和摇床给筛选工作带来许多限制,不利于取得稳定的发酵数据。经过多次摸索,我们对上述设备作了一些改进,不仅保证了发酵结果的稳定性而且发现能大大地提高α—淀粉酶的发酵单位。     

温度和水分对发酵豆粕品质的影响

使用饲用豆粕进行发酵试验,测定温度和水分对豆粕品质的影响。结果表明,发酵温度和水分对发酵豆粕品质的影响具有交互作用。发酵豆粕的pH、系酸力均显著低于未发酵豆粕;温度为35℃、水分为30%是豆粕发酵的最适发酵温度和水分,在此条件下、发酵豆粕的品质最好。     

发酵工艺条件的多目标优化

以模糊综合评价值作为评价指标、加权单纯形方法优化发酵过程工艺条件。应用本方法,对以谷氨酸发酵废液为原料的酵母发酵过程的发酵温度、ｐＨ、菌种量、初始糖浓度、通气量及流加液糖浓度等工艺条件进行了优化。     

柿醋发酵工艺研究

本文研究了以涩柿为原料,采用液态深层发酵技术经过精酒精发酵、醋酸发酵生产柿醋的生产工艺,研究了发酵过程中酒度、糖度的变化,及醋酸发酵的最佳参数组合。     

Activation of fermentation by salts in Debaryomyces hansenii

The presence of 1.0 M KCl or NaCl during growth of Debaryomyces hansenii results in increased ethanol production. An additional increase of fermentation was observed when the salts were also present during incubation under nongrowing conditions. Extracts of cells grown in the presence of salt showed increased alcohol dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase activities, indicating that these enzymes are responsible for the increased fermentation capacity. This is confirmed by measurements of the glycolytic intermediates. The increased fermentation capacity of the cells grown with salts seems to enable them to cope with the additional energy required for uptake and/or efflux of cations.     

灰树花发酵工艺及培养基研究

详细、系统地研究了碳源、氮源、无机盐、维生素以及种龄、接种量、摇床转速、摇瓶装液量和培养基 pH值等因素对灰树花液体深层发酵菌丝体产量的影响 ,结果表明 :玉米粉、葡萄糖为最佳碳源 ,豆饼粉为最佳氮源 ,KH2 PO4 ,MgSO4 以及少量VB1的添加均使菌丝体产量明显增加     

多级串联悬浮床反应器系统中自絮凝颗粒酵母乙醇连续发酵耦合废糟液直接全循环使用的研究

在一套四级串联悬浮床生物反应器系统中,以双酶法制备的玉米粉糖化液为底物,进行了废糟液全循环条件下自絮凝颗粒酵母乙醇连续发酵的实验研究。在实验中,每隔5 d将从末级反应器收集到的发酵液集中精馏处理,得到的废糟液直接用于玉米粉调浆制糖。系统连续运行了120d,共进行了24批次实验,数据分析表明系统达到了平衡状态。在平均发酵时间为20h条件下,发酵终点乙醇浓度平均为11.7%（V/V）,残还原糖浓度平均为7.9g/L,装置运行平稳。这些工作为自絮凝颗粒酵母乙醇发酵耦合废糟液直接全循环使用、实现污染物源头减废、清洁生产奠定了理论和实验基础。     

Biological pretreatment of wheat straw by Phanerochaete chrysosporium supplemented with inorganic salts

Inorganic salts and tween 80 are known to induce the lignin degrading peroxidase expression of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in submerged culture. In this study, the wheat straw pretreatment supplemented with inorganic salts (salts group), tween 80 (plus) and no supplementation to the biomass (minus) were examined. Among the solid state fermentation groups, salts group resulted in a substantial degradation of wheat straw within one week, along with the highest lignin loss (25%) and ～250% higher efficiency for the total sugar release through enzymatic hydrolysis. The results were correlated with pyrolysis GC-MS (Py-GC-MS), thermogravimetric (TG)/differential thermogravimetric (DTG) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results suggested that the supplementation of inorganic salts in the solid state fermentation of wheat straw significantly enhances the degradation rate of the biomass by P. chrysosporium which can be exploited as an alternative means to existing pretreatment technologies.     

重组大肠杆菌生产L-色氨酸发酵条件优化

为了提高重组大肠杆菌FB讲／pSV－04发酵生产L－色氨酸的产量,减少代谢副产物乙酸的生成,考察了比生长速率和无机盐对重组大肠杆菌发酵生产L．色氨酸的影响。在确定了合适的比生长速率和无机盐浓度之后,乙酸积累很少,L-色氨酸的产量为53．4g／L,比优化前提高了141．6％。经30L发酵罐初步放大,L－色氨酸的产量达53．6g／L,发酵结果稳定,具有工业化应用前景。     

Generation of Antitumor Active Neutral Medium-Sized α-Glycan in Apple Vinegar Fermentation

The physiologically active substances in apple vinegar have not yet been chemically characterized. We studied the biological functions of apple vinegar produced from crushed apples, and found that the constituent neutral medium-sized α-glycan (NMαG) acts as an antitumor agent against experimental mouse tumors. NMαG is a homoglycan composed of glucose having a molecular weight of about 10,000 and a branched structure bearing α (1-4,6) linkages.

In this study, we clarified the origin of NMαG in apple vinegar by examination of its content in alcohol and acetic acid fermentation products sequentially. We found that NMαG appeared in acetic acid fermentation, but not in alcohol fermentation. Furthermore we investigated NMαG origin using acetic acid fermentation from alcohol fortifiied apple without alcohol fermentation and from raw material with varying amounts of pomace. The results indicate that NMαG originated in the apple fruit body and that its production requires both fermentation processes.     

氟化物对酒精发酵生产的影响

ＮａＦ是ＥＭＰ途径的抑制剂,然而,目前酒精发酵生产中却用以提高出酒率,这与酒精发酵机理是矛盾的。通过实验研究,分析比较ＮａＦ对酵母菌酒精发酵,革兰氏阳性菌（乳酸杆菌）和阴性菌（醋酸杆菌）代谢活动的影响,加入ＮａＦ对发酵液中钙,镁离子浓度的改变,结果发现钙,镁离子浓度与酒精发酵密切相关,生产上,ＮａＦ之所以能改善酵母菌的酒精发酵,主要是降低了水的硬度。ＮａＦ的用量应以水的硬度而定。过量ＮａＦ对酵母菌     

Distillery waste recycle through membrane filtration in batch alcohol fermentation

A ceramic ultrafiltration membrane was used to recycle distillery wastes in a batch ethanol fermentation process. By reusing the membrane permeate in the saccharification step, almost the same ethanol yield was obtained up to eight recycles and a slight increase in the fermentation by-products was observed. As the number of recycles increased, organic compounds and salts accumulated up to the third recycle but leveled off afterward.     

米曲霉发酵纯化无患子皂苷的工艺研究

采用微生物发酵法对无患子皂苷水提取液进行纯化.比较了采用自然发酵、接种酵母菌发酵和接种米曲霉发酵纯化无患子皂苷的效果.结果表明,提取液不灭菌,接种米曲霉发酵纯化效果较为明显,优化后的发酵条件为:温度30℃、接种龄12 h、接种量为3％、摇床转速150 r/min,发酵7d后,皂苷含量稍有下降,但皂苷纯度可从48.71％提高到82.47％.米曲霉发酵法明显优于水提醇沉法、絮凝法和正丁醇萃取法.