四种阿片受体激动剂对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放过氧化氢的影响

本实验观察了四种阿片受体亚型的激动剂对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞(Mφ)释放过氧化氢(H_2O_2的影响。吗啡、β-内啡肽和κ受体激动剂NDAP能抑制Mφ释放H_2O_2。纳洛酮能翻转吗啡和β-内啡肽的这一作用,κ受体阻断剂nor-BNI能拮抗NDAP的作用。δ受体激动剂DADLE仅在高浓度时才抑制Mφ释放H_2O_2。以上结果表明,Mφ上可能存在若干类型阿片受体,其中μ、ε和κ受体对Mφ释放H_2O_2具有明显的调节作用。     

急性恐惧应激对大鼠行为、激素水平及脑Erk1/2活化表达的影响

目的:探讨急性恐惧应激对大鼠情感行为、激素水平及不同脑区Erk1/2活化表达的影响。方法:采用足电击 白噪声刺激方式建立急性恐惧应激大鼠模型,观察其情感行为的改变;放射免疫法及荧光分光光度法检测血浆和脑组织激素水平;Westernblot检测Erk1/2的活化表达。结果:应激后大鼠旷场活动性降低、拒俘反应性增加、惊吓反应增强(P<0.01);血浆及脑组织去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺、皮质醇水平增高,而肾上腺髓质素水平降低(P<0.01);海马、纹状体、前额皮质、小脑等脑区磷酸化Erk1/2蛋白的表达均显著增高(P<0.01)。结论:急性恐惧应激可以显著影响大鼠的情感行为和激素水平,Erk1/2蛋白磷酸化水平的增高可能参与了急性恐惧应激所致的情感行为异常。     

肾上腺糖皮质激素样品的采集及测定方法

肾上腺糖皮质激素是肾上腺皮质分泌的一类类固醇激素 ,对动物的生长发育起重要作用。任何一种非特异性刺激都会引起动物的应激反应 ,从而使糖皮质激素释放比正常状态下高 2～ 3倍。由于肾上腺糖皮质激素分布于有机体全身各处 ,取样容易 ,测定方便 ,所以体内肾上腺糖皮质激素的含量已成为动物肾上腺功能和应激反应研究中广泛采用的指标。常见的糖皮质激素有 4种 :皮质醇 (氢化可的松 )、11-脱氢皮质醇 (可的松 )、皮质酮和 11-脱氢皮质酮。皮质醇是灵长类、豚鼠和鱼类的主要糖皮质激素。皮质酮是大鼠、小鼠、兔、鸟类和蛇分泌的主要糖皮质激…     

壳寡糖对神经细胞的抗氧化保护作用研究

神经细胞发生氧化损伤是导致阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性疾病的重要原因之一。为探讨壳寡糖(chitosan oligosaccharide,COS)对神经细胞的保护机制,首先采用过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H_2O_2)建立SH-SY5Y神经细胞氧化损伤模型,随后通过细胞存活率(MTT法)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量、Hoechst33342荧光染色法、流式细胞术研究各组细胞凋亡情况,并用Western-blot检测相关蛋白质的表达水平,从而分析COS对H_2O_2所致神经细胞氧化损伤的影响。研究发现,H_2O_2能明显诱导SH-SY5Y细胞损伤,而COS可抑制H_2O_2引起的细胞死亡,表现为神经细胞存活率升高、LDH释放量及MDA含量下降;且对H_2O_2所致细胞凋亡具有明显的抑制作用,凋亡蛋白Bax和抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的比值下降。上述结果提示COS保护机制可能与其抗氧化、减轻脂质过氧化损伤以及抑制细胞凋亡有关。     

姜黄素对H_2O_2诱导的HT29细胞氧化损伤的保护作用及机制研究

研究姜黄素对H_2O_2诱导HT29细胞氧化应激的保护作用及其可能的分子机制。分别采用低、中、高浓度姜黄素处理H_2O_2诱导的HT29细胞氧化损伤模型,并设置H_2O_2模型组和正常对照组;MTT法确定H_2O_2最佳损伤浓度和时间及姜黄素(2.5、5、10μmol/L)对H_2O_2诱导的HT29细胞活性的影响;Annexin V/PI双标记流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况;PI染色流式细胞术检测细胞周期变化;DCFH-DA荧光探针检测细胞内活性氧(ROS);JC-1染色检测细胞线粒体膜电位;比色法测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量,以及丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、caspase-3和caspase-9的水平。结果显示姜黄素组(2.5、5、10μmol/L)明显提高H_2O_2诱导的HT29细胞的存活率(P0.05,P0.01);与H_2O_2模型组相比,姜黄素组细胞凋亡率降低(P0.01),增殖指数增高(P0.05,P0.01),LDH释放量和细胞内ROS降低(P0.05,P0.01),线粒体膜电位上升(P0.01),SOD活力增加(P0.01),MDA降低(P0.01),caspase-3和caspase-9活性增强(P0.01),并呈剂量-效应关系。结果表明姜黄素在一定剂量范围内对H_2O_2诱导的HT29细胞氧化损伤具有较好的保护作用,该作用可能与清除ROS,减轻DNA氧化损伤,抑制线粒体通路介导的细胞凋亡有关。     

白羊草药理作用的实验研究

本实验观察了野生植物白羊草抗大鼠血栓形成及对小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果证实：白羊草醇提物具有一定的药理活性,可明显减少大鼠体外血栓形成的长度及血栓湿重、干重,抑制大鼠血小板粘附率。增加小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,延长由氢化可的松引起的免疫功能低下小鼠的游泳时间,提高免疫器宫（胸腺脾脏）的重量。     

应激性高血压犬鼠脑干及下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴中肾上腺髓质素及其受体mRNA表达的改变

采用逆转录- 聚合酶链式反应检测了慢性足底电击结合噪声应激致高血压大鼠下丘脑、延髓、中脑、垂体和肾上腺等组织中编码肾上腺髓质素的肾上腺髓质素前肽原(preproadrenomedullin, ppADM) 基因以及ADM 的特异性受体组件降钙素受体样受体(calcitonin-receptor-like receptor,CRLR)和受体活性调节蛋白2 和3(receptor-activity-modifying proteins, RAMP2 和RAMP3)表达的变化。我们观察到:与对照组相比,以 3- 磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶作为内参照,15 d 足底电击结合噪声应激引起下丘脑、垂体和肾上腺中ppADM mRNA表达上调,而在延髓和中脑表达明显下调(P<0.01 或 P<0.05); CRLR基因表达量正常时在下丘脑相对较高,应激15 d 后CRLR 表达在延髓、中脑和下丘脑下调(P<0.01 或 P<0.05), 而在垂体和肾上腺的表达无明显变化;应激后RAMP2 基因在延髓和下丘脑表达上调,而在肾上腺表达显著下调(P <0.01), 其他部位无明显变化;RAMP3 基因在对照组大鼠的中脑和下丘脑表达较高,在应激性高血压大鼠的下丘脑和垂体表达上调(P<0.01 或P<0.05), 而在中脑和肾上腺表达下调(P<0.05), 在延髓中的表达变化无统计学差异。上述结果提示:慢性足底电击结合噪声应激引起明显的中枢和下丘脑- 垂体-肾上腺轴ADM 及其受体组件CRLR/RAMP2 或CRLR/R     

查尔酮类衍生物G01对H_2O_2诱导小鼠皮层神经元氧化损伤保护作用研究

本文研究查尔酮类衍生物G01(3'-甲酰基-4',6'-二羟基-2'-甲氧基-5'-甲基-3,4-二羟基查尔酮)对H_2O_2诱导小鼠皮层神经元氧化损伤的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。Neurobasal(含有B-27)的培养基无血清体外原代培养新生小鼠大脑皮层神经元,H_2O_2(50μmol/L)诱导氧化应激损伤模型,MTT法检测不同浓度(0.001、0.01、0.1 g/L)G01对细胞存活的影响,生化法测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量和丙二醛(MDA)、超氧歧化酶(SOD)的含量。与H_2O_2处理组比较,0.01、0.1 g/L G01能显著提高H_2O_2诱导损伤皮层神经元的生存率74.51%,81.31%(P0.05),并且降低了培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的漏出量,抑制细胞内丙二醛(MDA)的生成,提高细胞内超氧歧化酶(SOD)的活性。研究结果表明G01对H_2O_2损伤皮层神经元具有显著的保护作用其机制与抗氧化作用有关。     

HAP-1在慢性复合应激大鼠肾上腺的表达

目的探讨慢性复合应激大鼠肾上腺髓质细胞亨廷顿蛋白相关蛋白1(Huntingtin-associated protein 1,HAP-1)表达的变化及其意义。方法36只大鼠随机分为两组:慢性复合应激组和对照组。应激组动物进行6周的垂直旋转、睡眠剥夺、捆绑(6h/d)和夜间光照等慢性复合性应激试验;实验结束后,所有动物采用免疫组织化学、Western-blot以及RT-PCR等方法检测肾上腺髓质细胞内HAP-1蛋白和mRNA水平的变化。结果与对照组相比,慢性复合应激组的大鼠肾上腺髓质中HAP-1的表达明显增强(P<0.05),HAP-1 mRNA水平明显升高(P<0.05)。结论6周慢性复合性应激大鼠HAP-1在肾上腺髓质区的表达加强,mRNA水平提高。提示HAP-1在慢性复合应激促进肾上腺功能中可能发挥一定作用。     

Cu2+-Aβ 复合物与Aβ 单体诱导神经元 H2O2 释放作用的比较研究

目的:比较不同摩尔比Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物与Aβ单体诱导神经元H_2O_2释放作用的差异。方法:制备不同摩尔比(0.1-5)的Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物,通过检测硫磺素T(Thioflavin T,Th T)荧光强度考察Cu~(2+)对Aβ纤丝形成的影响。利用原代培养的大鼠海马神经元细胞,分别以不同摩尔比Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物,不同浓度Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物(摩尔比为1),以及Aβ单体和Cu~(2+)处理细胞,检测培养上清中的H_2O_2含量;分离线粒体,分别检测不同浓度Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物(摩尔比为1),以及Aβ单体和Cu~(2+)处理后H_2O_2的释放;观察不同摩尔比Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物,不同浓度Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物(摩尔比为1),以及Aβ单体和Cu~(2+)对神经元细胞活力的影响。结果:(1)Th T荧光试验结果表明,Cu~(2+)与Aβ(10μM)摩尔比为1~5范围内可明显抑制Aβ纤丝形成。(2)Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物(摩尔比为1~5;Aβ浓度为10μM)以及摩尔比为1的Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物(Aβ浓度分别为5,10μM)可显著诱导神经元释放H_2O_2;另外,摩尔比为1时,Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物还可诱导神经元线粒体内H_2O_2释放;上述作用均强于Aβ单体或Cu~(2+)。(3)Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物(摩尔比为1~5)可显著降低神经元细胞活力,该作用强于Aβ单体或Cu~(2+)。结论:与Aβ单体相比,Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物诱发神经元细胞及其线粒体释放H_2O_2作用更强,并诱发更为明显的神经元毒性。提示Cu~(2+)与Aβ之间的配位结合可能增强其引发活性氧释放以及神经元毒性反应;Cu~(2+)-Aβ复合物引发的活性氧可能主要来自线粒体。     

The influence of stress and methionine-enkephalin on macrophage functions in two inbred rat strains

The aim of our current study was to investigate the effect of acute exposure to electric tail shock stress (ES) and to a stress witnessing procedure (SW), as models for physical and psychological stress paradigms, respectively, on phagocytosis and H(2)O(2) production in peritoneal macrophages isolated from Albino Oxford (AO) and Dark Agouti (DA) rats. In addition, we studied the in vitro effects of methionine-enkephalin (ME) on phagocytosis and H(2)O(2) production in peritoneal macrophages isolated from both AO and DA rats that had been exposed to ES and SW procedures. The results showed that peritoneal macrophages isolated from DA rats were less sensitive to the suppressive effects of ES and SW than macrophages isolated from AO rats. In vitro treatment of macrophages isolated from AO rats with ME mimicked to some extent the suppressive effects of ES and SW on phagocytosis and H(2)O(2) production and additionally diminished H(2)O(2) release in macrophages isolated from AO rats previously exposed to ES or SW. ME did not have any effect on phagocytosis in macrophages isolated from DA rats, but changed H(2)O(2) production in a concentration-dependent manner. In macrophages isolated from DA rats previously exposed to stress the effect of ME was dependent on the macrophage function tested and the particular stress paradigm employed. Our results emphasise the fact that both beneficial and detrimental effects of stress on immune system functions could be attributed to the individual variations in the macrophage's response to stress mediators.     

Transmembrane potential variations accompanying the PMA-triggered O-2 and H2O2 release by mouse peritoneal macrophages

Stimulation by PMA of Streptococci-elicited macrophages induced a transient membrane depolarization preceding the onset of detectable O-2 production. Mice-resident peritoneal macrophages were unresponsive to PMA for both activities. The PMA-triggered membrane depolarization seemed to be independent from O-2 production because inhibition of membrane depolarization by EGTA had no effect on rates of O-2 or H2O2 release and rate of antimycin A insensitive O2 uptake by Streptococci-elicited macrophages. The portion of O2 uptake recovered as O-2 was found to be 1/3. The rate of O-2 release was twice the rate of H2O2 production (1.1 nmol H2O2.min-1 X 10(6) macrophages-1).     

Effect of corticotropin and hydrocortisone on the Ca2+-ATPase activity of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum

The effect of corticotropin (ACTH1-39), synacthen (ACTH1-24) and hydrocortisone-hemisuccinate on the activity of Ca-ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and calcium (Ca) accumulation in SR vesicles has been studied. It has been shown that ACTH1-39 (I U per 100 g body weight) increased the activity of Ca-ATPase in skeletal muscle SR of rats, while hydrocortisone (5 mg per 100 g body weight) did not change the activity of Ca-ATPase in skeletal muscle SR. However, both hormones increase the total activity of ATPase. ACTH1-39 and ACTH1-24 (0.05-0.0005 U/ml) and hydrocortisone (2.8 X 10(-7)-2.8 X 10(-9) mol/l) increased in vitro Ca-ATPase isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle SR and accumulation of Ca is SR vesicles. At the same time, hydrocortisone reduced calcium/phosphorus ratio, while ACTH1-39 and ACTH1-24 increased it, i.e. hydrocortisone facilitated Ca accumulation in SR requiring more ATP energy, whereas ACTH facilitated Ca accumulation in SR requiring less ATP energy.     

Regulation of oxygen radical release from murine peritoneal macrophages by pharmacologic doses of PGE2

The ability of pharmacologic doses of PGE2 to alter the release of superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from elicited peritoneal macrophages (M theta) was studied. Twice-daily administration of 200 or 100 micrograms of PGE2 to mice during accumulation of peritoneal M theta resulted in a significant reduction in M theta recovery and in the triggered release of H2O2, but not O2-. Cultivation of elicited M theta from normal mice with concentrations of PGE2 in excess of 10(-7) M for 24-48 h resulted in a significant reduction in the triggered release of H2O2, but not O2-. Cultivation for shorter periods of time or with lower concentrations of PGE2 failed to alter H2O2 release. This effect of PGE2 was reproduced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline. The ability of PGE2 to inhibit H2O2 release in the presence of normal production of O2- was not prevented by the addition of superoxide dismutase. Cultivation of peritoneal M theta with 10(-5) M PGE2 for 48 h failed to increase intracellular catalase, although increased H2O2 scavenger activity was demonstrated. The inhibition of extracellular release of H2O2, but not O2-, by pharmacologic doses of PGE2 may be one mechanism for the anti-inflammatory action of this compound.     

POMC gene-derived peptides activate melanocortin type 3 receptor on murine macrophages, suppress cytokine release, and inhibit neutrophil migration in acute experimental inflammation.

To investigate the relevance of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) therapy in human gouty arthritis, we have tested the effect of several ACTH-related peptides in a murine model of experimental gout. Systemic treatment of mice with ACTH4-10 (MEHFRWG) (10-200 microgram s. c.) inhibited neutrophil accumulation without altering peripheral blood cell counts or circulating corticosterone levels. A similar effect was seen with alpha- and beta-melanocyte stimulating hormones (1-30 microgram s.c.). In vivo release of the chemokine KC-(detected in the lavage fluids before maximal influx of neutrophils) was significantly reduced (-50 to -60%) by ACTH4-10. Macrophage activation in vitro, determined as phagocytosis and KC release, was inhibited by ACTH and ACTH4-10 with approximate IC50 values of 30 nM and 100 microM, respectively. The melanocortin receptor type 3/4 antagonist SHU9119 prevented the inhibitory actions of ACTH4-10 both in vitro and in vivo. However, melanocortin type 3, but not type 4, receptor mRNA was detected in mouse peritoneal macrophages by RT-PCR. Therefore, we propose that activation of this receptor type by ACTH4-10 and related amino acid sequences attenuates KC release (and possibly production of other cytokines) from macrophages with consequent inhibition of the host inflammatory response, thus providing a notional anti-inflammatory mechanism for ACTH that is unrelated to stimulation of glucocorticoid release.     

葆包牡丹碱对垂体前叶组织块释放促肾上腺皮质激素的刺激效应

本实验利用垂体组织块离体灌流技术,观察到γ－氨基丁酸Ａ受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹笃切除双侧肾上腺９６ｈ后的大鼠垂体前叶ＡＣＴＨ的分泌具有强烈的刺激作用。但同样浓度的荷包牡丹笃分离的垂体前叶细胞的ＡＣＴＨ分泌无影响,提示肾上腺切除后,γ－氨基丁酸在垂体前叶直接或通过间接途径抑制ＡＣＴＨ分泌。     

荷包牡丹碱对垂体前叶组织块释放促肾上腺皮质激素的刺激效应

本实验利用垂体组织块离体灌流技术,观察到－氨基丁酸Ａ受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱对切除双侧肾上腺９６ｈ后的大鼠垂体前叶ＡＣＴＨ的分泌具有强烈的刺激作用。但同样浓度的荷包牡丹碱对分离的垂体前叶细胞的ＡＣＴＨ分泌无影响。提示肾上腺切除后,－氨基丁酸在垂体前叶直接或通过间接途径抑制ＡＣＴＨ分泌。     

Somatostatin and octreotide modulate the function of Kupffer cells in liver cirrhosis

In our previous studies we have shown that somatostatin and octreotide modulate the function of peritoneal macrophages and Kupffer cells in noncirrhotic livers. However, the effects of somatostatin on the Kupffer cells in cirrhotic livers are not known. In the present study, Kupffer cells, obtained from male rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhotic livers, were treated in vitro with somatostatin or octreotide and their effects on the release of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and peroxide (H2O2) determined. At concentrations of 10(-13) or 10(-10) to 10(-6) M of somatostatin or 10(-12) to 10(-10) M, or 10(-6) M of octreotide, the amount of nitric oxide released by Kupffer cells was significantly suppressed relative to that of untreated cells. Kupffer cells treated with less than 10(-12) M or greater than 10(-12) M of somatostatin or octreotide released less TNF-alpha compared to the untreated controls. In addition, zymosan-induced H2O2 release by Kupffer cells treated with 10(-9) to 10(-7) M somatostatin or with 10(-15) to 10(-13) M and 10(-9) to 10(-7) M of octreotide was greater than that of the untreated controls. These findings demonstrate that somatostatin and octreotide modulate the release of nitric oxide, TNF-alpha and H2O2 by Kupffer cells in cirrhotic livers depending on the concentrations of hormones used.     

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) enhances the capacity of murine macrophages to secrete oxygen reduction products

The capacity of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) to enhance respiratory burst activity in peritoneal macrophages was measured. Macrophages incubated for 48 hr or more with concentrated L cell-conditioned medium as a source of M-CSF released two to three times as much O2- in response to PMA as did unexposed macrophages. Stimulation was noted at concentrations of colony-stimulating activity from 0.1 to 2000 U/ml and was maximal at 10 to 100 U/ml. Purified, endotoxin-free CSF enhanced secretion to a similar degree as unpurified L cell-conditioned medium. Release of O2- by M-CSF macrophages occurred over 60 min and was triggered by opsonized zymosan as well as PMA. H2O2 release was also enhanced in macrophages exposed to both unpurified and purified M-CSF. These data indicate that M-CSF enhances the capacity of mature macrophages to release oxygen reduction products, and they are consistent with reports that CSF can stimulate the release of other secretory products.     

微囊藻毒素缓解过氧化氢胁迫下铜绿微囊藻损伤的初步研究

过氧化氢可抑制藻类生长, 同时会导致微囊藻毒素(Microcystins, MCs)的释放, 实验设置4个处理组探讨了外源微囊藻毒素MC-LR对H2O2胁迫下铜绿微囊藻生理生化变化的影响。结果表明: 在H2O2胁迫下, 微囊藻的生长和光合活性受到显著抑制, 藻细胞存活率降低, ROS含量明显增加, SOD活性上升。与单独H2O2胁迫相比, 加入MC-LR能增加微囊藻细胞的存活率。250 mol/L H2O2处理24h和48h后, 在培养基中加入200 ng/mL MC-LR可以缓解H2O2对铜绿微囊藻光合系统PSII活性的抑制作用。当微囊藻暴露于250 mol/L H2O2环境中时, 添加了MC-LR处理组藻细胞中的ROS含量明显减少(P0.05)。在相同浓度H2O2且加入了外源MC-LR后藻细胞SOD活性下降(P0.05)。因此, 微囊藻毒素MC-LR可缓解250 mol/L H2O2引起的氧化损伤并增强微囊藻自身的生存能力。研究结果有利于阐明H2O2胁迫影响产毒蓝藻生长代谢的途径及MCs生物学意义。