兔痒螨和水牛痒螨第二转录间隔区（ITS-2）基因序列分析

为了探讨水牛痒螨株和兔痒螨株的分类地位,采用 PCR 技术扩增了四川水牛痒螨株和四川兔痒螨株的第二内部转录间隔区（ITS-2）基因,并与 GenBank 中注册的 5 个国外痒螨株的同源基因进行了比较。序列分析发现：兔痒螨株和水牛痒螨株的序列长度分别为 277 bp 和 281 bp,两序列间存在多处转换、颠换和缺失。四川水牛痒螨株同四川兔痒螨株间及国外痒螨分离株间的 ITS-2 基因同源性较低（87.1%～88.0％）; 而四川兔痒螨株与国外痒螨分离株的同源性较高（95.5％～100.0％）。用痒螨 ITS-2 基因构建的 MP,NJ,ME 及 UPGM 树中,兔痒螨株和水牛痒螨株在不同的系统树中其位置比较固定,且两者相距均较远。根据痒螨 ITS-2 基因同源性分析和系统树构建结果以及其他已报道的相关证据,作者认为：兔痒螨株和水牛痒螨株可能为痒螨属 Psoroptes 中两个不同的种,兔痒螨分离株为马痒螨 P. equi ;而水牛痒螨株与来自兔、山羊、绵羊和黄牛等痒螨株亲缘关系较远,可能为痒螨属中的另一个独立有效种。     

陕西省9株乙脑病毒的分离及E基因序列分析

分析陕西省分离的9株乙脑病毒基因组序列特征。使用乙脑病毒全基因组序列测定引物进行RT-PCR扩增,扩增产物进行测序,拼接后获得基因组序列。利用MEGA 4.1、MegAlin、MEGA7.0等软件进行毒株的系统进化分析,并与P3株、减毒活疫苗SA14-14-2株及覆盖5个基因型别的其他乙脑病毒进行E基因序列比对。9株分离株3株分离自猪舍、6株分离自羊舍,其中4株获得全基因组序列,5株测得E基因序列。基于E基因序列进行毒株核苷酸、氨基酸同源性比较,结果显示分离株均与基因I型GI-b亚型毒株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性最高,核苷酸同源性范围为96.5%～99.7%、氨基酸同源性范围99.2%～100.0%;与SA14-14-2株核苷酸同源性范围为87.5%～88.9%、氨基酸同源性范围96.3%～97.2%;与P3株核苷酸同源性范围为87.6%～88.1%、氨基酸同源性范围96.7%～97.6%。分析09年（陕南地区）分离株与18年（关中地区）分离株的E基因核苷酸差异率为1.8%～2.9%、氨基酸差异率为0%～0.8%。陕西省自然界中循环的乙脑病毒以基因Ⅰ型为主,与P3株在抗原毒力关键位点无差异,...     

兔出血症病毒中国株衣壳蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析

应用RT-PCR技术,从兔出血症病毒中国分离株WX84中成功扩增出预期大小为1.7kb的特异性条带,将扩增产物提纯后克隆入pGEMR-T载体,经转化、筛选及酶切鉴定后,获得了该株病毒衣壳蛋白基因的克隆,序列分析表明扩增的中国株RHDV衣壳蛋白基因片段长度为1 740bp,共编码580个氨基酸.该核酸序列与其它国家报道的多株RHDV序列相互间同源性高达98.2%～99.0%,其推导的氨基酸序列同源性也达98.3%～99.1%,为极度保守片段.     

猪戊型肝炎病毒swCH-GS189株ORF2基因的克隆及序列分析

为进行猪戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)ORF2基因特征研究,参照GenBank中已发表的戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)核酸序列,设计了一对扩增HEV ORF2基因的引物,利用RT-PCR等方法克隆出了一株猪戊型肝炎病毒甘肃分离株GS189的ORF2基因cDNA片段.序列测定结果表明,swCH-GS189株的ORF2基因长2 025 bp,编码674个氨基酸,与GenBank中公布的其它毒株间的核苷酸序列同源性为79.1%～91.8%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为89.5%～98.8%.系统发育进化树结果表明,该分离株为基因IV型.     

猪轮状病毒JL94株vp4全基因克隆及原核表达载体构建

根据GenBank已发表的猪轮状病毒vp4基因保守序列,设计一对引物扩增猪轮状病毒地方株JL94株vp4全基因;将扩增产物与载体pMD-18T连接进行序列测定并将测序结果同国外分离株进行序列比较。用限制性内切酶BamHI和SalI将vp4基因从pMD-18T-vp4切下;同样用BamHI和SalI双酶切表达载体pGEX-6P-1;将这2个双酶切产物连接并转化,通过酶切鉴定和PCR鉴定证明完成了vp4原核表达载体的构建。测序结果表明:vp4全基因长2362bp,JL94株同国外分离株BEN307株、Gottfried株vp4全基因片段核苷酸同源性分别为93.44%和69.43%;氨基酸同源性分别为96.06%和71.88%。说明JL94株同BEN-307株属同一VP4血清型,而同Gottfried株属于不同血清型。重组原核表达载体pGEX-6P1-vp4的构建为表达VP4蛋白,研制诊断性抗原和病毒重组活载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

貂、狐、貉源犬瘟热病毒的分离鉴定与序列分析（英文）

采用能稳定表达犬信号淋巴细胞活性分子（SLAM）的Vero-DST细胞从发病貉、狐狸和水貂病料,分离获得5株病毒,经电镜形态观察、RT-PCR检测、理化特性测定和人工感染发病试验鉴定,均为犬瘟热病毒（CDV）,分别命名为HT-P（貉源）、THD1（貉源）、HD（貂源）、LN（貂源）和HB（狐源）。5个分离毒株TCID50为10-5.2～-7.3/ml;除鸡、鹅红细胞呈微弱阳性外,其余均未见血凝作用;对乳鼠的LD50分别为2×10-3.8～-4.8/ml,对实验兔无致病性,对貉有明显致病性作用。5株CDV H和N基因序列分析结果为5个分离株之间H基因nt序列同源性均达到97.5%以上,HT-P（貉源,山东青岛）与THD1（貉源,山东潍坊）的aa同源性为100%,二者与其他分离株间aa序列同源性为87.9%～99.1%;与chn等疫苗株基因nt序列和推导aa序列同源性普遍较低,分别为90.5～91.8和89.%～91.8%。5个分离株之间N基因nt序列同源性均≥94.5%,HT-P与THD1同源性最高（99.8%）,分离株之间aa序列除HT-P、THD1与HD（貂源,山东青岛）同源性较高（99.0%以上）外,其他．分离株之间同源性低。与chn等疫苗株nt序列同源性较低（90．9～93．5％）。此外,HD和LN（貂源,辽宁大连）发病区域相距较远,但具有较高的同源性,但与HB（狐源,河北沦州）具有相对较低的nt同源性,提示野毒株在易感动物上可能存在种属差异。分离毒株与疫苗株之间H和N蛋白基因差异,可能与CD免疫失败有关。     

斑点热群立克次体中国分离株rOmpA基因片段的克隆和序列分析

用Rr190.70p-602n引物扩增了斑点热群立克次体（spottedfevergrouprickettsiae,SFGR）中国分离株（BJ－90株、Ha－91株和HLJ－054株）及SFGR国际标准株西伯利亚立克次体（Rickettsiasibiricu）246株和派克立克次体（R.parkeri）的rOmpA基因片段,将PCR产物克隆入pGEM－T载体中,用双脱氧法进行序列测定,并与SFGR的rOmpA基因已知序列进行了比较。结果表明,SFGR国际标准株间rOmpA基因片段的核苷酸同源性为90.06%～96.62%,推定氨基酸的同源性为83.05％～94.35％,中国分离株与国际标准株及参考株rOmpA基因片段比较的结果发现：BJ－90株及Ha－91株与西伯利亚立克次体标准株的核苷酸同源性分别为99．06％和98．31％,推定氨基酸的同源性则为98.87％和96.61％,HL－93株和HLJ-054株与日本立克次体（R.japonica）核苷酸同源性较高,分别为96.62％和95.68％,推定氨基酸的同源性为92．09％和89．27％。在中国分离株内,BJ-90株和Ha－91株的核昔酸同源性高达99．2…     

兔出血症病毒中国株衣壳蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析

应用RT—PCR技术,从兔出血症病毒中国分离株WX84中成功扩增出预期大小为1．7kb的特异性条带,将扩增产物提纯后克隆入pGEM^R—T载体,经转化、筛选及酶切鉴定后,获得了该株病毒衣壳蛋白基因的克隆,序列分析表明扩增的中国株BHD衣壳蛋白基因片段长度为1740bp,共编码580个氨基酸。该核酸序列与其它国家报道的多株BHDV序列相互间同源性高达98．2％一99．0％,其推导的氨基酸序列同源性也达98．3％--99．1％,为极度保守片段。     

牛源隐孢子虫分离株的分子鉴定

目的对安徽4个牛源隐孢子虫分离株进行鉴定,旨在阐明感染牛隐孢子虫主要虫种。方法采用PCR和Nested-PCR方法分别对4个分离株18S rRNA、HSP70基因进行扩增和测序,所测定的序列经生物信息学分析它们同源性和构建种系发育进化树,以确定各分离株与其他隐孢子虫虫种之间的亲缘关系。结果 （1）它们的18S rRNA基因和HSP70基因与安氏隐孢子虫（C.andersoni）AY954887相似性可达88.3%和98.3%;（2）在遗传进化树方面,它们与AY954892（河南株）亲缘关系接近。结论此次分离的4个牛源隐孢子虫分离株均为安氏隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidium andersoni）。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒S1株基因组序列测定和分析

应用RT-PCR方法分段扩增出PRRSV上海分离株S1毒株的4条基因大片段,扩增后的产物分别克隆于pCR-XL-TOPO载体鉴定后测序,同时应用RACE方法对S1毒株的3'和5'基因末端进行了成功的扩增并克隆于pMD-18T载体进行测序,按顺序将这些序列进行拼接得到PRRSV S1株全基因组cDNA序列.测序结果表明PRRSV S1株基因组全长15441 bp,包含9个开放式阅读框,5'UTR含有189nt,3'端UTR含有181nt,其中包含30nt Poly (A).基因组序列分析结果显示该病毒与ATCC VR-2332和BJ-4分离株的核苷酸同源性分别99.5%和99.6%.与另一国内分离株CH-1a的核苷酸同源性为90.8%.     

Multilocus sequence evaluation for differentiating species of the trematode Family Gastrothylacidae,with a note on the utility of mitochondrial COI motifs in species identification

Amphistomiasis, a neglected trematode infectious disease of ruminants, is caused by numerous species of amphistomes belonging to six families under the Superfamily Paramphistomoidea. In the present study, four frequently used DNA markers, viz. nuclear ribosomal 28S (D1–D3 regions), 18S and ITS2 and mitochondrial COI genes, as well as sequence motifs from these genes were evaluated for their utility in species characterization of members of the amphistomes' Family Gastrothylacidae commonly prevailing in Northeast India. In sequence and phylogenetic analyses the COI gene turned out to be the most useful marker in identifying the gastrothylacid species, with the exception of Gastrothylax crumenifer, which showed a high degree of intraspecific variations among its isolates. The sequence analysis data also showed the ITS2 region to be effective for interspecies characterization, though the 28S and 18S genes were found unsuitable for the purpose. On the other hand, sequence motif analysis data revealed the motifs from the COI gene to be highly conserved and specific for their target species which allowed accurate in silico identification of the gastrothylacid species irrespective of their intraspecific differences. We propose the use of COI motifs generated in the study as a potential tool for identification of these species.     

Molecular evolution of tephritid fruit flies in the genus Bactrocera based on the cytochrome oxidase I gene

Fruit flies of the genus Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) are one of the major economically important insects in Asia and Australia. Little attention has been given to analyses of molecular phylogenetic relationships among Bactrocera subgenera. By using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) sequences, the phylogenetic relationships among four subgenera, Asiadacus, Bactrocera, Hemigymnodacus, and Zeugodacus, were investigated. Nucleotide diversity within subgenera ranged from 11.7 to 12.4%, and the net divergence among subgenera ranged from 11.2 to 15.7%. Phylogenetic trees calculated from both maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis methods were highly congruent in terms of tree topologies. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial COI sequences suggests that tephritid fruit fly species, which attack cucurbit plants, that is, Asiadacus, Hemigymnodacus and Zeugodacus, were more closely related to each other than to fruit fly species of the subgenus Bactrocera, which attack plants of numerous families. Our data supports previous classification of Bactrocera based on morphological characters. However, the phylogenetic tree showed the polyphyletic of fruit flies in subgenus Zeugodacus. Possible causes of speciation among fruit flies species in this genus were also discussed.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the small yellow croaker and partitioned Bayesian analysis of Sciaenidae fish phylogeny

To understand the phylogenetic position of Larimichthys polyactis within the family Sciaenidae and the phylogeny of this family, the organization of the mitochondrial genome of small yellow croaker was determined herein. The complete, 16,470 bp long, mitochondrial genome contains 37 mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding, 2 ribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes), as well as a control region (CR), as in other bony fishes. Comparative analysis of initiation/termination codon usage in mitochondrial protein-coding genes of Percoidei species, indicated that COI in Sciaenidae entails an ATG/AGA codon usage different from other Percoidei fishes, where absence of a typical conserved domain or motif in the control regions is common. Partitioned Bayesian analysis of 618 bp of COI sequences data were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships within the family Sciaenidae. An improvement in harmonic mean -lnL was observed when specific models and parameter estimates were assumed for partitions of the total data. The phylogenetic analyses did not support the monophyly of Otolithes, Argyrosomus, and Argyrosominae. L. polyactis was found to be most closely related to Collichthys niveatus, whereby, according to molecular systematics studies, the relationships within the subfamily Pseudosciaenidae should be reconsidered.     

Distribution of integron-associated trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole resistance determinants among Escherichia coli from humans and food-producing animals

Aims: To compare the distribution of integrons and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole resistance genes among Escherichia coli isolates from humans and food‐producing animals. Methods and Results: A collection of 174 multidrug‐resistant E. coli isolates obtained from faecal samples of food‐producing animals (n = 64) and humans (n = 59), and patients with urinary tract infections (n = 51) in Hong Kong during 2002–2004 were studied. The strains were analysed for their phylogenetic groups, the presence of sul genes (sul1 and sul2), integrons (intl1 and intl2) and class 1 integron‐associated dfr cassette genes by PCR, restriction enzyme analysis and sequencing. Integrons were identified in 110 (63·2%) isolates. The prevalence of integrons was significantly different according to the specimen sources (animal faecal 84·4%, human faecal 67·8% and human urinary 31·4%) and phylogenetic groups (B1 80·8%, A 77·6%, D 54·1% and B2 11·5%). Faecal isolates (both human and animal) are more likely to belong to group A and B1. In contrast, most urinary isolates were either groups B2 and D. Among dfr containing isolates, dfrA1 and dfrA12 were almost exclusively found in strains of phylogenetic groups A and B1; and were present in animal and human faecal isolates. In contrast, dfrA17 was found in both faecal and urinary isolates and comprised strains from all phylogenetic groups. The sul1 and sul2 genes were equally prevalent among the isolates irrespective of the specimen source and phylogenetic group status. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis analysis of isolates with identical cassette genes showed that they were genetically diverse. Conclusions: More animal faecal isolates carry class 1 integrons than human faecal and human urinary isolates, and the distribution of phylogenetic groups is common across animal and human faecal isolates but different from human urinary isolates. Significance and Impact of the Study: Commensal isolates from food‐producing animals are an important reservoir for integrons carrying antibiotic resistance genes.     

ALG11--a new variable DNA marker for sponge phylogeny: comparison of phylogenetic performances with the 18S rDNA and the COI gene

Phylogenetic relationships within sponge classes are highly debated. The low phylogenetic signal observed with some current molecular data can be attributed to the use of few markers, usually slowly-evolving, such as the nuclear rDNA genes and the mitochondrial COI gene. In this study, we conducted a bioinformatics search for a new molecular marker. We sought a marker that (1) is likely to have no paralogs; (2) evolves under a fast evolutionary rate; (3) is part of a continuous exonic region; and (4) is flanked by conserved regions. Our search suggested the nuclear ALG11 as a potential suitable marker. We next demonstrated that this marker can indeed be used for solving phylogenetic relationships within sponges. Specifically, we successfully amplified the ALG11 gene from DNA samples of representatives from all four sponge classes as well as from several cnidarian classes. We also amplified the 18S rDNA and the COI gene for these species. Finally, we analyzed the phylogenetic performance of ALG11 to solve sponge relationships compared to and in combination with the nuclear 18S rDNA and the COI mtDNA genes. Interestingly, the ALG11 marker seems to be superior to the widely-used COI marker. Our work thus indicates that the ALG11 marker is a relevant marker which can complement and corroborate the phylogenetic inferences observed with nuclear ribosomal genes. This marker is also expected to contribute to resolving evolutionary relationships of other apparently slow-evolving animal phyla, such as cnidarians.     

Molecular comparative studies among Blastocystis isolates obtained from humans and animals

This study compared specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and phylogenetic tree analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism using the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene in various Blastocystis populations. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 12 restriction enzymes and a sample pool of 22 isolates, including 2 reference strains and Proteromonas lacertae as an outgroup. The analysis showed that the 22 isolates could be separated into 7 clusters. Four of the 7 clusters were mixed groups that comprised isolates from both humans and nonhuman hosts. The other 3 clusters contained isolates from humans or nonhuman hosts only. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that B. hominis isolates from geographical separated areas did not necessarily cluster in the genetically different groups. The results of genetic homology and phylogenetic tree analysis among Blastocystis isolates from humans and animals indicated that all isolates from animals appear to be B. hominis. Polymerase chain reaction amplifications using previously described and newly defined specific primers mirrored the clusters obtained by the phylogenetic tree analysis. Our results show that primer PCR can be used as a powerful tool for the typing of Blastocystis populations.     

米尔顿姬小蜂线粒体16SrRNA与COI基因片段序列测定及分析

【背景】米尔顿姬小蜂是一种入侵我国台湾地区的植食性小蜂,能够严重影响水果的产量和食用价值。目前在我国大陆没有分布,由于其个体微小,与近似种区别较小,通过传统的形态学分类方法难以鉴定,因此有必要研究其基因片段序列,探讨分子鉴定方法。【方法】利用PCR方法扩增并测定了米尔顿姬小蜂线粒体16SrRNA和COI基因的部分序列,并对各序列的碱基组成进行了分析。然后根据COI基因部分序列,利用DNAMAN的MaximumLikelihood方法构建了米尔顿姬小蜂与膜翅目其他科的系统发育树。【结果】16SrRNA基因的PCR扩增产物为426bp,COI基因的PCR扩增产物为488bp。通过测序获得米尔顿姬小蜂16SrRNA和COI基因部分序列,序列分析表明,16SrRNA和COI基因的A＋T含量均较高,存在较强的A＋T偏向性。系统发育树显示,米尔顿姬小蜂与蚜小蜂科的Encarsiaberlesei亲缘关系最近,与姬小蜂科的Chrysocharisnautius、C．eurynota亲缘关系较远。【结论与意义】本研究为米尔顿姬小蜂的分子鉴定提供了依据。     

干酪乳杆菌的近缘种及亚种部分看家基因的系统发育分析

【背景】16S rRNA基因序列分析已广泛应用于细菌的分类鉴定,但是存在一定局限性,而使用看家基因作为分子标记在近缘种及亚种间的系统发育分析中具有其独特的优势。【目的】研究16S rRNA、uvr C (核酸外切酶ABC,C亚基)和mur E (UDP-N-乙酰胞壁酰三肽合酶)基因序列对干酪乳杆菌的近缘种及亚种的区分能力。【方法】采用分离自传统发酵乳中的6株干酪乳杆菌为研究对象,选取uvr C和mur E基因片段,通过PCR扩增、测序,结合已公布的干酪乳杆菌的近缘种或亚种的相应序列计算遗传距离、构建系统发育树,并与16S rRNA基因序列分析技术进行比较。【结果】研究发现Lactobacilluscasei及相近种间的uvr C、mur E和联合基因(uvr C-mur E)构建的系统发育树拓扑结构与16S rRNA基因结果基本一致,区别在于相似性的不同,其分别为79.00%-99.16%、89.08%-99.20%、76.56%-99.69%和99.58%-100%。基于16S rRNA基因不能区分干酪乳杆菌的近缘种及亚种,而看家基因uvr C和mur E基因序列能够很好地区分干酪乳杆菌的近缘种及亚种,并且将uvr C和mur E基因串联使用后,试验菌株与参考菌株的分类关系更加清晰。【结论】联合基因(uvr C-mur E)可作为16SrRNA基因的辅助工具用于干酪乳杆菌的近缘种及亚种的快速准确鉴定。     

Mitochondrial DNA analyses reveal low genetic diversity in Culex quinquefasciatus from residential areas in Malaysia

The present study explored the intraspecific genetic diversity, dispersal patterns and phylogeographic relationships of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malaysia using reference data available in GenBank in order to reveal this species' phylogenetic relationships. A statistical parsimony network of 70 taxa aligned as 624 characters of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and 685 characters of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) gene revealed three haplotypes (A1–A3) and four haplotypes (B1–B4), respectively. The concatenated sequences of both COI and COII genes with a total of 1309 characters revealed seven haplotypes (AB1–AB7). Analysis using tcs indicated that haplotype AB1 was the common ancestor and the most widespread haplotype in Malaysia. The genetic distance based on concatenated sequences of both COI and COII genes ranged from 0.00076 to 0.00229. Sequence alignment of Cx. quinquefasciatus from Malaysia and other countries revealed four haplotypes (AA1–AA4) by the COI gene and nine haplotypes (BB1–BB9) by the COII gene. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that Malaysian Cx. quinquefasciatus share the same genetic lineage as East African and Asian Cx. quinquefasciatus. This study has inferred the genetic lineages, dispersal patterns and hypothetical ancestral genotypes of Cx. quinquefasciatus.