黄花蒿与其近缘种化学成分的FTIR和GC-MS鉴定与分析

黄花蒿是一种治疗痢疾的特效中药,植物体中含有丰富的精油,但其应用和生产中常有种类混杂现象,严重影响了黄花蒿为原料的药材质量。为实现黄花蒿药材快速鉴定与评价,该研究利用FTIR技术和GCMS分别对黄花蒿及其近缘种叶片原药材及挥发油成分进行了检测和鉴定。结果表明:挥发油以黄花蒿含量最高(1.86%),其次是南牡蒿、茵陈蒿、青蒿、牡蒿和艾蒿。FTIR分析结果表明,黄花蒿及其近缘种一维图谱相似,酰胺类、芳香类以及萜类化合物种类较多且含量丰富;二阶导数图谱中,黄花蒿青蒿素成分振动吸收明显增强,可以明显将黄花蒿与其混淆中区分开。GC-MS分析显示,黄花蒿与其近缘种的挥发油成分中共检测出17个共有峰,28种化学成分,均含有较高樟脑、á-杜松烯、Crocetane、植烷、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚,但不同种间成分含量差异很大,植烷在黄花蒿中含量明显高于其它近缘种,龙脑成分只能在黄花蒿叶片中检测出,然而á-雪松烯在青蒿、南牡蒿、茵陈蒿均较高,而在黄花蒿,艾蒿,牡蒿中含量均较低。最后通过聚类分析探讨了黄花蒿与其近缘种挥发油成分差异性,6种材料明显聚为2类。其中,黄花蒿与牡蒿、艾蒿聚为一类,青蒿与茵陈蒿和南牡蒿聚为一类。该研究结果为黄花蒿药材的真伪鉴别及其药材质量评价提供了快速而有效的分析手段。     

细杆沙蒿挥发油及其驱蚊作用研究

对细杆沙蒿挥发油进行了分析,共鉴定出11个成分。驱蚊试验表明其在8小时内的效果达80.3%。     

细杆沙蒿挥发油及其驱蚊作用研究

对细杆沙蒿挥发油进行了分析,共鉴定出１１个成分。驱蚊试验表明其在８小时内的效果达８０３％。     

黄花蒿不同溶剂提取液的抑菌作用研究

用不同的溶剂作为提取剂提取出黄花蒿中的活性物质,通过抑菌性试验,试验结果表明:乙酸乙酯的提取物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果较显著.     

大葱挥发油的提取工艺、GC-MS分析及抗菌活性研究

为优化大葱挥发油提取工艺并建立气相-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析大葱挥发油成分,并研究大葱挥发油的抗菌活性。本研究通过单因素实验和正交实验对超声时间,料液比和提取时间的考察,采用超声辅助水蒸气蒸馏的方法提取大葱挥发油,优化出大葱挥发油提取最佳工艺为超声40 min,料液比1∶3,蒸馏时间3 h。大葱挥发油实际提取率为0. 042 96%。运用GC-MS对其主要化学成分进行鉴定,通过NIST质谱库检索,鉴定了其中42个主要化合物,运用峰面积归一法确定各个组分的含量,其中主要物质为含硫化合物,含量较多的是氟胞嘧啶、烯丙基异丙基硫醚、丙烯基甲基硫醚,二甲基三硫化物、二丙基三硫化物、四硫化物、噻吩、噻烷和噻唑类。抗菌实验表明大葱挥发油对所选取得8种菌株均有很好的活性。本实验提取工艺优化后使提取率增加,抗菌实验表明大葱的挥发油具有抗菌作用,而成分分析鉴定出大量硫化物,可能为抑菌有效成分。     

藜蒿三萜分离纯化及其体外抗氧化、抗菌活性研究

本试验优化了藜蒿三萜的提取工艺,确定了紫外分光光度法测定藜蒿总三萜的最佳实验条件,采用小鼠肝匀浆脂质过氧化和自由基体系法对藜蒿三萜抗氧化活性进行了评价,并通过抑菌圈实验分析了其抑菌效果.结果表明:90%乙醇为溶剂,料液比为1∶ 10,提取温度70 ℃,提取时间45 min,重复提取两次,得到藜蒿总三萜含量的占茎干重的0.192%.通过功能验证藜蒿三萜提取物有明显的抗氧化和抑菌效果.     

天竺桂挥发油化学成分及抑菌活性研究

用水蒸馏法提取天竺桂(CinnamomumjaponicumSibe)挥发油,并用GC-MS分析化学成分,用滤纸片法测其抑菌活性。结果表明,从天竺桂挥发油中分离出27种化学成分,以冰片为主要成分,占26.03%;抑菌实验中,挥发油对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都有明显的抑菌作用。     

黄花补血草挥发性化学成分研究

为了研究黄花补血草挥发油的化学成分,本文采用了水蒸气蒸馏法从黄花补血草中提取挥发油,并用GC-MS法采用最佳分析条件对化学成分进行鉴定,用峰面积归一化法测定各化合物在挥发油中的相对百分含量;通过研究,鉴定出70种化合物,其峰面积相对含量约占挥发油总量82.12%。黄花补血草挥发油的主要组分为2-硝基乙醇(59.63%)、正二十四烷(3.71%)、二苯胺(2.31%)、6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五烷酮(1.79%)、正二十一烷(1.57%)、丙二醇(1.40%)等。     

不同采收期栽培宽叶羌活挥发性成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取不同采收时间(5、6、7、8和9月)栽培宽叶羌活药材中的挥发油,测定其含量;通过GC-MS对挥发油成分进行了分析鉴定,并采用面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量。实验结果表明,不同采收时间,栽培宽叶羌活挥发油含量存在差异,以8月份采收的药材挥发油含量最高;挥发油经GC-MS分析,共鉴定出39个化合物,有31种共有成分;对共有组分进行主成分分析显示,香桧烯、α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、γ-萜品烯、乙酸龙脑酯、α-红没药醇等15种成分可作为挥发油季节变化的特征组分。不同季节采集的羌活生药材,其挥发油含量和成分具有一定的差别,在一定程度上反映了其药用价值的微妙差异,可为羌活药材药理药用价值的进一步开发利用提供一定的参考。     

基于谱效关联分析挖掘艾叶挥发油抑菌的质量标志物CSCD

基于谱效关联分析筛选艾叶挥发油抑菌活性的质量标志物(Q-markers)。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取得到艾叶挥发油,选择气相-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)构建15批艾叶挥发油样品的指纹图谱,进行热图、聚类分析;检测不同批次艾叶挥发油对白色念珠菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性;并采用灰色关联分析及单体成分验证实验筛选艾叶挥发油质量标志物。GC-MS检测鉴定出49种化学成分,主要为单萜类、倍半萜类及其氧化物。指纹图谱筛选出17个共有峰,包括桉树脑、樟脑和龙脑等,相似度在0.96~0.99。聚类分析结果可将不同产区艾叶分为两类。相对含量较高且热图显示差异较大的成分有桉树脑、樟脑、龙脑、松油醇。15批次艾叶挥发油对白色念珠菌抑菌圈在9.00~11.56 mm;对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈在9.33~12.44 mm;对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈在9.33~12.89 mm。灰色关联分析结果表明艾叶挥发油抑菌活性的潜在质量标志物是桉树脑、樟脑和龙脑。单体抑菌实验结果表明除桉树脑外与灰色关联分析结果基本一致。因此筛选出艾叶挥发油抑菌活性的质量标志物为樟脑和龙脑。     

Odors and Sensations of Humidity and Dryness in Relation to Sick Building Syndrome and Home Environment in Chongqing,China

The prevalence of perceptions of odors and sensations of air humidity and sick building syndrome symptoms in domestic environments were studied using responses to a questionnaire on the home environment. Parents of 4530 1–8 year old children from randomly selected kindergartens in Chongqing, China participated. Stuffy odor, unpleasant odor, pungent odor, mold odor, tobacco smoke odor, humid air and dry air in the last three month (weekly or sometimes) was reported by 31.4%, 26.5%, 16.1%, 10.6%, 33.0%, 32.1% and 37.2% of the parents, respectively. The prevalence of parents’ SBS symptoms (weekly or sometimes) were: 78.7% for general symptoms, 74.3% for mucosal symptoms and 47.5% for skin symptoms. Multi-nominal regression analyses for associations between odors/sensations of air humidity and SBS symptoms showed that the odds ratio for “weekly” SBS symptoms were consistently higher than for “sometimes” SBS symptoms. Living near a main road or highway, redecoration, and new furniture were risk factors for perceptions of odors and sensations of humid air and dry air. Dampness related problems (mold spots, damp stains, water damage and condensation) were all risk factors for perceptions of odors and sensations of humid air and dry air, as was the presence of cockroaches, rats, and mosquitoes/flies, use of mosquito-repellent incense and incense. Protective factors included cleaning the child’s bedroom every day and frequently exposing bedding to sunshine. In conclusion, adults’ perceptions of odors and sensations of humid air and dry air are related to factors of the home environment and SBS symptoms are related to odor perceptions.     

不同产地与类型及采收方法对黄花蒿中青蒿素含量的影响

以来源于重庆、广西、湖南、广东、江苏、陕西等省区的72分种质资源为试验材料,研究不同产地与类型及采收方法对黄花蒿中青蒿素含量的影响,为良种的选育和药材的采收提供科学的依据。结果表明:(1)早熟型与中、晚熟型青蒿素含量的差异显著,其顺序为:中熟型>晚熟型>早熟型;(2)在同一管理条件下不同茎秆颜色的青蒿素含量之间差异显著,其顺序为:白杆型>黄绿秆型>紫秆型>绿秆型;(3)不同产地的黄花蒿青蒿素含量动态变化规律一致,青蒿素含量最高时期为孕蕾期,是最佳采收期;(4)不同部位之间青蒿素含量差异显著,以叶片的青蒿素含量最高。     

Long-term exposure to incense smoke alters metabolism in Wistar albino rats

The burning of incense is an important source of indoor air pollution in Asia. We assessed the effect of long‐term exposure to incense smoke on the body weight and levels of circulating glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol, insulin, adiponectin and leptin in Wistar albino rats. Two groups of rats were used. First group (n = 12) was exposed daily to incense smoke for 4 months at the rate of 4 g day^?1 in the exposure chamber. Another group of rats (n = 12), was used as non‐exposed control. Blood samples were collected from all animals after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of exposure. Serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol, LDL‐cholesterol insulin, adiponectin and leptin were measured. Our results showed that incense smoke exposure was associated with decreased weight gain and the adverse metabolic changes of increased triglycerides and decreased HDL‐cholesterol concentrations. Exposure to incense was also associated with a transient increase of leptin levels. Taken together, these data suggest that incense smoke influences metabolism adversely in rats. The effect of incense smoke on human health and the underlying mechanisms need to be studied further. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西双版纳哈尼族驱蚊植物的民族植物学调查研究

蚊虫传播疟疾、登革热等多种烈性疾病,严重威胁到人畜健康。特别是生活在西双版纳地区的人们,蚊虫骚扰是长期需要面对的问题。该研究运用民族植物学研究方法,对西双版纳哈尼族驱蚊植物及知识进行调查,共走访了12个哈尼族村寨,访谈91位信息报告人,调查得到24种驱蚊植物,分别属于15科19属。主要利用的部位是植物的叶;燃烧植物烟熏、悬挂放置、楼下铺撒和捣碎涂抹是最为常用的驱蚊方式。通过打分排序法评价出蒿属植物、烟草、山鸡椒等共5种具有较高研究开发价值的驱蚊植物,小黄皮、柠檬草、黄樟、大蒜、土荆芥等8种具有较高潜在研究价值的驱蚊植物。通过文献交叉验证,发现其中勐腊毛麝香、糯米香、臭牡丹等11种驱蚊植物为该调查首次提到,结合已报道化学成分和单体化合物驱蚊活性研究情况发现,除高杆珍珠茅和大葱外,其余9种都含有驱避作用的化学成分。这说明民间蕴藏着丰富的传统驱蚊知识,并验证了民间驱蚊知识的合理性与科学性。同时,通过对哈尼族民间驱蚊知识专题的调查研究,对传统驱蚊知识保护起到一定作用。     

Repellency and toxicity of oil from Artemisia annua to certain stored-product beetles

The essential oil of Artemisia annua L. was tested for its toxic repellent and development inhibitory activities against 2 economically important stored product insects: Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Callosobruchus maculatus (L.). Adult beetles of T. castaneum were repelled significantly by oil of A. annua at 1% concentration (vol:vol) and above in filter paper arena test. Dose-response relationship of A. annua oil revealed a significant negative correlation between larval survival; pupal survival and adult emergence of T. castaneum (i.e., increase in dose caused decrease in survival and adult emergence). Effective concentration (EC50) to reduce F1 progeny by 50% was calculated to be 2.6 and 4.1 microl/ml solvent against both the insect species, C. maculatus and T. castaneum, respectively. The relationship between bioactivity of oil from A. annua and responses of T. castaneum and C. maculatus is discussed. We found that oil from A. annua was largely responsible for both repellent (behavioral) and toxic (physiological) actions on 2 species of insect tested.     

微生物发酵青蒿叶和叶渣的研究

为扩大青蒿原料的应用途径,延伸青蒿产业链,对青蒿叶和叶渣进行发酵研究。拟开发可用于动物保健的青蒿来源的产品。采用微生物发酵青蒿及青蒿叶渣,检测枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母菌、植物乳杆菌等菌株发酵青蒿叶和叶渣后其粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维素以及青蒿素、青蒿乙素、双氢青蒿酸、青蒿酸含量变化。青蒿叶发酵产物及功效成分含量与对照组比较,酵母菌发酵后粗蛋白提高43.05%,植物乳杆菌发酵后粗脂肪提高106%,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后粗纤维降低43.30%,黑曲霉菌发酵后青蒿素和青蒿乙素分别提高133.27%和88.06%,地衣芽孢杆菌发酵后青蒿酸提高21.49%,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后双氢青蒿酸提高86.01%;青蒿叶渣发酵产物与对照组比较,植物乳杆菌发酵后粗脂肪提高87.73%,酿酒酵母菌发酵后粗蛋白提高85.30%,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后粗纤维降低55.67%,枯草芽孢杆菌发酵后双氢青蒿酸提高71.91%,地衣芽孢杆菌发酵后青蒿乙素提高94.71%。微生物发酵青蒿叶和叶渣显著提高其功效成分含量,增加了探索青蒿叶和叶渣发酵产物作为动物保健品的可能性。     

黄花蒿对4种受体植物的化感作用研究

采用室内生物测定法,以小麦、燕麦、黄瓜和萝卜为受体,研究了黄花蒿对受体植物的化感作用,结果显示:黄花蒿水浸提液对小麦、燕麦的化感综合效应(SE)为56.29、57.17;其地上部淋溶物对小麦和黄瓜表现为抑制作用,对燕麦和萝卜表现为促进作用;其茎叶挥发物对4种受体植物根长生长有较强的抑制作用;其残体分解物前10d对受体有很强的抑制作用,根系分泌物对小麦和燕麦抑制作用较强,对萝卜和黄瓜表现为促进作用。结果表明,黄花蒿5种不同途径来源的化感物质对4种受体植物都有不同程度的化感作用,且黄花蒿主要是通过地上部淋溶、挥发向环境中释放化感物质,其次是通过根系分泌物对授体植物产生化感作用。     

氮对黄花蒿生长、光合特性和青蒿素含量的影响

对不同氮处理黄花蒿生长、生物量分配、青蒿素含量和光合特性进行测定,结果表明:(1)供氮量在0～0.4g.kg-1之间,黄花蒿叶片单位重量的氮含量、最大净光合速率、光饱和点和表观量子效率均随供氮量的增大而增加,之后开始下降。在较大范围内,环境氮含量越高,黄花蒿的光合能力越强,能够利用的光强也更高;(2)黄花蒿根生物量分数和根冠比均随供氮量的减少而显著增大,低氮时分配更多的生物量到养分吸收器官,有利于减少氮素对生长的限制,供氮量在0.1～0.6g.kg-1之间,黄花蒿叶生物量分数随供氮量的增加而增大,高氮时更多的生物量投入到碳同化器官,提高了植株的竞争能力;(3)无论以最大净光合速率、地径、叶片生物量还是以总生物量来衡量,均以0.4g.kg-1氮处理的植株生长得最好,0.2g.kg-1氮处理的青蒿素含量最高,生产中推荐使用0.2g.kg-1剂量的氮更经济。     

种植青蒿与野生青蒿精油成分对比分析

用水蒸气蒸馏法和GC-MS法对来源于重庆云阳的栽培青蒿和野生青蒿精油的化学成分进行分析.从冬季和春季栽培的青蒿精油中分别鉴定出29和28个化合物,野生青蒿精油中鉴定出21个化合物.3种精油的化学成分差别明显,两种栽培青蒿精油有16个化合物相同.而栽培青蒿与野生青蒿精油仅有6个化合物相同.这表明基因型对青蒿精油的组成起决定作用;而气候因素对各成分的相对含量有重要影响,尤其对蒿酮和樟脑的积累影响较大.本文对进一步研究青蒿精油中萜类化合物之间的生源关系具有一定的参考价值.     

Effects of Overexpression of the Endogenous Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase on the Artemisinin Content in Artemisia annua L.

Artemisinin is a novel effective antimalarial drug extracted from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. Owing to the tight market and low yield of artemisinin, there is great interest in enhancing the production of artemisinin. In the present study, farnesyi diphosphate synthase （FPS） was overexpressed in high-yield A. annua to Increase the artemisinin content. The FPS activity in transgenic A. ennue was twoto threefold greater than that In non-transgenic A. annua. The highest artemisinin content in transgenic A. annua was approximately 0.9% （dry weight）, which was 34.4% higher than that in non-transgenic A. annua. The results demonstrate the regulatory role of FPS in artemisinin biosynthesis.