混合菌固体发酵花生粕的工艺优化

本实验选用符合《饲料添加剂品种目录》的植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)EM1、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)JM、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)BW2作为发酵菌株对花生粕进行固体发酵,以多肽和总酸含量为指标,通过单因素实验及正交试验对植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌接种量,发酵温度,发酵时间和料液比进行优化。确定工艺参数为:植物乳杆菌接种量5%,酿酒酵母接种量9%,枯草芽孢杆菌接种量9%,料液比1∶1.2,发酵温度37℃,发酵时间48 h。在此条件下发酵花生粕,多肽和总酸含量分别为18.89%±0.35%和9.12%±0.23%,较优化前分别提高33.78%和24.45%,提高幅度较大,可见优化后工艺稳定且重复性较好。     

微生物发酵对木薯渣营养成分的影响

【背景】将木薯渣作为饲料资源进行开发和利用能够减轻环境污染,实现资源就地转化,已成为国内外研究热点。微生物发酵可降低木薯渣的粗纤维含量,改善适口性,提高饲料转化率。【目的】筛选对木薯渣发酵效果较好的微生物发酵剂及其发酵时长。【方法】试验选用A(芽孢菌+乳酸菌+酿酒酵母菌)、B(戊糖片球菌+酿酒酵母菌)和C(植物乳杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌+酿酒酵母菌)这3种复合微生物发酵剂与新鲜木薯渣混合,随机分为7组,每组5个重复,分别于发酵的第0、1、3、7、14、28和56天取样,测定其常规营养成分。【结果】与发酵前相比,发酵剂A和B可显著增加木薯渣的粗灰分含量(P<0.05),发酵剂C可显著增加木薯渣的粗蛋白质含量(P<0.05);3种发酵剂均可显著降低木薯渣的中性洗涤纤维含量、显著增加粗脂肪含量(P<0.05)。【结论】微生物发酵可有效改善木薯渣的营养价值,其中利用发酵剂C进行短期发酵对其营养价值,尤其是粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量的提高最明显。     

酱香型白酒发酵中地衣芽孢杆菌与酿酒酵母的相互作用

【目的】为解析酱香型白酒酿造群体微生物的发酵过程, 研究了酱香型白酒酿造中重要微生物地衣芽孢杆菌与酿酒酵母之间的相互作用, 并对它们之间的作用机制进行初步探讨。【方法】通过地衣芽孢杆菌与酿酒酵母共培养体系的构建, 认识了两者的相互作用, 初步分析了酿酒酵母产生抑制物的分子量, 耐热性及对蛋白酶敏感性等特性。【结果】研究表明, 酿酒酵母发酵造成的酸性环境以及某些代谢物质能够抑制地衣芽孢杆菌的生长, 这些物质分子量大于10 kD, 对热和蛋白酶敏感。【结论】白酒酿造中酿酒酵母通过产酸以及大分子的蛋白质类物质对地衣芽孢杆菌生长形成抑制, 该研究促进了对白酒酿造群体微生物发酵过程的解析。     

酿酒酵母与地衣芽孢杆菌相互作用及基于蛋白组学的作用机制分析

【目的】为解析酱香型白酒发酵过程中群体微生物的酿造特征,研究酱香型白酒酿造中贡献特征风味的地衣芽孢杆菌和贡献酒精的酿酒酵母之间的相互作用。【方法】通过构建酿酒酵母纯培养及与地衣芽孢杆菌共培养发酵体系,比较不同培养体系中的生物量、乙醇产量及有机酸产量差异,并从蛋白组学角度加以分析和认识二者之间的相互作用。【结果】在共培养体系中,酿酒酵母抑制地衣芽孢杆菌生长,其自身生长不受地衣芽孢杆菌的影响,然而代谢产物却发生变化,其中乙醇及有机酸中的丙酮酸、苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸及酒石酸的最高产量分别高出其纯培养的11.8%、56.8%、36.3%、24.3%、48.2%及27.7%,而柠檬酸的最高产量低于其纯培养的35.1%;蛋白组分析显示,地衣芽孢杆菌诱导酿酒酵母胞内69个蛋白差异表达(>2倍),质谱鉴定出24个,主要功能为参与糖酵解过程、乙醇代谢过程、细胞壁稳定性调控及应激反应等。糖酵解和乙醇代谢途径相关蛋白对酿酒酵母混合培养条件下的代谢变化起重要作用,其余蛋白可能与微生物相互作用时的防御和适应性相关。【结论】在混合培养发酵体系中地衣芽孢杆菌能够影响酿酒酵母的乙醇及有机酸代谢,这对于白酒品质调控及微生物间相互作用都具有重要意义。蛋白组学结果为从分子层面深入认识酿酒酵母与地衣芽孢杆菌之间的相互作用提供理论基础,有利于促进酱香型白酒发酵过程中群体微生物酿造特征的解析。     

东北传统豆酱发酵过程中微生物的多样性

以东北传统发酵豆酱为研究对象,分析豆酱发酵过程中微生物群落的动态变化。分别选择发酵豆酱0、35、65、75和105 d(成品豆酱)作为研究材料,通过PCR-DGGE分析微生物多样性,检测了豆酱发酵过程中蛋白质和氨基酸态氮的变化。结果表明,豆酱发酵过程中主要优势细菌为芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌,芽孢杆菌包括枯草芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌、淀粉液化芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌的近缘种等;主要乳酸菌为乳球菌、明串珠菌、魏斯氏菌等种属细菌的近缘种;东北豆酱发酵过程中优势真菌为米曲霉、散囊菌和谢瓦氏曲霉的近缘种,随发酵时间延长数量逐渐减少;粗蛋白相对含量先略有平稳上升后下降,最后成品酱粗蛋白含量下降为24.76%;氨基态氮含量一直在增加,成品酱中为101.2 g/kg。     

硬枝树花中4个单体化合物的抑菌活性

研究了从硬枝树花中提取得到的4个单体化合物松萝酸(usnic acid)、去甲环萝酸(evernic acid)、巴尔巴地衣酸(barbatic acid)和水杨嗪酸(salazinic acid)对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌4种细菌及甜瓜根腐病菌、禾谷镰刀病菌、番茄灰霉病菌3种植物病原菌的抑制能力。结果表明,水杨嗪酸对大肠杆菌的抑制能力较强,对枯草芽孢杆菌几乎无抑制作用。松萝酸对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌基本无抑制作用。高浓度的去甲环萝酸对大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果较好。巴尔巴地衣酸对4种细菌的抑制作用不强。水杨嗪酸对3种植物病原菌的抑制效果明显,去甲环萝酸对3种植物病原菌的抑菌效果较好,巴尔巴地衣酸对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制能力较好,而松萝酸对植物病原菌的抑制能力较弱。     

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵条件优化及其破乳效能

本文对枯草芽孢杆菌在不同碳源、氮源培养基的生长及破乳效能进行了研究, 并通过正交试验对枯草芽孢杆菌的发酵条件进行优化结果表明, 单一碳源葡萄糖和混合碳源葡萄糖 + 液体石蜡的培养基可提高枯草芽孢杆菌的发酵产量; 单一碳源葡萄糖、混合碳源葡萄糖 + 汽油和以硝酸铵 + 酵母膏为氮源的菌液有较高的破乳效能; 在正交试验中, 培养温度对枯草芽孢杆菌的发酵产量影响最大, 其最优组合为: 培养温度25oC, 摇床转数140 r/min, 培养pH值7.0, 接菌量6 mL, 培养时间24 h。摇床转数对枯草芽孢杆菌的发酵产物的破乳效能影响最大, 优化结果为: 培养温度25oC, 摇床转数140 r/min, pH值7.0, 培养时间20 h。     

固态发酵木薯酒精渣生产生物饲料菌种的筛选

目的:筛选获得能混合固态发酵木薯酒精渣生产生物饲料的真菌组合.方法:利用木薯酒精渣堵养基,初筛能在其上良好生长的植物内生真菌菌株,再将这些菌株两两组合进行固态混菌发酵、添加酵母混菌发酵,测定产物中粗蛋白和粗纤维的含量,获得能有效降低木薯酒精渣中粗纤维、提高粗蛋白含量的菌株组合.结果:菌株G4与C15、Q4与C32混菌发酵效果最好,可将粗蛋白质含最从底物的1.42%分别提高到产物的16.08%与18.54%(于基),粗纤维含量从底物的32.41%降低到27.57%与26.59%.添加酵母培养后,两个组合产物中粗蛋白质含量可进一步提高到21.79%与23.56%,而粗纤维含量几乎无变化.结论:菌株G4(黑曲霉)、C15(白地霉)与郎比可假丝酵母,Q4(黑曲霉)、C32(青霉)与季也蒙假丝酵母可用作混菌固态发酵木薯酒精渣生产生物饲料的菌种.     

传统发酵豆酱发酵过程中养分动态及细菌多样性

以山东传统发酵豆酱作为研究对象,测定了发酵不同阶段的总酸、可溶性糖、有机碳、粗蛋白、氨基酸态氮、主要挥发性产物等指标,对样品中细菌进行PCR-DGGE分析,探讨了传统发酵豆酱中养分动态及细菌多样性.结果表明发酵过程中总酸含量先上升后下降而后又上升,最后成品酱中为6.26%;有机碳和可溶性糖含量都逐渐减少;粗蛋白相对含量先略有平稳上升后下降;氨基酸态氮含量一直在增加,成品酱中为101.2g/kg;乳酸和甘油含量随发酵进程而增加,成品酱中分别为5.65g/kg和14.72g/kg.DGGE分析表明发酵15d时细菌种类最多,随后一部分逐渐消失,种类趋于稳定,最后成品酱中出现有几种明显的优势种,主要包括:未培养细菌(Uncultured bacterium)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)的近缘种.     

传统发酵豆酱发酵过程中养分动态及细菌多样性

以山东传统发酵豆酱作为研究对象, 测定了发酵不同阶段的总酸、可溶性糖、有机碳、粗蛋白、氨基酸态氮、主要挥发性产物等指标, 对样品中细菌进行PCR-DGGE分析, 探讨了传统发酵豆酱中养分动态及细菌多样性。结果表明发酵过程中总酸含量先上升后下降而后又上升, 最后成品酱中为6.26%; 有机碳和可溶性糖含量都逐渐减少; 粗蛋白相对含量先略有平稳上升后下降; 氨基酸态氮含量一直在增加, 成品酱中为101.2 g/kg; 乳酸和甘油含量随发酵进程而增加, 成品酱中分别为5.65 g/kg和14.72 g/kg。DGGE分析表明发酵15 d时细菌种类最多, 随后一部分逐渐消失, 种类趋于稳定, 最后成品酱中出现有几种明显的优势种, 主要包括：未培养细菌(Uncultured bacterium)、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)的近缘种。     

青蒿过氧化物酶的克隆及其在体外对青蒿素生物合成的影响

用RACE方法从青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)高产株系001中克隆了一个过氧化物酶.将此基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS细胞中进行原核表达得到重组蛋白(APOD1),表达的蛋白分别以抗坏血酸、愈创木酚为底物进行过氧化反应,结果显示,APOD1催化愈创木酚的活力是抗坏血酸的1.8倍左右,由此表明,克隆的APOD1类属于植物经典过氧化物酶(第三大类过氧化物酶).经与其他植物过氧化物酶同源性比较分析,推测APOD1的氨基酸序列与白羽扇豆(Lupinus albus)、辣根菜(Armoracia rusticana)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)、烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)和蕃茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)的一致性分别为42.0%、36.2%、38.9%、33.6%和32.8%.Northern杂交分析表明,此基因在青蒿的根、茎和叶中均有表达.加入APOD1至青蒿细胞提取液有利于青蒿酸向青蒿素的生物转化,但APOD1并不能直接以青蒿酸作为氧化底物.     

Salicylic acid activates artemisinin biosynthesis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia annua</Emphasis> L.

This paper provides evidence that salicylic acid (SA) can activate artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. Exogenous application of SA to A. annua leaves was followed by a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid into artemisinin. In the 24 h after application, SA application led to a gradual increase in the expression of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) gene and a temporary peak in the expression of the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) gene. However, the expression of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDS) gene and the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP71AV1) gene showed little change. At 96 h after SA (1.0 mM) treatment, the concentration of artemisinin, artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid were 54, 127 and 72% higher than that of the control, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that SA induces artemisinin biosynthesis in at least two ways: by increasing the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid into artemisinin caused by the burst of ROS, and by up-regulating the expression of genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis.     

Amorpha-4,11-diene synthase catalyses the first probable step in artemisinin biosynthesis

The endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin and its derivatives are a promising new group of drugs against malaria. Artemisinin is a constituent of the annual herb Artemisia annua L. So far only the later steps in artemisinin biosynthesis--from artemisinic acid--have been elucidated and the expected olefinic sesquiterpene intermediate has never been demonstrated. In pentane extracts of A. annua leaves we detected a sesquiterpene with the mass spectrum of amorpha-4,11-diene. Synthesis of amorpha-4,11-diene from artemisinic acid confirmed the identity. In addition we identified several sesquiterpene synthases of which one of the major activities catalysed the formation of amorpha-4,11-diene from farnesyl diphosphate. This enzyme was partially purified and shows the typical characteristics of sesquiterpene synthases, such as a broad pH optimum around 6.5-7.0, a molecular mass of 56 kDa, and a K(m) of 0.6 microM. The structure and configuration of amorpha-4,11-diene, its low content in A. annua and the high activity of amorpha-4,11-diene synthase all support that amorpha-4,11-diene is the likely olefinic sesquiterpene intermediate in the biosynthesis of artemisinin.     

The antimicrobial effect of organic acids, sour dough and nisin against Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis isolated from wheat bread

Prevention of growth in wheat bread for more than 6 d of approximately 10⁶ rope-producing Bacillus subtilis spores per gram of dough was achieved by addition of propionic or acetic acids at levels of 0·10% v/w (based on flour weight), or by addition of 15% sour dough fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum C11, Lact. brevis L62, Lact. plantarum ('vege-start 60'), Lact. plantarum (ch 20), Lact. maltaromicus (ch 15), or the commercial sour dough starter culture, Lact. sanfrancisco L99. These cultures resulted in an amount of total titratable acids above 10 in the sour dough and a pH value below 4·8 in the final bread. Bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria added as starter cultures in wheat dough and nisin (Nisaplin) at levels up to 100 p.p.m. g⁻¹ flour had no effect against B. subtilis and B. licheniformis strains, despite the fact that nisin-producing strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis among 186 strains of lactic acid bacteria had demonstrated inhibitory activity against B. subtilis and B. licheniformis in an agar spot assay.     

Rope-producing strains of Bacillus spp. from wheat bread and strategy for their control by lactic acid bacteria

Two types of white wheat bread (high- and low-type loaves) were investigated for rope spoilage. Thirty of the 56 breads tested developed rope spoilage within 5 days; the high-type loaves were affected by rope spoilage more than the low-type loaves. Sixty-one Bacillus strains were isolated from ropy breads and were characterized on the basis of their phenotypic and genotypic traits. All of the isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis by biochemical tests, but molecular assays (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR assay, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, and sequencing of the V3 region of 16S ribosomal DNA) revealed greater Bacillus species variety in ropy breads. In fact, besides strains of B. subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus, and isolates of Bacillus clausii and Bacillus firmus were also identified. All of the ropy Bacillus isolates exhibited amylase activity, whereas only 32.4% of these isolates were able to produce ropiness in bread slices after treatment at 96 degrees C for 10 min. Strains of lactic acid bacteria previously isolated from sourdough were first selected for antirope activity on bread slices and then used as starters for bread-making experiments. Prevention of growth of approximately 10(4) rope-producing B. subtilis G1 spores per cm(2) on bread slices for more than 15 days was observed when heat-treated cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum E5 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides A27 were added. Growth of B. subtilis G1 occurred after 7 days in breads started with Saccharomyces cerevisiae T22, L. plantarum E5, and L. mesenteroides A27.     

学生食堂餐厨垃圾中淀粉的生物利用菌株筛选

目的探索地衣芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌分解大学生食堂厨余中淀粉的能力,以筛选和研制餐厨垃圾生物降解的使用菌种。方法将各菌种接于淀粉酶试验培养基,培养后滴加碘溶液,观察透明圈,判定产淀粉酶能力;收集大学生食堂的厨余,观察三种细菌在不同接种量（5%、10%、15%、20%、25%）、不同接种时间（24 h、48 h、72 h）及不同菌株配伍方式下发酵淀粉的能力。结果地衣芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌都能产生淀粉酶,以地衣芽胞杆菌产生的淀粉酶较多,其次为枯草芽胞杆菌,蜡样芽胞杆菌较少,三种细菌分解厨余中淀粉的最佳接种量都为15%-20%,最佳发酵时间为48 h,枯草芽胞杆菌和地衣芽胞杆菌各7.5%的接种量混合配伍发酵效果最佳。结论可采用枯草芽胞杆菌和地衣芽胞杆菌各7.5%的接种量混合配伍发酵学生食堂的厨余中的淀粉。     

Comparative growth analysis of the facultative anaerobes Bacillus subtilis,Bacillus licheniformis,and Escherichia coli

Bacillus subtilis anaerobic respiration and fermentative growth capabilities were compared to two other facultative anaerobes, Bacillus licheniformis and Escherichia coli. In glycerol defined medium, B. subtilis grew with nitrate, but not nitrite or fumarate, while B. licheniformis grew with nitrate or fumarate, but not nitrite. Growth of E. coli occurred in glycerol defined medium with either nitrate, nitrite, or fumarate. In order to grow by fermentation, B. subtilis required both glucose and pyruvate, while B. licheniformis and E. coli were capable of using either glucose or pyruvate.     

The molecular cloning of artemisinic aldehyde Delta11(13) reductase and its role in glandular trichome-dependent biosynthesis of artemisinin in Artemisia annua

At some point during biosynthesis of the antimalarial artemisinin in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua, the Delta11(13) double bond originating in amorpha-4,11-diene is reduced. This is thought to occur in artemisinic aldehyde, but other intermediates have been suggested. In an effort to understand double bond reduction in artemisinin biosynthesis, extracts of A. annua flower buds were investigated and found to contain artemisinic aldehyde Delta11(13) double bond reductase activity. Through a combination of partial protein purification, mass spectrometry, and expressed sequence tag analysis, a cDNA clone corresponding to the enzyme was isolated. The corresponding gene Dbr2, encoding a member of the enoate reductase family with similarity to plant 12-oxophytodienoate reductases, was found to be highly expressed in glandular trichomes. Recombinant Dbr2 was subsequently characterized and shown to be relatively specific for artemisinic aldehyde and to have some activity on small alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Expression in yeast of Dbr2 and genes encoding four other enzymes in the artemisinin pathway resulted in the accumulation of dihydroartemsinic acid. The relevance of Dbr2 to trichome-specific artemisinin biosynthesis is discussed.     

Arabinose fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum in sourdough with added pentosans and alphaalpha-L-arabinofuranosidase: a tool to increase the production of acetic acid

Sixty-five strains of obligately and facultatively heterofermentative sourdough lactic acid bacteria were screened for their capacity to grow optimally in the presence of arabinose, ribose and xylose as carbon sources. Lactobacillus alimentarius 15F, Lact. brevis 10A, Lact. fermentum 1F and Lact. plantarum 20B showed higher growth rate, cell yield, acidification rate and production of acetic acid when some pentoses instead of maltose were added to the SDB medium. Lactobacillus plantarum 20B used arabinose also in a synthetic medium where complex growth factors such as yeast extract were omitted. Other Lact. plantarum strains did not show the same property. Pentosan extract was treated with alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase from Aspergillus niger or endo-xylanase from Bacillus subtilis to produce hydrolysates containing mainly arabinose and xylose, respectively. In particular, the hydrolysate containing arabinose substantiated the growth and the production of lactic acid and, especially, of acetic acid by Lact. plantarum 20B. Sourdough fermentation by Lact. plantarum 20B with addition of pentosan extract and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase increased the acidification rate, titratable acidity and acetic acid content compared with traditional sourdough. A facultatively heterofermentative strain, Lact. plantarum 20B, also produced a sourdough with an optimal fermentation quotient.     

Heterogenous expression of poly-gamma-glutamic acid synthetase complex gene of Bacillus licheniformis WBL-3

Bacillus licheniformis WBL-3, one of poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) producers, depends on the existence of glutamate in the medium. In this paper, gamma-PGA synthetase complex gene (pgsBCA) was cloned from Bacillus licheniformis WBL-3. pgsBCA gene of B. licheniformis WBL-3 was highly homologous with pgsBCA gene of B. licheniformis 14580. The similarity was 97%, but the similarity of pgsBCA gene between B. licheniformis WBL-3 and Bacillus subtilis IF03336 was only 74%. However, when pgsBCA was expressed in Escherichia coli, the E. coli clone produced gamma-PGA extracellularly. The yield of gamma-PGA was 8.624 g/l. This result infers that B. licheniformis and B. subtilis has the similar gamma-PGA biosynthesis mechanism, namely, glutamic acid is catalyzed by an ATP-dependent amide ligase to synthesize gamma-PGA.