猪瘟病毒感染性cDNA克隆的构建及其致病性

为了建立研究猪瘟病毒的技术平台,利用RT-PCR技术构建了猪瘟病毒中国石门株(Shimen)的全长有感染性cDNA克隆pT7SM。通过体外转录线性化的pT7SM并将转录的RNA转染至PK-15细胞中,获得了猪瘟病毒粒子。再用间接免疫荧光法测定了其生长曲线,通过电镜观察到重组病毒呈球形,具有囊膜结构。进一步把获得的猪瘟病毒粒子感染非免疫实验猪,结果子代病毒与石门株类似,对非免疫实验猪有强烈的致病性,证明该全长cDNA克隆可靠稳定,忠实地保留了石门株病毒的感染性和致病特征。由此为进一步探讨猪瘟病毒的致弱机制及病毒与机体相互作用的机制打下了良好的基础。     

猪瘟弱毒C81株全基因组测序及分子结构预测

参照已发表的猪瘟病毒弱毒株的序列,设计7对覆盖全长基因组的引物,通过RT-PCR从感染猪瘟病毒弱毒株的PK-15细胞中扩增得到7个cDNA片段,分别克隆到pMD18-T载体并测序,利用DNASIS软件获得猪瘟病毒C81株全基因组序列(GenBankAY663656).C81株基因组全长12310nt,只有一个大的开放阅读框,编码3898个氨基酸的聚蛋白.序列分析表明,C81株开放阅读框与其它各毒株核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性变化较大,分别为84.4%～99.6%和91.6%～99.4%.同时,我们绘制了26株CSFV ORF的进化树,比较了CSFV 5'非翻译区核苷酸序列并推测其二级结构,发现不同毒株之间存在较大的差异,另外对C81株聚蛋白的功能域和三维结构进行了预测.     

SARS-CoV 中国株基因组全长cDNA的构建及其恢复病毒的生物学性质

严重急性呼吸综合征是SARS-CoV引起的一种重要新发传染病,其致病机制的研究对于防治该病十分必要。为了利用反向遗传学技术研究SARS-CoV的致病机制,将覆盖SARS-CoVBJ01株基因组全长的7个cDNA片段纯化后进行体外连接,构建基因组全长cDNA分子,以其为模板,使用T7RNA聚合酶系统在体外进行转录,获得病毒RNA。用电穿孔转染法将转录体RNA导入VeroE6细胞,可观察到典型的SARS-CoV致细胞病变作用。对收获的恢复病毒采用RT-PCR方法进行鉴定,结果表明获得的恢复病毒与SARS-CoVBJ01株原病毒序列一致。以针对SARS-CoV的抗体对感染细胞作间接免疫荧光反应,证明获得了具有特异感染性的恢复病毒。同时用细胞病变法和空斑试验测定了恢复病毒及其亲本毒株的病毒滴度,结果表明二者在致病性上没有明显差异,恢复病毒具有与原型株相似的生物学特性。SARS-CoVBJ01株基因组全长cDNA的成功构建及对恢复病毒生物学性质的研究将为进一步探索SARS-CoV致病的分子机制及研制新型疫苗奠定良好的基础。     

SARS-CoV 中国株基因组全长cDNA的构建及其恢复病毒的生物学性质

严重急性呼吸综合征是SARS_CoV引起的一种重要新发传染病,其致病机制的研究对于防治该病十分必要。为了利用反向遗传学技术研究SARS_CoV的致病机制,将覆盖SARS_CoV BJ01株基因组全长的7个cDNA片段纯化后进行体外连接,构建基因组全长cDNA分子,以其为模板,使用 T7 RNA 聚合酶系统在体外进行转录, 获得病毒RNA。用电穿孔转染法将转录体RNA导入Vero E6细胞,可观察到典型的SARS_CoV致细胞病变作用。对收获的恢复病毒采用 RT_PCR方法进行鉴定,结果表明获得的恢复病毒与SARS_CoV BJ01株原病毒序列一致。以针对SARS_CoV的抗体对感染细胞作间接免疫荧光反应,证明获得了具有特异感染性的恢复病毒。同时用细胞病变法和空斑试验测定了恢复病毒及其亲本毒株的病毒滴度, 结果表明二者在致病性上没有明显差异,恢复病毒具有与原型株相似的生物学特性。SARS_CoV BJ01株基因组全长cDNA的成功构建及对恢复病毒生物学性质的研究将为进一步探索SARS_CoV致病的分子机制及研制新型疫苗奠定良好的基础。     

PRRSV全长感染性cDNA克隆的构建：非结构蛋白和结构蛋白之间编码区的分离

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）是近两年来流行于我国大部分省份的“猪高热综合征”的主要病原体．该病毒在繁殖过程中具有遗传多变性和高频率的抗原突变．如何设计有效的疫苗来防治持续多变的流行变异株是研究者所关注的焦点．本研究中我们构建了Ⅱ型PRRSV弱毒株的感染性cDNA克隆,并对编码结构蛋白的ORF1和编码结构蛋白的ORF2之间插入几个酶切位点．通过RT-PCR和DNA测序以及分子克隆方法,获得了细胞致弱株（APRRS）的全长cDNA克隆．APRRSV基因组RNA为15521个核苷酸（不包括poly（A）尾）．与PRRSV Nsp株和疫苗株的相似性均为99．7％．根据测序结果,利用基因组上的酶切位点将全长PRRSV cDNA克隆到pBlueScript载体中,在病毒5＇末端引入T7启动子序列．为了区分重组病毒和亲本病毒,在ORF5编码区引入Mlu I酶切位点．将最初构建的全长cDNA和带有Mlu I酶切位点的cDNA分别体外转录成RNA后转染MA-104,均能够观察到典型的细胞病变（cytopathic effect,CPE）．拯救的重组病毒与亲本病毒有着相同的病毒学特性．通过突变PCR的方法将编码非结构蛋白基因ORF1和编码结构蛋白基因ORF2-7之间的编码区分离,从而构建了克隆pCSA．pCSA体外转录产物具有感染性,而且拯救的病毒与亲本病毒具有相同的病毒学特性．本研究为构建嵌合病毒作为疫苗候选株以此对遗传多变的PRRSV毒株提供有效的交叉保护提供了宝贵的工具,同时也为建立PRRSV为基因表达载体来构建针对其他重要的猪源疾病重组疫苗搭建了一个很好的平台．     

猪瘟弱毒C81株全基因组测序及分子结构预测

参照已发表的猪瘟病毒弱毒株的序列,设计7对覆盖全长基因组的引物,通过RT-PCR从感染猪瘟病毒弱毒株的PK-15细胞中扩增得到7个cDNA片段,分别克隆到pMD18-T载体并测序,利用DNASIS软件获得猪瘟病毒C81株全基因组序列(GenBank:AY663656)。C81株基因组全长12310nt,只有一个大的开放阅读框,编码3898个氨基酸的聚蛋白。序列分析表明,C81株开放阅读框与其它各毒株核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性变化较大,分别为84.4%~99.6%和91.6%~99.4%。同时,我们绘制了26株CSFVORF的进化树,比较了CSFV5'非翻译区核苷酸序列并推测其二级结构,发现不同毒株之间存在较大的差异,另外对C81株聚蛋白的功能域和三维结构进行了预测。     

中国首次分离的辛德毕斯病毒XJ-160病毒株感染性全基因组cDNA克隆的构建与分析

报告了中国首次分离的辛德毕斯病毒XJ-160株的感染性全基因组cDNA克隆的构建与鉴定。利用RT—PCR方法获得覆盖病毒全长基因组的cDNA片段,以低拷贝质粒pBR322作为骨架,将基因组cDNA置于SP6RNA聚合酶启动子之后,基因组3’末端带有35个连续的A,通过DNA重组技术组装成病毒基因组全长cDNA克隆。该克隆可在大肠杆菌DH5a中稳定扩增。经体外转录,RNA转录体转染BHK-21细胞,细胞发生病变,恢复病毒滴度达到10^7～10^8PFU／ml。全基因组cDNA克隆构建过程中引入的沉默突变(8453位核苷酸由C变为T)产生XbaⅠ酶切位点作为遗传标记,在子代恢复病毒的基因组中稳定存在。从细胞病变的特征、BHK-21细胞的空斑形态、病毒的抗原性、病毒在细胞中的生长动力学特征以及对乳鼠的致病性等方面比较,恢复病毒和亲本病毒XJ-160没有显著区别,提示获得了具有感染性的XJ-160病毒全长cDNA克隆。该病毒感染性全基因组cDNA克隆可以作为反向遗传学系统,为进一步研究病毒复制和致病机制,以及开发相应的载体表达系统提供分子生物学工具。     

登革病毒2型全长cDNA感染性转录体的构建和鉴定

为构建登革病毒感染性克隆, 针对登革病毒2型基因组全长cDNA的体外转录方法及感染性转录体进行研究。采用长链RT-PCR技术, 扩增DEN2 NGC株全长基因组cDNA, 以之为模板, 用SP6 RNA聚合酶系统制备体外转录RNA转录体, 分别经乳鼠脑内接种及电穿孔转染BHK-21细胞, 观察其感染效应。并从受染鼠脑和病变细胞中提取总RNA, 进行RT-PCR扩增、克隆测序以及电镜观察。结果发现, 从感染鼠脑和细胞中经RT-PCR均可扩增出病毒特异的基因片段, 大小与预期一致; 并从乳鼠脑组织和BHK-21细胞中观察到恢复病毒颗粒。上述结果表明本文成功构建的DEN2 NGC株病毒全长cDNA的体外转录体具有感染性, 乳鼠脑内接种途径与电穿孔转染细胞一样可成为体外转录体感染宿主细胞、获得恢复病毒的方法。     

犬瘟热病毒小熊猫株反向遗传系统的构建及其鉴定

以驯化致弱的犬瘟热病毒小熊猫株(Canine distemper virus,CDV)为模板,构建犬痘热病毒感染性cDNA克隆.对其全基因组序列测定后,用RT-PCR的方法获得组成全长基因的7个片段,通过酶切、拼接将7段CDVcDNA序列插入到真核表达载体pCI的MCS上,构建犬瘟热病毒小熊猫株的全长cDNA质粒(pCI-CDV-LP),同时分别克隆CDV小熊猫株N、P、L蛋白ORF构建三个辅助质粒.酶切鉴定和序列测定表明,pCI载体中插入的核酶及CDV cDNA序列正确无误,使用转染试剂Lipofectamine TM 2000将全长质粒和三个辅助质粒共转染中国仓鼠肾细胞(BSR),经RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光和病毒感染VERO-SLAM细胞试验鉴定,成功拯救出CDV小熊猫株,显示CDV小熊猫株反向遗传系统构建完成,为犬瘟热病毒致病机理及免疫研究奠定基础.     

口蹄疫病毒泛亚型O/CHINA/99株全长cDNA分子克隆构建和感染性鉴定

设计并合成了O型口蹄疫泛亚型代表毒株O/CHINA/99基因组9条引物,利用RT-PCR扩增各基因片段,酶切后连到pOK-12载体上,经酶切、PCR和序列测定表明,O/CHINA/99全基因组由8 200个核苷酸组成,构建的感染性cDNA与原毒株的序列同源性为99.1%;利用T7 RNA聚合酶系统进行体外转录,转录产物RNA用脂质体转入BHK-21细胞传代培养,可观察到典型的FMDV致细胞病变效应;拯救病毒接种2日龄乳鼠后,可出现典型的临床症状,并于16～48h内死亡。以上结果表明,O/CHINA/99株全长cDNA分子克隆构建成功,并从构建的全长cDNA拯救出了口蹄疫病毒。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.