新疆哈密山区天山马鹿(Cervus elaphus songaricus)的种群数量调查*

查清新疆东部哈密山区野生天山马鹿(Cervus elaphus songaricus)种群的现状,可为有效保护与合理利用野生马鹿资源提供科学依据。我们通过截线抽样法和遥感技术,弄清哈密山区天山马鹿的栖息地范围,估算马鹿的种群数量及种群密度。在哈密山区野生天山马鹿分布区域共设计了28条样线,总长度60.1 km,遇见马鹿233头,通过计算得到该地区马鹿天山亚种种群平均密度为(2.83?1.01)头/km2。栖息地面积374.35 km2,估计马鹿总数为(1 057.56?379.71)头左右。雌雄比例2.24:1,幼体和亚成体的总数量多于成体和老体总数。研究区域内马鹿的种群密度和资源总数量比往年的调查结果有所上升;马鹿的分布海拔高度比较一致,但种群的大小具有不均匀性;从性比和年龄结构来看该研究区域的马鹿种群面向着数量的增长趋势。     

基于粪便DNA的马鹿种群数量和性比

为分析黑龙江省完达山林区马鹿种群生存状态,制定科学有效地保护措施,从分子水平研究了种群数量和性比。2006、2007两年冬季跟踪马鹿足迹链,于五泡林场共搜集210份粪便,以成功提取DNA的167份作为分析样本。通过多态性较高的7个微卫星位点进行了基因分型分析,显示167份粪便DNA分属66只个体。基于非损伤性标志重捕法,统计出林场内马鹿数量2a平均47(39—60)只,密度0.302(0.251—0.386)只/km2,与2002年大样方法调查结果相比有减无增。SRY基因性别鉴定显示,种群雌雄性比1.00∶2.00(22♀,44♂),存在较多雄性个体,分析认为偷猎是导致性比失衡的最主要原因。数量的持续下降和性比失衡提示完达山林区马鹿种群数量的恢复需要更好地保护工作。     

黑龙江省东完达山地区东北虎猎物种群现状及动态趋势

猎物种群丰度是限制虎分布和数量的关键因子,因此猎物种群密度监测和估算是虎保护的重要内容之一。应用采用大样方法,地理信息系统技术和多元统计分析,研究了黑龙江东完达山东部地区东北虎猎物种群(马鹿、狍子和野猪)现状及动态变化趋势。结果表明:研究地区马鹿的种群平均密度为(0.2010±0.0270)只/km²、狍子的平均种群密度为(0.4980±0.0436)只/km²、野猪的平均种群密度为(0.3423±0.0275)只/km²。单因素方差分析表明,在相同生境下,3种有蹄类密度在在阔叶混交林中和杂木林中差异极为显著;不同的生境,3种猎物的猎物的密度也存在着显著差异。相关分析表明马鹿密度和野猪密度程正相关,而马鹿密度和狍子密度、狍子密度和野猪密度则不相关。 同1989年该地区东北虎猎物种群相比:1989-2002年的13 a时间内马鹿的年平均递减率为13.48%、狍子的年平均递减率为12.69%、野猪的年平均递减率为1.89%。     

宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区马鹿分布及集群特征的初步研究

2009 年1 ～12 月,我们对宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区内的马鹿分布情况进行了调查。根据107 个马鹿活动位点和572 个马鹿痕迹位点,分别用95% 的固定核空间法(Fixed kernel estimation,FKE)和100% 的最小凸多边形法(Minimum convex polygon,MCP)进行计算,结果显示保护区内的马鹿分布面积约为642.33 km2 ,占保护区总面积的33 19% ,分布范围介于小水沟和榆树沟之间,插旗口和大水沟是马鹿分布密度最大的两个区域,而人为干扰较严重的黄旗口和小口子在调查过程中没有发现马鹿实体。我们对马鹿在冬季的种群数量进行了调查,利用模型均匀分布和简易多项式级数展开(Uniform + Simple polynomial),Distance 6. 0 的结果显示宁夏贺兰山马鹿的种群数量约为1 420 头(880 ～ 2 300)。保护区内的马鹿在不同的季节有垂直迁移现象,冬季活动在低海拔地区。保护区内的马鹿集群较小(3.50 ± 2.76,1 ～ 13 头,n = 107),且集群大小有季节性差异,冬季(4. 26 ± 3.09)明显大于其它季节。     

长岛海域东亚江豚种群密度和分布的初步研究

长岛海域是黄渤海东亚江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri)的热点分布区域之一。为了掌握长岛海域东亚江豚的种群密度与分布特征，2019年10月至2021年10月采用截线抽样法进行了5次东亚江豚目视考察。5次考察总航程2 421 km，共发现东亚江豚614次，1 156头次。相同月份调查种群遇见率无显著性差异(P> 0.05)，不同月份种群遇见率差异极显著(P <0.01)，提示东亚江豚种群在该水域可能存在季节性迁移。按照考察月份对数据进行合并处理，长岛海域5月和10月东亚江豚平均种群密度为(0.56±0.11)头/km²(0.46～0.68头/km²)和(3.63±0.25)头/km²(3.38～3.88头/km²)，平均种群数量为(20 209±202)头和(2 971±681)头，这在目前已知所有东亚江豚分布区中是最高的。尽管不同季节种群数量差异显著，但东亚江豚种群在长岛海域的空间分布特征相似，砣矶岛-大钦岛西北侧和东南侧均为高密度分布区，因此...     

黑龙江省完达山东部林区马鹿种群遗传多样性的微卫星分析

黑龙江省完达山东部林区是东北马鹿(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus)种群密度较高的分布区之一,本文对2年冬季采集的167份马鹿粪便进行了7个微卫星座位的个体识别,评价了马鹿种群遗传多样性,并分析近期马鹿数量的急剧下降对种群遗传结构的影响。结果表明:167份粪便DNA分属66只个体;种群平均等位基因数9.00±2.77;平均有效等位基因数3.97±0.99;平均多态信息含量0.69±0.09;平均期望杂合度0.74±0.08;平均观察杂合度0.69±0.08。整个种群显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,但种群固定系数Fis为0.060,没有显著偏离零。可见,完达山东部林区马鹿种群遗传多样性较高,数量的急剧下降近期还没有表现在种群遗传结构上。     

高山姬鼠种群数量动态及预测预报模型

为了摸清高山姬鼠种群数量变节变动规律,探讨其种群数量预测方法,采用夹夜法调查逐月捕获率,用捕获率为预测指标,建立种群数量预测预报模型。对1996-2008年贵州省大方县高山姬鼠种群数量动态及种群数量进行分析预测,结果表明:高山姬鼠主要分布于稻田、旱地耕作区,是大方县农田害鼠优势种,占总鼠数的62.32%。10a平均捕获率为(2.58±1.27)%,全年种群数量变动曲线呈单峰型,各年度种群数量的变化曲线基本相似,一年内种群数量在6月份出现1个数量高峰,平均捕获率达(4.63±3.03)%。不同年度、不同月份、不同季节之间种群数量存在显著差异。根据历年高山姬鼠种群数量变动幅度及发生危害情况,结合当地鼠害防治指标,制定了高山姬鼠种群数量分级标准。分析1996-2008年高山姬鼠数量高峰期前各月捕获率、种群繁殖参数(性比、怀孕率、胎仔数、睾丸下降率、繁殖指数)与数量高峰期6月种群密度的关系后发现,4月份种群数量基数与6月份种群密度之间相关极显著,运用回归分析方法,建立了应用4月份种群数量基数(X)预测数量高峰期6月份种群密度(Y)的短期预测预报模型:Y=1.7558X+0.1442,可提前2个月预测当年数量峰种群密度和发生程度,经回测验证,数值和数量级预测值与实测值基本相符,数值预测和数量级预测平均吻合率为92.84%、100.00%,结果比较准确,故该预测预报模型具有一定的实用性和可行性。     

艾比湖国家级湿地自然保护区鹅喉羚种群数量与分布

2013年6月—2014年4月,在艾比湖国家级湿地自然保护区采用样线法及粪便堆计数法调查了鹅喉羚Gazella subgutturosa的种群数量。样线总长1276.6 km,发现79头鹅喉羚。采用Distance 6.0估算了鹅喉羚的密度和遇见率。从春季到冬季,鹅喉羚遇见率在(0.014~0.034)头/km之间变化。春季鹅喉羚种群密度为(0.104±0.033)头/km2,夏季为(0.057±0.025)头/km2,秋季为(0.048±0.030)头/km2,冬季为(0.131±0.043)头/km2。鹅喉羚适宜栖息平均面积2404 km2,估算该区域春季鹅喉羚数量为240头,夏季为137头,秋季为115头,冬季为314头。粪便堆计数法估算春季种群数量为146头,夏季为90头,秋季为61头,冬季为200头。根据野外考察全球定位系统数据并解译艾比湖鹅喉羚分布生境2009年的Landsat ETM遥感影像,将生境分为森林、灌丛、湖泊、沼泽、荒漠、草原6种类型,其中,森林、灌丛为艾比湖鹅喉羚适宜生境。本研究结果将为艾比湖国家级湿地自然保护区鹅喉羚长期监测及有效保护管理提供基础数据。     

黑龙江凤凰山国家级自然保护区野猪冬季容纳量及最适种群密度

近年黑龙江省凤凰山国家级自然保护区野猪数量不断增长,人猪冲突加剧,保护区资源保护管理工作面临较大管理压力.为确定野猪种群的实际数量,同时评估该保护区的野猪的容纳量水平,以便为保护区管理局针对野猪的管理提供相关指导意见.2009-2010年冬季,在保护区采用样带调查、雪地足迹链跟踪和观察食痕的方法,并结合已有野猪生态研究确定野猪食性.野猪主要食物种类包括:木贼(Equisetum hiemale)、红松(Pinus koraiensis)果实松籽、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)果实核桃、蒙古栎(Quecusmongolica)果实橡子、稠李(Padus racemosa)、榛子(Corylus heterophlla)、苔草(Carex spp.)、辽东葱木(Aralia elata).研究期间共布设长3-5km、单侧宽度50m、总长134 km的样带30条.调查中,每隔200 m布设10 m×10 m的大样方,并在每个大样方中央及四角布设1 m×1 m的小样方,共布设大样方350个,小样方1 750个.通过样方调查,统计野猪栖息生境当年可食植物枝条及其食物种类,然后计算其食物的总供给量,再结合食物营养成分,通过粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪的能量转换,按照每克粗蛋白和粗纤维的能量转换系数为16.74kJ、每克粗脂肪的能量转换系数为37.66 kJ,确定野外生境食物总能量供给.结合野猪冬季日营养需求,以能量为基础估算保护区野猪的营养容纳量.在种群密度调查过程中,通过足迹链判断个体方法为:单一清晰足迹链确定为一个体所留,30m内多条足迹穿越同一样带被认为是一个野猪群所留,调查中根据个体分开时的足迹链数确定野猪个体数,同时将粪便、卧迹、啃食痕迹作为个体判断的辅助信息.研究结果表明:凤凰山保护区内能够提供的总能量为7.375 ×107MJ,冬季平均每头野猪生存所需能量为(14 677.698±409.92) MJ,野猪营养容纳量为(1 006±28)头,种群密度为(3.79±0.11)头/km2.此外,调查中发现30余个野猪套及2头野猪被猎杀现场,反应出当地的人猪冲突较为严重.结合调查中发现的野猪套数量及野猪被猎杀概率,对野猪种群数量引入20％的死亡风险系数.最终确定凤凰山野猪种群的最适数量在(603±17)头左右,最适密度为(2.27±0.06)头/km2.通过样带法调查得出凤凰山自然保护区实际野猪种群数量为(596±155)头,密度(2.24±0.58)头/km2,已趋近营养容纳量.因此,野猪并未过量,不能采取狩猎等降低种群数量的措施,同时保护区也应对野猪种群进行持续监控,防止野猪种群过度繁殖以至成灾.     

气候变化导致青藏高原马鹿种群适应性分布退缩：以类乌齐马鹿国家级自然保护区为例

近50年青藏高原的气候变化速率是全球平均值的2倍,对高原有蹄类的种群分布和多样性维持带来严重影响。本研究以西藏类乌齐马鹿国家级自然保护区的马鹿种群为例,通过2013年和2021年对马鹿和牦牛种群数量、分布的调查,并整合了物种分布模型和种群动态模型,评估了当前和未来气候变化及人类活动(放牧、道路、居民点等)对马鹿种群适应性分布的影响。研究表明,马鹿种群在2013—2021年由890头增加到1 400头,根据种群增长模型预计在2050年马鹿种群数量将达到1 735头,但其适宜栖息地在2050年代下降43.4%,2070年代下降5.1%,表明马鹿种群增长与适宜栖息地缩小之间的冲突将不利于马鹿种群的可持续发展。同时,当前马鹿与牦牛栖息地重合率为19%,2050年代为60%,2070年代为37%,且牦牛与马鹿存在食物竞争,这在一定程度上减少了马鹿原有的适宜栖息地。为保护马鹿,建议减少牦牛的饲养量1 000～1 500头。本研究将种群增长模型、种间竞争关系与物种分布模型整合,把气候变化对物种的影响延伸到种群层面,对其他物种的保护具有借鉴意义。     

Modelling the effectiveness of contraception for controlling introduced populations of elephant in South Africa

Re‐introduced African elephant (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach) populations are growing at very high rates in many of southern Africa’s reserves, have attained densities higher than previously thought possible and may be exhibiting irruptive growth. Active management of such populations is necessary to prevent the potentially negative effects on habitat and biodiversity that are associated with elephant overpopulation. One potentially feasible method of elephant management is immunocontraception, but very little is known about the long‐term effectiveness of this method. Using demographic data from three South African elephant populations, we made model projections of the effects of contraception on population growth rates to determine whether contraception may be a feasible management tool for elephant. In comparison with noncontracepted populations, realistic reductions in population growth rate after 20 years of contraception were projected to be up to c. 64%, with 50% being a very feasible target. Through its ability to reduce population growth rates, immunocontraception should be an effective tool for preventing or minimizing irruption in elephants and, perhaps, other introduced ungulate species.     

内蒙古贺兰山冬春季岩羊种群现状及保护

为调查内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内岩羊（Pseudois nayaur alashanicus）的种群现状,通过样线法在2017、2018年冬季,2018、2019年春季进行了调查,利用R 4.0.3中的Distance 1.0.2对样线观测数据进行分析,估测保护区内岩羊的种群数量及密度,分析其种群结构。结果显示,调查共观测到岩羊6299只,其中,2018年冬季种群数量最高,约为2654（2230-3161）只（括号内为95%数量置信区间）,种群密度为3.921（3.293-4.668）只/km²。与2003年同季节的调查数据对比发现,保护区内岩羊的种群数量在15年间增长迅速,岩羊的种群密度累计增长了约53.17%,年平均增长3.54%。岩羊集群形式：混合群（88.03%,80.95%）为岩羊冬、春最主要的集群形式,且混合群的数量冬季多于春季,独羊出现的次数最低（1.99%,2.86%）,不同的集群类型在不同的季节的差异极显著（P<0.001）;岩羊平均群大小：春季为（13.439±12.085）只,冬季为（9.011±8.610）只,调查季节中集群大小多为1-10只,岩羊的不同季节的群大小差异极显著（P<0.001）。种群成体与幼体比在不同季节的变化范围为1.411-2.673,雌雄比在不同季节的变化范围为0.934-1.469,种群结构的季节性差异极显著（P<0.001）。集群类型、群大小及群组成的调查表明,不同季节间岩羊种群结构差异明显。     

Population dynamics of hypolimnetic rotifers in the Pluss-see (North Germany)

The hypolimnetic rotifer populations of the Pluss-see (Keratella hiemalis, Filinia terminalis, Filinia hofmanni) show similar patterns of changing population parameters indicating that they respond to particular environmental signals in the same way.     

A conceptual model of the dynamics of the Syamozero Lake community

We present a conceptual mathematical model of the dynamics of a spatially heterogeneous population system whose prototype is the fish community of Lake Syamozero. Analysis of the solutions of this model is used to demonstrate that interactions between the predator and prey populations in two neighboring biotopes (the pelagic and coastal zones) may result in either undamped oscillations or steady states of the population sizes. The model population densities are of the same order of magnitude as the values obtained in long-term observations of the Syamozero biota. It is also demonstrated that the transition to steady states may be accompanied by long-term (dozens or hundreds of years) damped oscillations of the prey and predator population densities. Under natural conditions, long transitional periods may prevent fish communities from reaching stationary modes.     

Effect of the presence of empty sites on the evolution of cooperation by costly punishment in spatial games

Cooperation and spiteful behavior are still evolutionary puzzles. Costly punishment, for which the game payoff is the same as that of spiteful behavior, is one mechanism for promoting the evolution of cooperation. A spatially structured population facilitates the evolution of either cooperation or spite/punishment if cooperation is linked explicitly or implicitly with spite/punishment; a cooperator cooperates with another cooperator and punishes/spites the other type of player. Different updating rules in the evolutionary game produce different evolutionary outcomes: with one updating rule—the score-dependent viability model, in which a player dies with a probability inversely proportional to the game score and the resulting unoccupied site is colonized by one player chosen randomly—the evolution of spite/punishment is promoted more than with the other updating rule—the score-dependent fertility model, in which, after a player dies randomly, the site is colonized by a player with a higher game score. If the population has empty sites, spiteful players or punishers should have less chance to interact with others and then spite/punish others. Thus the presence of empty sites would affect the evolutionary dynamics of spite/punishment. Here, we investigated whether the presence of empty sites discourages the evolution of spite/punishment in both a lattice-structured population and a completely mixing population where players interact with others randomly, especially when the score-dependent viability model is adopted. In the lattice-structured population adopting this viability model, the presence of empty sites promoted the evolution of cooperation and did not reduce the effect of spite/punishment. In the completely mixing population, the presence of empty sites did not promote evolution of cooperation by punishment. The evolutionary dynamics of the score-dependent viability model with empty sites were close to those of the score-dependent fertility model.     

竹类植物种群生态学研究进展与展望

综述了竹类种群生理生态学、种群动态、繁殖特性、无性系种群特征等几个方面的研究进展,概括了群落水平上竹类种群对森林更新的影响。并从竹类种群克隆多样性与微进化、生长适应机理、开花机制,以及竹类种群与林窗更新等四个方面展望未来竹类种群生态学研究的重点和主要趋势。     

Biases in the estimation of the demographic parameters of a snowshoe hare population

1. Survival rates and natalities for a population of snowshoe hares in the Yukon were estimated independently of and simultaneously with estimates of population change during the increase phase of a hare cycle.
2. Simple demographic models are used to show that even though the estimated survival rates and natalities were high relative to previously published estimates, the observed demographic parameters are unable to explain the extent of population increase, and we conclude that some of these parameters must be underestimates.
3. A sensitivity analysis is used to examine the potential influence of changes in these demographic parameters on the population growth rate. During most years of the hare cycle the population growth rate is potentially most sensitive to changes in juvenile postweaning survival. Only during crash years is adult survivorship likely to be a more important determinant of the rate of population change.
4. Examination of previously published data sets on two full population cycles suggests that while survival rates are positively correlated with population growth rates, their incorporation into demographic models results in frequent underestimation of the rate of population increase.     

Postharvesting population dynamics of the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) in the southwestern Atlantic

Many pinniped populations precipitously declined during the 19th and 20th centuries due to overharvesting. In Uruguay, the South American sea lion (SASL) was harvested until 1986. Birth rates in two nearby breeding colonies have had opposite trends for at least 20 yr. We assessed different mechanisms that could explain opposite trends in birth rates in the two SASL colonies. We compared feeding habits (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) of breeding females, birth mass, individual growth rate and early survival of pups and the social structure between colonies. Breeding females from the two colonies did not differ in their feeding habits. However, male and female pups grew faster but had a lower survival in the second month in the smallest colony. We found differences in the social structures, with a higher proportion of males in the smallest colony. The latter is important because peripheral SASL males may abduct and kill pups, which may explain the lower survival of pups in smaller colonies. We believe that the cumulative effects of population extractions have lowered the local SASL population size and disrupted its social structure to the point where Allee‐like effects could become important and hamper the recovery of the Uruguayan SASL population.     

Summer bird population in the central part of the Prilenskoe plateau

Bird censuses were taken by routing in the central part of the Prilenskoe plateau, a region poorly explored by ornithologists. The summer population of birds in different habitats at watersheds, in valleys and along riverbanks has been characterized on the basis of the original data obtained.