用少量样本进行抑制性消减杂交

利用根据cap-finder方法建立的全长cDNA合成技术,扩增获得了恒河猴着床点子宫内膜组织表达mRNA的双链cDNA,通过抑制性消减杂交,成功地构建了恒河猴着床点消减文库.随机挑选文库中的阳性克隆,经点杂交证明27％为着床点差异表达的克隆.由此表明抑制性消减杂交结合cap-finder扩增全长cDNA的方法,可以有效地从少量而珍贵的样本中获得高质量的消减文库.     

Pten对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞活力及乳蛋白合成的影响

Pten作为抑癌基因,参与调控细胞生长、粘附、凋亡以及其它细胞活动.目前,国内外关于Pten在奶牛乳腺发育过程中表达及调节的研究鲜有报道.为了揭示Pten的表达与奶牛乳腺发育与泌乳之间的关系,本研究应用qRT-PCR技术检测Pten在不同泌乳时期和不同乳品质的奶牛乳腺组织中的表达差异,进而应用脂质体转染方法,通过siRNA介导的RNA干扰技术改变Pten基因在奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达量,CASY法检测细胞活力,用ELISA试剂盒检测细胞分泌β-酪蛋白的含量,采用qRT-PCR、Western 印迹等技术检测Pten对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中乳蛋白相关信号通路基因表达的影响.结果显示,泌乳期高乳品质奶牛乳腺组织中Pten表达水平显著低于泌乳期低乳品质及干乳期奶牛;Pten基因沉寂后,细胞活力提高,β-酪蛋白质量浓度增加,CSN2、AKT、MTOR、STAT5表达量增加.研究表明,Pten可通过抑制细胞活力和乳蛋白分泌而影响泌乳.     

SSH技术筛选β干扰素真核表达载体转染细胞的下调基因

筛选β-干扰素质粒转染下调相关基因。以β-干扰素表达质粒pcDNA3.1(-)-IFNβ转染HepG2细胞,同时以空载体pcDNA3.1(-)为对照;制备转染后的细胞裂解液,从中提取mRNA并合成cDNA,经RsaI酶切后将来自pcDNA3.1(-)转染的cDNA分成两组,分别与两种不同的接头adaptor1和adaptor2衔接,再与来自pcDNA3.1(-)-IFNβ转染的cDNA进行两次消减杂交及两次抑制性PCR,将产物与T/A载体连接,构建cDNA消减文库,并转染大肠杆菌进行文库扩增,随机挑选克隆PCR后进行测序及同源性分析。成功构建人β-干扰素质粒转染下调相关基因差异表达的cDNA。所获得的50个克隆中,随机挑选37个克隆均含有插入片段,将这些克隆进行序列测定,并通过生物信息学分析获得其全长基因序列,结果共获得22种编码基因,其中3种为未知功能的基因。筛选到的cDNA序列,包括与细胞生长调节、物质代谢和细胞凋亡密切相关的一些蛋白编码基因。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子发育阶段虫体抑制性消减文库的构建

为了分离鉴定柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)孢子发育阶段虫体的差异表达基因,分别以柔嫩艾美耳球虫未孢子化卵囊和孢子化卵囊为驱动组、子孢子为实验组,或未孢子化卵囊为驱动组、孢子化卵囊为实验组,利用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)技术,构建了2个子孢子cDNA消减文库和1个孢子化卵囊cDNA消减文库。随机从3个cDNA消减文库中分别挑取50个克隆,经PCR鉴定2个子孢子cDNA消减文库的重组率都为96%,孢子化卵囊cDNA消减文库的重组率为98%。从每个文库中随机挑取50个克隆测序,并进行同源性比较分析,结果显示:从孢子化卵囊cDNA消减文库中获得了13个单一有效序列,其中8个EST与已知蛋白同源性很高;从2个子孢子cDNA消减文库中共获得了40个单一有效序列,其中9个EST与已知蛋白同源,其余可能为柔嫩艾美耳球虫的新基因。这些结果为分离柔嫩艾美耳球虫新功能基因和进一步探索防治球虫病的方法提供了理论基础。     

SSH技术筛选β干扰素真核表达载体转染细胞的下调基因

筛选β-干扰素质粒转染下调相关基因.以β-干扰素表达质粒pcDNA3.1(-)-IFN β转染HepG2细胞,同时以空载体pcDNA3.1(-)为对照;制备转染后的细胞裂解液,从中提取mRNA并合成cDNA,经RsaI酶切后将来自pcDNA3.1(-)转染的cDNA分成两组,分别与两种不同的接头adaptor1和adaptor2衔接,再与来自pcDNA3.1(-)-IFNβ转染的cDNA进行两次消减杂交及两次抑制性PCR,将产物与T/A载体连接,构建cDNA消减文库,并转染大肠杆菌进行文库扩增,随机挑选克隆PCR后进行测序及同源性分析.成功构建人β-干扰素质粒转染下调相关基因差异表达的cDNA.所获得的50个克隆中,随机挑选37个克隆均含有插入片段,将这些克隆进行序列测定,并通过生物信息学分析获得其全长基因序列,结果共获得22种编码基因,其中3种为未知功能的基因.筛选到的cDNA序列,包括与细胞生长调节、物质代谢和细胞凋亡密切相关的一些蛋白编码基因.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子发育阶段虫体抑制性消减文库的构建

为了分离鉴定柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimeria tenella）孢子发育阶段虫体的差异表达基因,分别以柔嫩艾美耳球虫未孢子化卵囊和孢子化卵囊为驱动组、子孢子为实验组,或未孢子化卵囊为驱动组、孢子化卵囊为实验组,利用抑制性消减杂交（SSH）技术,构建了2个子孢子cDNA消减文库和1个孢子化卵囊cDNA消减文库。随机从3个cDNA消减文库中分别挑取50个克隆,经PCR鉴定2个子孢子cDNA消减文库的重组率都为96%,孢子化卵囊cDNA消减文库的重组率为98%。从每个文库中随机挑取50个克隆测序,并进行同源性比较分析,结果显示：从孢子化卵囊cDNA消减文库中获得了13个单一有效序列,其中8个EST与已知蛋白同源性很高;从2个子孢子cDNA消减文库中共获得了40个单一有效序列,其中9个EST与已知蛋白同源,其余可能为柔嫩艾美耳球虫的新基因。这些结果为分离柔嫩艾美耳球虫新功能基因和进一步探索防治球虫病的方法提供了理论基础。     

DADS诱导HL-60 G2/M期阻滞消减文库的构建与初步筛选

目的:构建DADS诱导HL60-细胞G2/M期阻滞的差异表达文库,初步筛选相关基因.方法:分别提取无DADS和有DADS处理HL-60细胞的总RNA和mRNA,构建消减cDNA文库.随即挑选正向SSH的阳性克隆,PCR检测插入片段,将含插入片段的克隆测序.Blastn分析差异cDNA片段的同源性.结果:构建了DADS诱导人白血病HL-60细胞G2/M期阻滞差异表达文库,其中包含120个正向SSH的克隆和100个反向SSH的克隆.50个随机正向SSH的克隆测序、比较同源性,发现5个新EST片段,已经在GenBank中登录.结论:所构建的DADS诱导人白血病HL-60细胞G2/M期阻滞消减文库为进一步筛选白血病HL-60细胞G2/M期阻滞相关基因奠定了基础.     

用表达性差异显示分析技术分离人胎肝组织选择性表达基因

目的：建立4月龄人胎肝组织选择性表达基因EST库,为研究胚胎肝组织特异表达基因提供有力的工具。方法：采用表达性差异显示分析（representational difference analysis,RDA) 技术建立4月龄人胎肝组织选择性表达基因EST库,并测定部分克隆核苷酸序列,以竞争PCR检测代表性基因的差异表达。结果与结论：以珠蛋白家族基因为标志,所建差减cDNA文库中α－珠蛋白家族基因的表达频率较未差减cDNA文库增高7倍,同时该文库也含有多种与肝生长密切相关的基因,表明RDA技术确是研究差异表达基因的有效手段,所建EST库富集胎肝特异表达基因。部分克隆序列分析获得2种未报道序列,其中一株含有丝／苏氨酸激酶结构域,表明可望从此库中分离具有重要未知功能的新基因。     

表达人尿激酶原突变体的重组山羊乳腺特异性表达慢病毒载体的构建

目的：构建山羊乳腺特异性表达尿激酶原突变体的重组慢病毒载体,证明其表达的有效性。方法：将劳氏肉瘤病毒增强子／启动子、复制缺陷型人免疫缺陷病毒（HIV-1）的5′端长重复序列（LTR）、HIV-1ψ包装信号、HIVRev反应元件、山羊β-酪蛋白调控序列、尿激酶原M13cDNA、AU3／3′LTR、牛生长激素（BGH）基因poly（A）依次连接,构建乳腺特异性表达的慢病毒载体,通过体外转染人乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7、中国仓鼠卵巢细胞及泌乳山羊乳腺注射证明其表达有效性。结果：酶切鉴定证实山羊乳腺特异性表达载体构建正确;将该载体转染细胞,采用溶圈法和Western印迹检测证实了其表达的有效性;慢病毒载体注射到泌乳山羊的乳腺,在乳汁中也检测到了尿激酶原的表达。结论：为在转基因动物乳腺中表达尿激酶原突变体奠定了基础。     

牛αS1-酪蛋白5′调控序列驱动人α-LA基因与LacZ基因在牛乳腺上皮细胞中的表达

将牛αS1-酪蛋白5′调控序列约1.2 kb的片段,连接到含SV40启动子调控下β-半乳糖苷酶基因(LacZ)的PSV载体上,做为启动子,在其后连接0.76 kb的人α-乳白蛋白基因(α-LA),构建真核表达载体 αS1-LA-psv．采用组织块接种法,培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,经传代纯化后,对细胞接种存活率、群体倍增时间、生长曲线、形态学等生物学性状进行检测,用免疫荧光细胞染色法对培养的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞进行角蛋白18鉴定,结果表明,成功建立奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系,细胞传至20代以上时仍保持旺盛的增殖活力．将构建的真核表达载体 αS1-LA-psv 转染奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,培养24～120 h均检测到了β-半乳糖苷酶的表达;培养72 h检测到细胞中人α-乳白蛋白的表达,表达量约为0.64 g/L．实验结果表明,建立的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞系具有外源基因表达活性,得到的牛αS1-酪蛋白5′调控序列能作为启动子指导外源基因的表达,构建的真核表达载体能在体外培养的牛乳腺上皮细胞中同时表达人α-乳白蛋白和β-半乳糖苷酶．     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.