两种书虱微卫星富集文库的构建及比较

利用链霉亲和素与生物素之间的强亲和性原理,将链霉亲和素偶联的磁珠与微卫星探针(AC)12、(TC)12、(ATC)8、(ATG)8、(AAC)8、(ATAC)6及(GATA)6退火结合后,再亲和捕捉含接头和微卫星序列的单链书虱基因组DNA限制性酶切目的片段,经PCR扩增形成双链后进行克隆、建库。结果表明本研究成功构建了嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱共13个微卫星富集文库,包括6个嗜卷书虱文库,7个嗜虫书虱文库,其平均阳性克隆率为71.17%。经检测发现共得到两种书虱260个微卫星位点。这两种书虱微卫星富集文库的建立和高多态性微卫星位点的筛选将为嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱的种群遗传与进化、基因连锁图谱构建、分子系统发育研究等提供大量分子遗传标记,对其在实仓中的持续控制提供遗传学信息。     

PCR-RFLP和多重PCR技术检测常见病原性丝状真菌的实验研究

目的建立检测常见丝状真菌感染病原菌的PCR-RFLP和多重PCR方法。方法建立以PCR技术为基础的限制片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法 ,首先用真菌通用引物扩增丝状真菌的ITS区,然后用限制性核酸内切酶对PCR产物进行酶切。用4种丝状真菌的特异性引物建立多重PCR体系,用该体系检测单模板、双模板和三模板的扩增情况,并测定该体系的特异性和敏感性。结果用PCR-RFLP技术能够鉴别5种常见丝状真菌,多重PCR能够根据扩增片段的不同鉴别菌种,在合适的反应条件下,对单模板、双模板和三模板均能扩增出目的片段。结论 PCR-RFLP和多重PCR技术能够快速鉴定丝状真菌感染病原菌,有临床应用的良好前景。     

限制性内切酶介导的重叠延伸在人环氧合酶-1(COX-1)基因克隆中的应用

建立一种用于克隆全长基因的、限制性内切酶介导的重叠延伸法 .对全长基因进行分段扩增 ,并利用适当的限制性内切酶对基因序列内相应的限制性位点进行酶切 ,从而使分段扩增片段得以重叠并互为模板 ,在DNA聚合酶的作用下延伸获得全长基因 .将环氧合酶 1 (COX 1 )基因的外显子 9巧妙地拼接到了缺失外显子 9的COX 1cDNA片段中 ,获得了COX 1基因的全长cDNA .该方法分 3步进行 .首先 ,通过RT PCR分别扩增跨外显子 9的cDNA片段和缺失外显子 9的cDNA片段 ,并克隆到pMD1 8 T载体上 ;其次 ,PCR扩增外显子 9片段 ,限制性内切酶StuI酶切缺失外显子9cDNA片段的重组质粒 ,二者以一定的比例混合 ,互为模板 ,在pfuDNA聚合酶的作用下进行延伸 ,从而产生一个双链的DNA分子 .最后 ,以延伸产物为模板 ,用COX 1cDNA两端的引物进行PCR扩增 ,产生包含外显子 9的COX 1基因的全长cDNA .这种限制性内切酶介导的重叠延伸方法 ,对于克隆mRNA剪接水平上受调控的基因尤为有用 ,同时也为基因的重组和修饰提供一个新的思路     

一种改良的启动子序列克隆的染色体步查法

利用染色体步行法,从已知DNA序列克隆侧翼未知序列是非常有效的方法之一,但由于所选用的特定限制性内切酶对目标基因组不能酶解成合适大小的片段,因而受PCR扩增能力的局限,往往扩增不出有效产物. 针对这一点,这里我们介绍一种简单有效的改良方法,它包括以下步骤：首先用不同的限制性内切酶(包括平末端和粘性末端) 酶解目标基因组DNA,接着,选择能将基因组酶切成弥散、分布均匀的限制性内切酶,如DraⅠ和HindⅢ,合成相对应的接头;然后,选择弥散的、分布均匀的限制性内切酶的酶解产物,构建成含相应接头的基因组DNA文库,用作PCR的模板;最后,用接头引物和特异引物,通过巢式PCR扩增目的片段,获得了理想的扩增效果.采用改进后的染色体步查法,有效地从较复杂的棉花核DNA中克隆出6个棉花启动子序列.     

几种杀虫剂对嗜虫书虱的触杀作用

采用滤纸药膜法比较了常用8种杀虫剂对嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila的触杀作用,在药剂的推荐浓度下有机磷类杀虫剂对嗜虫书虱的急性触杀作用强于其它药剂.同时测定了杀螟硫磷、敌敌畏和溴氰菊酯(含增效醚)3种药剂对嗜虫书虱的触杀毒力,其24h内触杀作用的LC50分别为9.3284、2.1440和7.5007 μg/cm2,但杀螟硫磷的LC95为459.4949 μg/cm2,远高于敌敌畏的8.2453μg/cm2和溴氰菊酯(含增效醚)的14.5274 μg/cm2.此外,48h内敌敌畏等有机磷杀虫剂对嗜虫书虱的毒杀速度较其它供试药剂快.     

基于PCR-RFLP技术鉴定常见食源性致病菌

根据细菌核糖体基因16S rRNA保守端400 bp大小区段特征设计引物,应用聚合酶链式反应连接的限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法建立一种新型灵敏的食源性致病菌鉴定技术。首先用特异性引物对9属19种细菌基因进行PCR扩增,扩增产物应用7种限制性内切酶Eco52Ⅰ、HindⅢ、MboⅠ、MluⅠ、PstⅠ、SalⅠ和XbaⅠ进行消化酶切,再利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳分辨酶切DNA片段大小数目,分析不同种属细菌酶切产物态型,从而进行基因型鉴别,针对16S rRNA基因片段利用RFLP进行分析,结果表明:19种致病菌表现出10种特异性的RFLP图谱,可准确鉴定区分9属细菌,最低检测限可以达到1 pg/μL。这证明PCR-RFLP技术可用于常见食源性致病菌的快速鉴定。     

肺炎支原体P1蛋白羧基端基因片段在大肠杆菌中克隆的研究

在大肠杆菌中克隆肺炎支原体P1蛋白羧基端基因片段,为P1蛋白基因片段的扩增、表达及探讨羧基端基因片段功能打基础.采用PCR扩增方法获取P1结构基因.扩增产物用SalI和EcoRI酶切消化,回收1kb大小的DNA片段并与pUC19DNA连接,转入大肠杆菌JM109菌株.用X-gal平板及质粒图谱分析方法筛选重组克隆株,再用限制性核酸内切酶酶切图谱分析鉴定.经PCR扩增MPDNA获得1条5.0kbDNA片段.重组质粒限制性内切酶指纹图谱显示出2条带,1条为pUC19载体DNA带,另1条是1kb的插入片段.实验获得肺炎支原体P1蛋白结构基因及含P1蛋白羧基端DNA片段的重组克隆株.     

幽门螺杆菌hpaA基因RFLP研究

用限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)的方法评价幽门螺杆菌不同菌株鞭毛粘附素基因(hpaA)的变异性。PCR扩增9株幽门螺杆菌710bp的hpaA基因,用Hha Ⅰ、HaeⅢ限制性内切酶对该基因片段进行酶切分析。hpaA基因HaeⅢ单酶切可见4种带型,HhaⅠ单酶切出现5种带型。从临床分离的H.pylori菌株hpaA RFLP互有差异,且不同于国际标准菌株;临床分离株感染动物后分离得到的动物适应株其hpaA基因也发生了变异。不同H.pylori菌株间hpaA基因表现出明显的多态性,为开展H.pylori的分子流行病学调查提供了一种有效的方法。     

利用PCR-RFLP技术对鲫鱼6个不同品系的鉴定

采用PCR-RFLP方法分析鲫鱼不同品系mtDNA ND3/ND4L/ND4基因片段,对野鲫、异育银鲫、红鲫、白鲫、彩鲫及金鱼的基因片段进行测序,测序结果用RESearch-version1.0软件对限制性内切酶特异性位点进行分析,最终选择MvaⅠ核酸限制性内切酶对目的基因片段进行酶切,同时引入鲤鱼作为外类群,构建了系统树.酶切结果分析表明,基于聚合酶链式反应—限制性片段长度多态性分析能快速而准确地区分鲫鱼的4个不同品系,首次提出异育银鲫和浙江地区野鲫(河鲫鱼)在mtDNAND3/ND4L/ND4基因上的分子鉴定法,为物种鉴定提供了一定的理论研究基础.但野鲫、金鱼、彩鲫的基因序列两两只有一个碱基的差异,相似度接近100％,用酶切软件(RESearch-version1.0)进行分析后未能找到区别三者的限制性内切酶位点,这一结果也验证了关于金鱼、彩鲫起源于野鲫的观点.     

四种杀虫剂对两种书虱羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用

选用有机磷类杀虫剂(敌敌畏、毒死蜱、对氧磷)和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂(丁硫克百威),通过生物测定(药膜法)和生化测定(比色法)比较了嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱对所选药剂的敏感差异性。根据LC50可知嗜虫书虱对所选药剂比嗜卷书虱敏感。离体酶活性分析结果显示嗜卷书虱和嗜虫书虱的羧酸酯酶只对敌敌畏敏感,且嗜卷书虱比嗜虫书虱更敏感;4种药剂对乙酰胆碱酯酶均有强烈的抑制作用,同样是嗜卷书虱比嗜虫书虱敏感。乙酰胆碱酯酶的动力学研究结果和离体酶活性测定相一致。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析显示,4种杀虫剂离体条件下对2种书虱的酯酶同工酶的抑制能力有明显差异,其中敌敌畏的抑制力最强;但对不同同功酶的抑制趋势(对大分子的抑制似乎较强)是一致的。酶的敏感性分析结果与生测结果比较表明,2种书虱的耐药力差异与其乙酰胆碱酯酶和酯酶对药剂的敏感性无关。如要弄清耐药力机制,需做进一步研究。     

Efficacy of pyriproxyfen for control of stored-product psocids (Psocoptera) on concrete surfaces

The insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen was evaluated as a surface treatment for control of three stored-product psocid pests Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, Liposcelis decolor (Pearman), and Liposcelis paeta Pearman (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). Nymphs were exposed for 35 d on a concrete surface treated with 2.3 mg of active ingredient/m2 pyriproxyfen. Exposure to pyriproxyfen significantly reduced the numbers of both adults and nymphs in comparison with untreated controls. In adults, the greatest reduction (> 90%) was for L. decolor and L. bostrychophila, whereas for L. paeta it was 49%. Few adults of any species were found in the pyriproxyfen treatments. The greatest numbers of nymphs were recorded for L. bostrychophila for both pyriproxyfen treatments and controls. Few adults of any species were found in the pyriproxyfen treatments. The results indicate that pyriproxyfen is effective for control of L. bostrychophila, L. decolor, and L. paeta on concrete, and although complete control was not achieved, the results warrant further long-term study to determine whether pyriproxyfen can completely eliminate psocid populations over time.     

新疆三种雅罗鱼属鱼类mtDNA D-loop多态性及起源分化分析

用PCR-RFLP技术,对新疆分布的准噶尔雅罗鱼、贝加尔雅罗鱼和高体雅罗鱼的mtDNA D-loop高变区约827bp进行了扩增,用ScaI、HinfI、AluI、DdeI 4种限制性内切核酸酶对56个样本的扩增产物酶切和RFLP分析,共检测到6种单倍型。准噶尔雅罗鱼存在2种单倍型：BDAA和BDBA;贝加尔雅罗鱼存在3种：AAAA、ABAA和ACAA;高体雅罗鱼只有1种。初步认为,准噶尔雅罗鱼、贝加尔雅罗鱼存在较丰富的群体内变异。用6种单倍型及净遗传距离绘制的UPGMA分子系统树,提示准噶尔雅罗鱼有可能是原始种,贝加尔雅罗鱼和高体雅罗鱼是由准噶尔雅罗鱼进化而来。 Abstract:PCR-RFLP technique was employed to amplify about 827bp of mtDNA D-loop hypervariable region of Leuciscus baicalensis,L.merzbacheri and L.idus in Xinjiang.The PCR products of 56 samples with four restriction enzymes were digested:ScaI,HinfI,AluI,DdeI,and RFLP analysis was done then.The study indicates that all of L. species and populations have six haplotypes,L.merzbacheri has two haplotypes:BDAA,BDBA;L.baicalensis has three:AAAA,ABAA,ACAA;L.idus has one:CAAA.It is primarily considered that L.merzbacheri and L.baicalensis have more intra-population mutations.The UPGMA trees with 6 haplotypes and net genetics distance pointed out that L.merzbacheri might be original species,L.baicalensis and L.idus are evolved from L.merzbacheri.     

Sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers region in psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) for phylogenetic inference and species discrimination

Psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae: Liposcelis spp.) are major pests of stored grain and commonly occur on a wide range of stored products. Increasingly, the genus of Liposcelis has gained recognition of their importance due to their feeding on stored grains, contaminating food, and agricultural commodities as well as transmitting harmful microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria. Psocids have close morphological similarities and often commix occur at the same ecosystems. Therefore, a first step necessary to further implement population studies is the accurate identification of species, based on molecular methods. In this study, we determined nucleotide sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 region in 100 individuals of six Liposcelis species (including Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein), Liposcelis decolor (Pearman), Liposcelis tricolor Badonnel, Liposcelis paeta Pearman, and Liposcelis yunnaniensis Li & Li) from 16 locations of China. We evaluated the suitability of this marker for phylogenetic inference study in the Liposcelis species. We also developed a molecular identification method for six Liposcelis species based on ITS2 sequence. Results demonstrate that ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences are a useful tool for the population genetic study and phylogeny estimation of Liposcelis species. The results of this study indicate that the ITS2 sequences can be a reliable tool for species discrimination of the six species of psocids tested here. In addition, the multiplex method described proved reliable when tested across different geographical populations.     

硅藻土及其混配剂对书虱的防治效果

采用拌粮法 ,用硅藻土单剂、配方 1 (硅藻土 +95 %马拉硫磷EC)、配方 2 (硅藻土 +2 . 5 %溴氰菊酯EC)、配方 3 (硅藻土 +80 %敌敌畏EC)、配方 4(硅藻土 +0 . 4%天惠虫清EC)、配方 5 (硅藻土 +5 %双氧威WP)、配方 6(硅藻土 +5 %抑太保EC)对嗜卷书虱Liposcelisbostrychophila进行防治研究 ,结果表明 :配方 4为优选配方 ,处理 2 4h后 ,3种浓度的致死率均达到 1 0 0 % ;配方 1、配方 2、配方 3、配方 5、配方 6对嗜卷书虱的致死率处理 48h后达到 1 0 0 % ;单用硅藻土处理 96h后达到 1 0 0 % ,各配方处理间差异极显著。     

Identification of intestinal bacteria from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and their ability to digest chitin

AIMS: The aim of the present study was to clarify the taxonomic status of intestinal bacteria isolated from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and describe their ability to digest chitin. METHODS AND RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences showed that 82 representative isolates were closely related to three major species of marine vibrios, Vibrio scophthalmi-Vibrio ichthyoenteri group (41 isolates), Vibrio fischeri (39 isolates) and Vibrio harveyi (two isolates), with similarities of 97.2-99.8%, 96.4-100% and 98.6-99.5% respectively. These findings indicate that V. scophthalmi-V. ichthyoenteri group is indigenous to the intestinal tract of Japanese flounder. Moreover, the ability of 82 isolates to digest chitin was examined using the agar plate method and PCR amplification of the chiA gene. The two V. harveyi isolates and 36 of 41 V. scophthalmi-V. ichthyoenteri isolates digested chitin and were chiA PCR positive, whereas all 39 V. fischeri isolates digested chitin but were chiA PCR negative. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal bacteria from Japanese flounder were mainly composed of Vibrio scophthalmi-V. ichthyoenteri group and V. fischeri. Taken together, the results showed that 81 of 82 isolates could digest chitin. However, only 38 of these isolates possessed a chiA homologue which could be identified by PCR. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The present study shows that Japanese flounder harbours bacteria of the V. scophthalmi-V. ichthyoenteri group, and these results are similar to what has been found for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).     

Discrimination between four Simocephalus species from Slovakia using a PCR-RFLP technique

Planktonic crustaceans are traditionally identified based on morphological and morphometric characters. However, such characters may be hardly distinguishable and often overlap between species. A probability of misidentification is thus relatively high. Molecular techniques may increase the accuracy of identification if appropriate markers are used. Aim of our work was to develop a simple molecular procedure enabling discrimination between four species of Simocephalus occurring in Europe. PCR-RFLP technique proved to be suitable for such discrimination. Within the 709 bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene we found unique combinations of restriction sites of the BbsI and SacI enzymes for Simocephalus vetulus, S. exspinosus, S. serrulatus and S. congener. PCR products of samples from several locations in Slovakia were digested with the two enzymes and electrophoresed on an agarose gel. The restriction patterns were clearly visible and easily distinguishable. This method is applicable for identifying the four species in any life-stage. Considering its simplicity and cost-effectiveness it can be widely used as a diagnostic tool for discriminating between Simocephalus species with overlapping morphologic characters.     

Evaluation of PCR-generated chimeras, mutations, and heteroduplexes with 16S rRNA gene-based cloning

To evaluate PCR-generated artifacts (i.e., chimeras, mutations, and heteroduplexes) with the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-based cloning approach, a model community of four species was constructed from alpha, beta, and gamma subdivisions of the division Proteobacteria as well as gram-positive bacterium, all of which could be distinguished by HhaI restriction digestion patterns. The overall PCR artifacts were significantly different among the three Taq DNA polymerases examined: 20% for Z-Taq, with the highest processitivity; 15% for LA-Taq, with the highest fidelity and intermediate processitivity; and 7% for the conventionally used DNA polymerase, AmpliTaq. In contrast to the theoretical prediction, the frequency of chimeras for both Z-Taq (8.7%) and LA-Taq (6.2%) was higher than that for AmpliTaq (2.5%). The frequencies of chimeras and of heteroduplexes for Z-Taq were almost three times higher than those of AmpliTaq. The total PCR artifacts increased as PCR cycles and template concentrations increased and decreased as elongation time increased. Generally the frequency of chimeras was lower than that of mutations but higher than that of heteroduplexes. The total PCR artifacts as well as the frequency of heteroduplexes increased as the species diversity increased. PCR artifacts were significantly reduced by using AmpliTaq and fewer PCR cycles (fewer than 20 cycles), and the heteroduplexes could be effectively removed from PCR products prior to cloning by polyacrylamide gel purification or T7 endonuclease I digestion. Based upon these results, an optimal approach is proposed to minimize PCR artifacts in 16S rDNA-based microbial community studies.     

Isolation of a rickettsial pathogen from a non-hematophagous arthropod

Rickettsial diversity is intriguing in that some species are transmissible to vertebrates, while others appear exclusive to invertebrate hosts. Of particular interest is Rickettsia felis, identifiable in both stored product insect pests and hematophagous disease vectors. To understand rickettsial survival tactics in, and probable movement between, both insect systems will explicate the determinants of rickettsial pathogenicity. Towards this objective, a population of Liposcelis bostrychophila, common booklice, was successfully used for rickettsial isolation in ISE6 (tick-derived cells). Rickettsiae were also observed in L. bostrychophila by electron microscopy and in paraffin sections of booklice by immunofluorescence assay using anti-R. felis polyclonal antibody. The isolate, designated R. felis strain LSU-Lb, resembles typical rickettsiae when examined by microscopy. Sequence analysis of portions of the Rickettsia specific 17-kDa antigen gene, citrate synthase (gltA) gene, rickettsial outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene, and the presence of the R. felis plasmid in the cell culture isolate confirmed the isolate as R. felis. Variable nucleotide sequences from the isolate were obtained for R. felis-specific pRF-associated putative tldD/pmbA. Expression of rickettsial outer membrane protein B (OmpB) was verified in R. felis (LSU-Lb) using a monoclonal antibody. Additionally, a quantitative real-time PCR assay was used to identify a significantly greater median rickettsial load in the booklice, compared to cat flea hosts. With the potential to manipulate arthropod host biology and infect vertebrate hosts, the dual nature of R. felis provides an excellent model for the study of rickettsial pathogenesis and transmission. In addition, this study is the first isolation of a rickettsial pathogen from a non-hematophagous arthropod.     

Suitability of PCR fingerprinting, infrequent-restriction-site PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, combined with computerized gel analysis, in library typing of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis

Strains of Salmonella enterica (n = 212) of different serovars and phage types were used to establish a library typing computerized system for serovar Enteritidis on the basis of PCR fingerprinting, infrequent-restriction-site PCR (IRS-PCR), or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The rate of PCR fingerprinting interassay and intercenter reproducibility was low and was only increased when DNA samples were extracted at the same time and amplified with the same reaction mixtures. Reproducibility of IRS-PCR technique reached 100%, but discrimination was low (D = 0.52). The PFGE procedure showed an intercenter reproducibility value of 93.3%. The high reproducibility of PFGE combined with the previously determined high discrimination directed its use for library typing. The use of PFGE with enzymes XbaI, BlnI, and SpeI for library typing of serovar Enteritidis was assessed with GelCompar 4.0 software. Three computer libraries of PFGE DNA profiles were constructed, and their ability to recognize new DNA profiles was analyzed. The results obtained pointed out that the combination of PFGE with computerized analysis could be suitable in long-term epidemiological comparison and surveillance of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, specially if the prevalence of genetic events that could be responsible for changes in PFGE profiles in this serovar was low.     

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays to distinguish Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from associated species on lettuce cropping systems in Italy

The pea leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is a serious insect pest infesting open field lettuce plantings in northern Italy. In these cropping systems, it coexists with several other agromyzid species that have negligible economic importance on open field vegetables. The rapid detection of L. huidobrensis is crucial for effective management strategies, but the identification of agromyzids to species can be very difficult at adult as well at immature stages. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay is proposed to separate L. huidobrensis from Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach), Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), and Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau), which usually occur in the same lettuce plantings. An approximately 1,031-bp region of the mitochondrial genome encompassing the 3' region of cytochrome oxidase I, the whole leucine tRNA, and all of the cytochrome oxidase II was amplified by PCR and digested using the enzymes PvuII and SnaBI separately. Both endonucleases cut the amplicons of L. huidobrensis in two fragments, whereas the original band was not cleaved in the other analyzed species. The presence of Dacnusa spp. DNA does not bias the assay, because the PCR conditions and the primer set here described do not amplify any tract of this endoparasitic wasp genome.