MEF2A基因突变对血管平滑肌细胞增殖迁移及其表型的影响

目的:观察肌细胞增强因子2A(MEF2A)基因突变对血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖迁移及其表型的影响。方法:分别将野生型(WT)MEF2A质粒(WT组)、21个核苷酸缺失突变型(△21,显性负突变)MEF2A质粒(△21组)以及MEF2A siRNA(siRNA组)转染进人主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC),通过溴化噻唑基蓝四唑(MTT)法和Millicell小室观察各组VSMC的增殖和迁移变化,免疫印迹(Western blotting)检测各组VSMC之间MEF2A蛋白、平滑肌α肌动蛋白(α-SM-actin)、SM22α、骨桥蛋白和丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路表达差异。结果:MEF2A△21组和MEF2A siRNA组的VSMC增殖增加,迁移数量增多;同时此两组中α-SM-actin和SM22α表达减少,骨桥蛋白表达增加;磷酸化p38和ERK1/2表达也明显增强。结论:MEF2A基因显性负突变及沉默可使VSMC向合成型转化,其增殖和迁移能力增加。而p38和ERK1/2MAPK信号通路可能参与MEF2A基因介导的血管平滑肌细胞表型转化。     

α-平滑肌肌动蛋白在人胸主动脉夹层中的表达

目的:探讨胸主动脉壁中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达与胸主动脉夹层(TAD)的关系。方法:采集人TAD的动脉壁组织和正常人胸主动脉壁组织,采用Western Blotting和免疫组织化学方法检测α-SMA在组织中的表达程度。结果:在DA组中,α-SMA的表达明显减少,血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)以增殖表型为主。结论α-SMA的减少主要发生在血管中膜层的VSMC中,细胞发生表型变化,导致中膜弹性变差,发生夹层病变。因此,α-SMA可能在TAD的发病中具有重要作用,值得进一步深入探讨。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ持续皮下灌泵诱导Apo E-/-小鼠建立腹主动脉瘤模型的探讨

目的:探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)皮下灌泵诱导Apo E-/-小鼠建立腹主动脉瘤模型的特点和可行性。方法:选取8-10周龄雄性Apo E-/-小鼠,通过植入式微量渗透释放泵皮下泵入AngⅡ(1000 ng/kg·min),持续泵入28天;对照组小鼠泵入生理盐水28天。取材后,测量小鼠腹主动脉直径,固定包埋做石蜡切片进行HE及弹力纤维染色,用Real-time PCR方法检测腹主动脉中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)和骨桥蛋白(OPN)的表达。结果:AngⅡ处理组小鼠成瘤率为80%,腹主动脉直径较生理盐水对照组明显增加(P0.05);病理染色显示炎症细胞明显增多,弹力纤维断裂增多,胶原合成增多。小鼠腹主动脉α-SMA m RNA表达较对照组显著降低(P0.05),而OPN m RNA表达较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论:通过AngⅡ连续灌注28天可以诱导Apo E-/-小鼠发生腹主动脉瘤,腹主动脉平滑肌细胞由收缩型向分泌型转化可能作为小鼠腹主动脉瘤发生的鉴定及治疗靶点之一。     

内皮细胞生长状态对血管平滑肌细胞增生迁移的影响

实验通过建立细胞共培养体系,探讨内皮细胞生长状态对血管平滑肌细胞增生迁移的影响及机制。检测指标包括~3H-TdR掺入、细胞周期、细胞迁移计数和α-SM-actin mRNA表达。结果显示,融合生长内皮使平滑肌细胞~3H-TdR掺入量明显降低,增加平滑肌细胞停留在G_0/G_1期的比例,上调平滑肌细胞α-SM-actin mRNA表达;而对数生长内皮细胞使平滑肌细胞~3H-TdR掺入量明显升高,促进平滑肌细胞由 G_0/G_1期进入G_2/M和S期,下调平滑肌细胞α-SM-actin mRNA表达。对照组平滑肌细胞在基础状态下存在少量迁移,对数增殖内皮细胞组平滑肌迁移数比对照组增高约4倍(P<0.01),而融合生长内皮细胞组平滑肌迁移数仅为对照组的0.5倍(P<0.05)。结果提示内皮细胞生长状态不同,对平滑肌细胞生物学特性的影响也不同,增殖期内皮明显促进平滑肌细胞增生迁移、下调平滑肌细胞α-SM-actin mRNA表达。     

全生物化组织工程血管SMA、PDGF-AA及MMP-2的表达

目的探讨血管平滑肌细胞的α-actin(SMA)、血小板源性生长因子-AA(PDGF-AA)及金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)的表达情况。方法采用以酶消化为主的方法制备猪颈总动脉脱细胞支架,再种植犬胸主动脉的平滑肌细胞,培养4周,分别于2周和4周取材作形态学观察和SMA、MMP-2及PDGF-AA的免疫组化染色及图象分析,并以幼年犬和成年犬的胸主动脉作对照。结果组织工程血管培养2周和4周,α-actin的表达高于幼年犬,但明显低于成年犬;PDGF-AA表达低于幼年犬,但明显高于成年犬;MMP-2高于成年犬,培养4周时MMP-2的表达接近幼年犬。结论全生物化组织工程血管体外构建中VSMC的PDGF-AA和ECM的表达逐渐增多,SMA的表达逐渐减少,VSMC由收缩表型逐渐转变为合成表型,VSMC大量增殖,伴有新的细胞外基质产生,同时MMP-2分泌增加,促进种植细胞的迁移,重建了组织工程血管的管壁结构。     

血清后人血管平滑肌细胞表型转化与microRNAs表达间关系的研究

目的:研究去血清诱导人血管平滑肌细胞发生表型转化与microRNAs表达间的关系。方法:采取人血管平滑肌细胞克隆株HITASY,培养人血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)。用去血清的方法处理人血管平滑肌细胞,使VSMCs由去分化表型向分化表型转化,通过蛋白印迹法观察平滑肌细胞中分化标记物蛋白的变化,同时用实时定量PCR法检测细胞中相关microRNA的表达。结果:①去血清处理组与无去血清处理组比较,平滑肌细胞分化标记物(SM-α-actin、calponin)表达显著性增加,而通过SM-α-actin、calponin的蛋白表达量显著增加,提示血管平滑肌细胞向分化表型转化(P0.05);②同时去血清处理组与无去血清处理组比较,Mir-649、Mir-944表达量显著增加,Mir-140、Mir-361表达量显著减少(P0.05)。结论:Mir-649、Mir-944、Mir-140、Mir-361在血管平滑肌细胞表型转化中有关键性作用。     

芦丁通过激活NRF2/HO-1通路抑制Ang II诱导的血管平滑肌细胞表型转化和炎症反应

摘要 目的：探讨芦丁（Rutin）对血管紧张素II（Angiotensin II，Ang II）诱导的小鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞表型转化和炎症反应的影响及机制。方法：采用Ang II处理小鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞构建表型转化和炎症反应模型。将对数生长期的小鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞分为以下4组：正常对照组（Control组），Rutin组（100 μM），Ang II组（1μM），Rutin+ Ang II组（100 μM，1 μM）。采用细胞增殖实验（Cell Counting Kit-8，CCK8）检测芦丁对小鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞活力的影响，采用蛋白免疫印迹实验检测α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-Smooth muscle actin，α-SMA）、平滑肌蛋白22α（Smooth muscle protein 22-alpha，SM22α）、骨桥蛋白（Osteopontin，OPN）、基质金属蛋白酶2（Matrix metalloproteinase 2，MMP2）、基质金属蛋白酶9（Matrix metalloproteinase 9，MMP9）、白细胞介素6（Interleukin 6，IL6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（Tumor necrosis factor-alpha，TNF-α）、核因子E2相关因子2（nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2，Nrf2）、血红素氧合酶-1（Heme oxygenase-1，HO-1）、核因子活化B细胞κ轻链增强子（nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells，NF-κB）的蛋白表达和磷酸化水平，采用双抗体一步夹心法酶联免疫吸附试验（Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay，ELISA）检测细胞上清中TNF-α和IL6细胞因子水平，采用荧光显微镜和流式细胞术检测小鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞活性氧水平。结果：与对照组相比，Ang II组收缩型标志物α-SMA和SM22α表达水平降低、合成型标志物OPN表达水平升高，炎症相关因子MMP2、MMP9、IL6和TNF-α表达水平升高，NRF2和HO-1表达水平降低，NRF2及NF-κB的磷酸化增加。此外，相较于Ang II组，Rutin+ Ang II组收缩型标志物α-SMA和SM22α表达水平升高、合成型标志物OPN表达水平降低，炎症相关因子MMP2、MMP9、IL6和TNF-α表达水平降低，NRF2和HO-1表达水平升高，NRF2及NF-κB的磷酸化水平降低。结论：芦丁可以抑制Ang II诱导的小鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞表型转化和炎症反应，可能与其激活NRF2/HO-1通路和抑制活性氧的产生有关。     

DDPH对低氧内皮细胞条件培养液诱导肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖及α-SM-actin表达的影响

目的探讨1-(2,6-二甲基苯氧基)-2-(3,4-二甲氧基苯乙氨基)丙烷盐酸盐(DDPH)抑制低氧内皮细胞条件培养液(HECCM)诱导肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖及对α-SM-actin表达的影响.方法利用低氧内皮细胞条件培养液建立猪肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMC)的增殖模型;以四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法、α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SM-actin)为指标,采用免疫细胞化学染色法观察低氧内皮细胞条件培养液对肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的影响以及DDPH对低氧内皮细胞条件培养液促肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖后的逆转效应.结果低氧内皮细胞条件培养液显著促进肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖,低氧内皮细胞条件培养液促肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖后,肺动脉平滑肌细胞的表型发生转化,由收缩表型转化为合成表型,肺动脉平滑肌细胞胞浆内的α-SM-actin含量下降;DDPH能显著抑制低氧内皮细胞条件培养液对肺动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖作用,并使肺动脉平滑肌细胞的表型发生逆转,即由合成表型逆转为具有执行正常收缩功能的收缩表型,肺动脉平滑肌细胞胞浆内的α-SM-actin含量回升.结论提示DDPH能显著抑制低氧内皮细胞条件培养液促肺动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖作用,其作用机制可能是通过肺动脉平滑肌细胞的表型发生逆转来实现的.     

吸烟和慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺血管重建及蛋白激酶C-α表达的研究

目的探讨吸烟和慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者肺血管重建及蛋白激酶C-α(PKC-α)mRNA和蛋白质的表达情况.方法非吸烟非COPD(Controls组)、吸烟非COPD(Smokers组)和吸烟COPD(COPD组)男性肺癌患者各11人,年龄相匹配,取其行肺叶切除术后的外周肺组织.采用免疫组织化学方法检测肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)及肺小动脉α-SM-actin染色以显示肺血管重建,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)对肺小动脉PKC-αmRNA表达进行半定量,免疫荧光及Western blot法检测肺小动脉PKC-α蛋白质表达.结果吸烟非COPD和吸烟COPD患者肺血管重构明显,两组患者肺动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖指数和α-SM-actin表达量均明显高于非吸烟非COPD(P<0.001).吸烟COPD患者肺血管重构更明显,肺动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖指数和α-SM-actin表达量均高于吸烟非COPD(P<0.001,P<0.05).吸烟非COPD患者肺小动脉PKC-α在转录和翻译两个水平的表达均明显高于非吸烟非COPD患者(P<0.001);吸烟COPD患者动脉血氧分压PaO2明显低于吸烟非COPD患者(P<0.05),肺小动脉PKC-αmRNA及蛋白质表达水平均明显高于吸烟非COPD患者(P<0.01).结论长期吸烟导致肺血管重建,既有香烟的直接作用,又有长期吸烟诱导COPD的低氧因素,其机制可能是通过细胞内PKC生物信号传导通道.     

酸化环境对血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖的影响及姜黄素对此的作用

探讨姜黄素对缺血缺氧引起细胞外环境酸化下血管平滑肌增殖的影响及可能机制。在pH 6.9的环境下体外培养大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC),分别以姜黄素、PCTX-1等处理细胞,并设置空白对照组;采用Western-Blot法测定ASICS 1a蛋白及磷酸化ERK1/2蛋白表达,CCK-8法测定各处理组对VSMC增殖影响。结果显示pH 6.9组显著刺激VSMC的ASICS 1a和ERK1/2磷酸化表达,并促使VSMC增殖;而姜黄素显著抑制大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞上ASICS 1a及细胞内磷酸化ERK1/2蛋白表达,从而抑制VSMC增殖。在缺血缺氧所致酸化环境下,大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌上的ASIC 1a表达增多,引起细胞内ERK1/2磷酸化,从而对血管平滑肌的增殖进行调控,而姜黄素则表现出抑制作用。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes

Among tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), Na⁺/K⁺/Cl^? cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.