退化典型草原狼毒种群结构与数量动态

狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)是我国退化草原上常见的一种毒害草,在一些退化严重的草原上可能形成以狼毒为优势种的群落,严重影响我国天然草原畜牧业的可持续发展。本文根据狼毒的枝条数将狼毒种群划分成10个龄级(Ⅰ～Ⅹ),研究了坝上地区退化典型草原狼毒种群的年龄结构、种群结构动态指数、种群静态生命表、存活曲线及生存分析,量化狼毒种群的生存状况。结果表明: 研究区内狼毒种群年龄结构呈增长型,狼毒幼苗充足但存活率不高;狼毒种群结构呈增长型,但种群发展过程存在波动性,特别是在第Ⅱ、Ⅷ龄级时个体数量会发生骤降,是狼毒种群自身发展的瓶颈时期;狼毒种群的存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅱ型,但生存分析表明狼毒种群具有前期锐减、后期稳定的特点,主要因为Ⅰ或Ⅱ龄级狼毒的死亡密度函数(f_x)和危险率(λ_x)最大。Ⅰ龄级个体充足是狼毒种群在退化典型草原扩张的基础,但幼龄个体的转化率低可能是狼毒种群在草原退化早期无法快速扩张的原因之一。建议在草原退化早期狼毒数量有限时及早介入进行防除。     

长白山阔叶红松林红松种群年龄结构与数量动态特征

该研究以分布于长白山阔叶红松林内的红松(Pinus koraiensis)种群为对象, 通过编制种群静态生命表, 计算数量动态指数, 绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线和消失率曲线, 应用4个生存函数并引入谱分析和时间序列预测模型, 分析红松种群年龄结构, 揭示其天然更新过程及未来发展趋势, 以期为野生红松种群的保护和恢复提供科学依据。结果显示: 红松种群数量变化具有阶段性, 幼龄(I-III龄级)和成龄(VII-X龄级)个体数量多, 中龄(IV-VI龄级)和老龄(XI-XIV龄级)个体数量少, 形成明显间断的两个优势年龄分布区。种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅲ型, 表明幼龄个体死亡率高。忽略外部干扰时的总体数量动态变化指数大于>0, 表明红松种群为增长型; 考虑未来外部干扰时的种群动态变化指数趋近于0, 结合死亡率和消失率曲线呈现出连续先增后降的复杂动态变化趋势, 可知该种群受外界随机干扰时增长不明显。生存函数分析显示, 红松种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。谱分析表明红松种群天然更新呈周期性波动。未来2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10个龄级时间后, 红松幼、中龄个体数逐渐减少, 而成、老龄个体数量将逐渐增加。幼龄个体死亡率高、生存空间和资源条件有限, 老龄个体生理衰老明显是限制红松种群增长的主要原因。建议加强幼龄个体的抚育工作, 提高其存活率和生存质量; 保护和改善生存环境, 从而促进红松种群的自然更新和恢复。     

安徽皇藏峪自然保护区青檀种群数量动态

根据野外调查资料编制皇藏峪自然保护区不同生境青檀种群的静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线以及4个生存函数曲线,分析种群数量特征。同时,结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型,分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明:1)不同生境青檀种群径级结构大体呈金字塔型,中、幼龄阶段个体数量丰富,老龄阶段个体数量相对较少,种群在发育过程中存在一定波动性,但种群数量变化动态指数Vpi和Vpi’(考虑外部干扰时)均大于零。种群属稳定增长型。2)不同生境青檀种群在幼龄阶段死亡率较高,随着龄级的增加,死亡率逐渐降低。进入生理衰老阶段时,阳坡、阴坡种群死亡率再次上升,而坡谷种群由于老龄个体受到较好保护,死亡率略有下降。3)不同生境存活曲线存在差异,阳坡、阴坡种群趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型,坡谷种群趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型。4)生存分析表明,阳坡、阴坡种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点;坡谷种群表现为前期锐减、中后期稳定的特点。5)在未来2年、5年中,不同生境青檀种群呈增长趋势。     

川黔地区濒危植物红豆树种群结构与数量动态特征

红豆树(Ormosia hosiei)是我国南方特有珍稀濒危植物,具有极高的经济价值和人文价值。为了解红豆树种群在川黔山区的生存现状及制约种群发展的原因,该文以川黔4个区域红豆树自然种群为调查对象,采用典型样地调查的方法,根据不同种群的分布特征,每个种群分别设置2个面积为20 m×20 m的具有代表性的样地进行调查,通过编制种群静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算数量动态指数、利用生存函数及时间序列模型分析了川黔山区不同红豆树种群的结构与动态特征。结果表明：(1)河株村和干耳盘村种群龄级结构呈倒“J”型结构,陈家湾村和绒春村种群呈不规则“哑铃”型结构,红豆树种群自然更新能力强,但中龄级个体容易缺失。(2)4个种群均为增长型,存活曲线接近于Deevey-Ⅱ型,其中河株村、陈家湾村和绒春村种群消失率和死亡率呈“多峰型”,种群在生长中期容易受到外界干扰。(3)红豆树种群数量动态变化表现为幼龄级个体死亡率高,成熟龄级个体数量动态稳定的特点,其形成原因与山区地形特点和红豆树种子传播特性有关。(4)RDA排序结果显示,海拔和坡度是影响幼龄个体数量结构的主导因子,干扰强度是影响种群中高龄个体数量结构的主要...     

濒危树种庙台槭种群数量特征及动态分析

庙台槭(Acer miaotaiense Tsoong)为我国三级保护植物,是秦岭特有的濒危树种,具有重要的经济价值和观赏价值。通过对庙台槭主要分布区野生资源进行调查,研究其种群的年龄结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和死亡曲线,用动态指数(Vpi、Vpi')和时间序列模型预测其种群发展趋势。结果显示,庙台槭种群幼龄个体多,中龄和老龄个体少,其生存曲线呈Deevey-Ⅲ型;静态生命表及相关曲线分析显示,庙台槭种群的存活率与径级表现出显著负相关,而种群死亡率曲线总体呈先下降后增加的趋势;种群数量动态分析显示,庙台槭种群整体结构处于增长型,在缺乏成年个体的情况下,种群对外部环境的抗干扰能力下降;时间序列预测发现,经过幼苗、幼树阶段,同一时间曲线的庙台槭种群数量在高径级所占比例略有增加,但高龄级个体相对较少;庙台槭分布地区的主要植被类型为落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林,但庙台槭个体受保护较少,人为活动及病虫害影响较大,天然更新困难,生存和保护状况不容乐观。     

塔里木河上游胡杨种群结构与动态

采用样带调查法对塔里木河上游3个断面8.5 hm2天然胡杨林进行野外调查,绘制了胡杨种群年龄结构图和存活曲线,结合种群动态量化方法与时间序列预测,分析种群结构与动态特征。结果表明:塔里木河上游胡杨种群密度随径级增大而减小,自疏指数接近-3/2,个体胸径达24 cm后种群密度保持相对稳定。中、下段胡杨种群年龄结构呈金字塔型,幼龄级所占比例较大、林分年轻;存活曲线为Deevey C型,且动态指数0,为增长种群。受所处生境条件影响,上段不同生境胡杨种群年龄结构差异明显。阿瓦提县胡杨种群结构呈金字塔型,幼龄级比例高达77.2%,存活曲线属Deevey C型,为增长种群;南口镇与托海乡胡杨种群结构呈壶型,幼龄级比例极低、中大龄级比例高达84.7%,存活曲线属Deevey A型,为衰退种群;沙黑里克镇胡杨种群结构呈钟型,存活曲线属Deevey A型,为暂时稳定种群。种群数量动态与时间序列分析表明,中、下段胡杨更新资源丰富,未来种群能够稳定增长;上段南口镇、托海乡与沙黑里克镇幼龄级数量随时间推移减少,种群向大老龄级发展,未来种群将走向衰退。总之,上段胡杨种群因更新资源不足而趋于衰退,未来保持适当的人工辅助恢复措施和加强保护现有植株及其生境是保持胡杨种群自然更新和进行种群恢复的关键。     

南方红豆杉无性系种群结构和动态研究

研究了元宝山南方红豆杉克隆种群的结构和动态．结果表明,种群S1～S6级个体均存在,S1、S2级个体占总个体数的64％．从元宝山南方红豆杉种群的大小级结构图看,结构呈较规则的金字塔形;南方红豆杉无性系幼树幼苗的贮备较为丰富,种群的年龄结构呈较规则的金字塔形,存活曲线近于倒J形;种群大小级动态指数Vpi=38．26％,考虑外部干扰时,Vpi′：6．38％>0,表现为稳定型种群．南方红豆杉种群更新的主要途径是无性繁殖,种群的数量动态主要受克隆内部调节机制以及外部环境的影响．生存分析结果表明,种群幼树幼苗的生存状态不稳定,死亡的可能性很大,而成年个体的生存状态则较为稳定．     

长白山水曲柳种群动态

通过对长白山水曲柳种群的调查,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,采用空间代替时间的方法,对水曲柳种群的年龄结构、静态生命表以及种群时间动态预测进行了分析。结果显示:长白山水曲柳种群幼龄个体偏少,中老龄个体较多。其中阔叶红松林中水曲柳种群主要依靠中老龄植株维持,幼龄个体缺乏;白桦次生林中水曲柳植株龄级较阔叶红松林幼龄,但仍然存在幼树缺乏现象。长白山水曲柳种群的存活曲线基本属于偏正态DeeveyⅢ型,总体呈现衰退趋势。种群时间动态预测显示,随着水曲柳老龄个体短暂增多后的逐渐减少,水曲柳种群逐渐衰退。因此建议在立足现有种群的维持保护上,研究水曲柳濒危机制,采取适当人工抚育措施,保证种群持续稳定发展。     

秦岭巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)种群结构与动态

为了阐明秦岭巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)种群的结构特征和动态规律,对位于秦岭中段南坡佛坪保护区内不同海拔分布的巴山冷杉种群的年龄结构、生命表以及存活曲线等进行了研究.结果表明: 在海拔2350、2500和2700 m,巴山冷杉种群都表现为衰退型,种群个体主要聚集在中龄级,幼龄级的个体都极度缺乏.在各海拔巴山冷杉种群生命表中,死亡量(dx)、死亡率(qx)和消失率(Kx)都为负值,反映了种群幼龄个体的缺乏程度.随着海拔的升高,幼龄级个体数量增加而大龄级个体数量减少.巴山冷杉种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,巴山冷杉种群个体存活量最多的年龄级和出现最大死亡率的年龄级都随着海拔的降低而依次后推.随着海拔的升高,巴山冷杉种群的分布格局由随机分布类型过渡为聚集分布类型.     

水杉原生母树种群结构与动态

为揭示水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)原生母树种群的生存现状与数量动态,预测未来种群的发展趋势,基于野外种群调查数据,对种群结构与动态进行探讨。结果表明:(1)种群自然更新不良,DBH40 cm的个体仅占种群个体总数的4.5%,纺锤型的径级结构表明种群属衰退型。(2)种群幼龄个体存活率较低,中龄个体生存能力强,Ⅷ龄级之后存活量快速减少,存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型;种群死亡率和消失率整体上都随龄级增大而升高,均在Ⅸ龄级达到最大值。(3)生存分析表明,种群呈前期略减、中期波动、后期衰退的特征;幼龄阶段是种群生活史中的脆弱环节,Ⅷ龄级之后种群进入生理衰退期。(4)时间序列预测表明,未来8年期间种群幼龄和中龄个体不断减少,老龄个体渐增,种群整体的长期稳定性难以维持。总之,幼龄个体严重缺乏是种群趋于衰退的主要原因,保持适当的人工辅助恢复和加强现有植株及其生境保护是种群更新复壮的关键。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense

Four phenolic amides, dihydro-N-caffeoyltyramine (1), trans-N-feruloyloctopamine (2), trans-N -caffeoyltyramine (3), and cis-N-caffeoyltyramine (4), were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller. All had an anti-fungal effect; compounds 1-3 were potent at 5-10 microg ml(-1) and were without hemolytic activity against human erythrocyte cells. Compound 4 was active at 40 microg ml(-1). All four compounds impeded the dimorphic transition of pathogen, Candida albicans.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).