水杉原生母树种群结构与动态

为揭示水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)原生母树种群的生存现状与数量动态,预测未来种群的发展趋势,基于野外种群调查数据,对种群结构与动态进行探讨。结果表明:(1)种群自然更新不良,DBH40 cm的个体仅占种群个体总数的4.5%,纺锤型的径级结构表明种群属衰退型。(2)种群幼龄个体存活率较低,中龄个体生存能力强,Ⅷ龄级之后存活量快速减少,存活曲线接近Deevey-Ⅲ型;种群死亡率和消失率整体上都随龄级增大而升高,均在Ⅸ龄级达到最大值。(3)生存分析表明,种群呈前期略减、中期波动、后期衰退的特征;幼龄阶段是种群生活史中的脆弱环节,Ⅷ龄级之后种群进入生理衰退期。(4)时间序列预测表明,未来8年期间种群幼龄和中龄个体不断减少,老龄个体渐增,种群整体的长期稳定性难以维持。总之,幼龄个体严重缺乏是种群趋于衰退的主要原因,保持适当的人工辅助恢复和加强现有植株及其生境保护是种群更新复壮的关键。     

长白山阔叶红松林红松种群年龄结构与数量动态特征

该研究以分布于长白山阔叶红松林内的红松(Pinus koraiensis)种群为对象, 通过编制种群静态生命表, 计算数量动态指数, 绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线和消失率曲线, 应用4个生存函数并引入谱分析和时间序列预测模型, 分析红松种群年龄结构, 揭示其天然更新过程及未来发展趋势, 以期为野生红松种群的保护和恢复提供科学依据。结果显示: 红松种群数量变化具有阶段性, 幼龄(I-III龄级)和成龄(VII-X龄级)个体数量多, 中龄(IV-VI龄级)和老龄(XI-XIV龄级)个体数量少, 形成明显间断的两个优势年龄分布区。种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅲ型, 表明幼龄个体死亡率高。忽略外部干扰时的总体数量动态变化指数大于>0, 表明红松种群为增长型; 考虑未来外部干扰时的种群动态变化指数趋近于0, 结合死亡率和消失率曲线呈现出连续先增后降的复杂动态变化趋势, 可知该种群受外界随机干扰时增长不明显。生存函数分析显示, 红松种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。谱分析表明红松种群天然更新呈周期性波动。未来2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10个龄级时间后, 红松幼、中龄个体数逐渐减少, 而成、老龄个体数量将逐渐增加。幼龄个体死亡率高、生存空间和资源条件有限, 老龄个体生理衰老明显是限制红松种群增长的主要原因。建议加强幼龄个体的抚育工作, 提高其存活率和生存质量; 保护和改善生存环境, 从而促进红松种群的自然更新和恢复。     

濒危植物太白红杉种群年龄结构及其时间序列预测分析

为了阐明太白红杉(Larix potaninii var.chinensis)种群的年龄结构和未来发展趋势,合理保护现有资源,在太白山地区调查了 29个样地(10 m×10m),对处于不同生境的 5个种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和时间序列预测进行了分析。种群年龄结构分析表明,各种群个体数量主要集中于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ龄级(个体数量比重占68.64％),幼、老龄个体数量较少。受所处生境条件影响,不同种群年龄结构特点不同:海拔较低的种群(B)由于水热条件适宜,林内有林窗出现,幼龄级个体数相对丰富;而其他种群由于幼龄个体严重缺乏,衰退趋势明显。太白红杉不同种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管所处的生境差异较大,但存活曲线基本属于Deevey Ⅲ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般V-Ⅸ龄级死亡率较高。时间序列分析表明,在未来20、60、100和200年中,各太白红杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增加后减少的趋势,种群稳定性维持困难。太白红杉种群年龄结构和动态趋势与银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)等其他濒危植物比较,导致种群衰退的原因相似:在郁闭的林下种子萌芽和幼苗生长困难。应该利用太白红杉喜光、耐旱和中老年个体产种量丰富的特性,对现有太白红杉林分实行就地保护,合理抚育管理。低海拔地区,应适当间伐非目的树种     

海南吊罗山濒危植物山铜材种群结构与动态特征

为探究海南吊罗山山铜材（Chunia bucklandioides）种群结构与动态特征，以当地山铜材野生种群为研究对象，将种群集中分布区域设为典型样地并开展样地调查，以空间代替时间构建种群年龄结构，采用动态量化分析、绘制存活曲线、计算生存函数等方法分析现有种群结构特点和动态特征，并通过时间序列预测模型推测种群未来发展趋势。结果表明：（1）吊罗山山铜材种群年龄结构接近不规则金字塔型，动态量化分析显示该种群为增长型种群，但第Ⅰ～Ⅲ龄级间存在衰退现象，种群增长性弱，稳定性差，受外界干扰敏感度高，有向稳定型种群转变的趋势。（2）随龄级增加，山铜材标准化存活个体数量减少，生命期望降低，死亡率和消失率总体呈上升趋势，存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型。（3）生存分析显示吊罗山山铜材种群具有前期增长、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点。（4）经过未来2、4、6龄级时间后，Ⅰ～Ⅲ龄级个体数量将逐渐减少，Ⅳ～Ⅶ龄级个体数量少量增加，幼龄苗木自我更新能力不足，种群存在规模收缩和衰退的风险。研究表明，生境碎片化、分布范围小、植株结实量少和幼龄个体不足是导致吊罗山山铜材濒危的主要因素，建议通过设立自然保护小区、辅助种子入...     

庐山黄山松种群结构及数量动态研究

庐山黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis)广泛分布于海拔800 m以上至山顶地段,在庐山现存植被中占有非常重要的地位。为了更好地了解黄山松在庐山的更新和演替情况,该文通过对庐山黄山松种群的调查,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,采用"空间代时间"的分析方法,编制庐山黄山松种群的静态生命表,结合种群结构动态指数、时间序列平均推移法模型等方法对黄山松的种群结构和数量动态进行了分析。结果表明:(1)庐山黄山松种群结构呈纺锤形,幼龄和老龄个体数量较少,中龄个体多,目前处于比较稳定的阶段。(2)黄山松种群死亡高峰出现在第8龄级,个体平均期望寿命第2龄级最大,种群存活曲线属于Deevey-Ⅰ型。(3)随着时间的推移,老龄个体逐渐增多,小径级出现缺失,种群表现出衰退趋势。建议在保护区经营和管理的过程中,对黄山松林进行适当的人工抚育,补植一些适宜的落叶阔叶树种,以丰富该地区的树种多样性以及群落结构。     

沼泽交错带白桦——长白落叶松优势种群的年龄结构及其动态

采用径级结构替代年龄结构与建立种群年龄结构模型相结合的方法,研究沼泽交错带白桦—长白落叶松优势种群的年龄结构特征。结果表明:白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群的年龄结构呈纺锤型,龄级—个体数间的关系可用Lognormal函数表征;种群动态量化指数V'_(pi)为辽东桤木(9.57%)白桦(4.02%)长白落叶松(1.83%),均趋近于0,说明种群处于稳定型向衰退型过渡阶段;白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群幼龄个体严重不足,白桦和辽东桤木种群的存活曲线趋于Odum-B3型,而长白落叶松种群趋于Deevey-I型。白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群具有前期增长、中后期衰退的特征;白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群数量受基波影响显著,种群整个生活史阶段未显现小周期波动,种群发展较稳定;随着时间的推移,在未来2、4和6个龄级后,白桦、长白落叶松和辽东桤木种群老龄个体数均有增加,但由于更新幼苗个体稀少,未来必然呈衰退趋势。森林—沼泽交错带的白桦、长白落叶松及辽东桤木种群对外界环境变化有强烈的敏感性和脆弱性,人类活动扰动会影响其发育与演变,从而提高了森林—沼泽交错带地区沼泽化的风险。因此,应减少人类活动对森林—沼泽交错带的干扰,加强对这一地区植被群落的保护与管理。     

山东半岛北部黑松海防林幼龄植株生长动态及其种群数量特征

黑松海防林是山东半岛北部海岸带典型的生态系统类型,对于维护沿海地区生态安全具有重要作用。为了对黑松海防林的天然更新动态和生存状况进行评价和预测,在山东半岛北部黑松海防林内设置3个样地,调查黑松幼龄植株的生长动态和种群数量特征。使用查数轮生枝法确定黑松幼龄植株的年龄,以空间代替时间的方法,探讨黑松幼龄植株的生长动态、年龄结构和空间分布特征;以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,编绘黑松幼龄植株的时间生命表,绘制存活曲线。结果表明：(1) 3个样地中幼龄植株高生长、基径生长与年龄均分别呈指数函数、直线和二次函数关系;(2) 3个样地黑松幼龄植株年龄结构存在着明显差异,分别表现为纺锤形、残缺型和金字塔型;(3) 幼龄植株主要集中分布在距最近立木0.3～1.2 m,离立木越近或越远幼龄植株均逐渐减少;(4) 对样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ黑松幼龄植株 生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,随年龄的增加,黑松幼龄植株生命期望值基本上呈递减趋势,黑松幼龄植株种群存活数也随着年龄的增加而降低;样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅲ黑松幼龄植株种群存活曲线近似于Deevey Ⅱ型,表明2个样地黑松幼龄植株种群处于稳定发展阶段;(5)样地Ⅱ幼龄植株种群结构很不完整,表明该种群属于衰退型,与人为干扰及坡度等有关。     

浑善达克沙地黄柳雌雄群体年龄结构及动态特征

植物种群年龄结构和动态对于揭示其生活史特征和发展趋势具有重要意义,但针对雌雄异株植物两性群体的研究却鲜有报道。黄柳是浑善达克沙地常见的一种雌雄异株植物,也是该地区最重要的固沙先锋植物,该研究通过对浑善达克沙地黄柳天然种群的实地调查,采用年龄结构图、静态生命表、存活曲线、生存分析以及时间序列分析等方法对黄柳雌雄群体现状和未来变化趋势进行研究。结果表明:(1)浑善达克沙地黄柳雌雄群体在年龄结构及发展趋势方面均存在差异,雌株群体的年龄结构表现为稳定型,雄株群体的年龄结构表现为衰退型。(2)浑善达克沙地黄柳种群中雌株个体数量约占总数的70%,雄株约占30%,性比偏雌现象明显。(3)动态变化指数表明,研究区黄柳雌株群体呈现"前期缺乏、中后期稳定"的变化特征,雄株群体呈现"前期缺乏、中后期波动"的变化特征。(4)研究区黄柳雌雄群体的存活曲线都趋近Deevey-Ⅱ型,且与生存分析结果共同显示雌株群体比雄株群体进入衰退期的时间早。(5)时间序列分析表明,随着时间的推移研究区黄柳的老龄个体数量逐渐增多,幼龄个体缺乏是导致雌雄群体衰退的重要原因;建议通过人工扦插补充雌雄幼龄个体以及平茬复壮中、老龄个体的方法以保证该地区黄柳天然种群的正常繁衍。     

峨眉山桫椤种群结构与动态特征

以峨眉山桫椤种群为研究对象,采用实地调查方法,以高度级(H)代替年龄级,通过建立种群静态生命表、绘制存活曲线、计算生存函数描绘其种群结构与动态特征,并运用时间序列预测模型,研究其种群生存现状及未来发展趋势。结果显示:(1)峨眉山桫椤种群结构呈现不规则金字塔形,桫椤种群内中龄级(0.6mH≤2.1m)的数量占样本总量的58.5%,幼龄级(H≤0.6m)与老龄级(H4.8m)分别占比12.7%和1%,幼龄个体匮乏,种群结构的维持与发展主要依靠中龄和成龄级(2.1mH≤4.8m)个体。(2)考虑未来外部干扰下的总体数量动态指数V′_(pi)=3.0270,种群总体呈现增长趋势,但增长幅度逐渐降低。(3)存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型,前期死亡率较为平稳,但后期死亡率有较大幅度上升,表明峨眉山桫椤种群具有前期减少,中期稳定,后期衰退的特点。(4)时间序列预测显示,桫椤种群在短暂增长过后,若不加以保护会逐渐走向衰退,甚至濒危。研究表明,峨眉山桫椤种群濒危的主要因素是幼树个体损失无法补充种群更新,建议在峨眉山设立局部自然保护区,并对幼苗进行抚育,加强对高效育种技术的研究,促进峨眉山桫椤种群的复壮与更新。     

塔里木河上游胡杨种群结构与动态

采用样带调查法对塔里木河上游3个断面8.5 hm2天然胡杨林进行野外调查,绘制了胡杨种群年龄结构图和存活曲线,结合种群动态量化方法与时间序列预测,分析种群结构与动态特征。结果表明:塔里木河上游胡杨种群密度随径级增大而减小,自疏指数接近-3/2,个体胸径达24 cm后种群密度保持相对稳定。中、下段胡杨种群年龄结构呈金字塔型,幼龄级所占比例较大、林分年轻;存活曲线为Deevey C型,且动态指数0,为增长种群。受所处生境条件影响,上段不同生境胡杨种群年龄结构差异明显。阿瓦提县胡杨种群结构呈金字塔型,幼龄级比例高达77.2%,存活曲线属Deevey C型,为增长种群;南口镇与托海乡胡杨种群结构呈壶型,幼龄级比例极低、中大龄级比例高达84.7%,存活曲线属Deevey A型,为衰退种群;沙黑里克镇胡杨种群结构呈钟型,存活曲线属Deevey A型,为暂时稳定种群。种群数量动态与时间序列分析表明,中、下段胡杨更新资源丰富,未来种群能够稳定增长;上段南口镇、托海乡与沙黑里克镇幼龄级数量随时间推移减少,种群向大老龄级发展,未来种群将走向衰退。总之,上段胡杨种群因更新资源不足而趋于衰退,未来保持适当的人工辅助恢复措施和加强保护现有植株及其生境是保持胡杨种群自然更新和进行种群恢复的关键。     

长白山林区核桃楸种群数量动态变化的研究

运用种群年龄结构、存活曲线统计和Leslie模型对长白山核桃楸种群在水胡林、针阔混交林、核桃楸占优杂木林和杂木林4种不同群落类型中种群数量动态变化进行了研究和预测。结果表明,核桃楸种群表现出衰退型的年龄结构特点,幼苗和幼树比例较小,种群在幼年期死亡率较高,反映出核桃楸种群15~20龄在个体经历了比较强烈的环境筛作用;Leslie模型预测显示,核桃楸幼苗数量和种群总数量在今后35年基本呈下降趋势,除在核桃楸占优的林分中种群维持增长外,在其它3中森林类型都表现出衰退趋势。因此,促进核桃楸的天然更新、加强幼苗幼树的抚育工作对长白山地区核桃楸种群的发展至关重要。     

Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Pinus thunbergii in the eastern coastal pine forests of Korea

We investigated the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal colonization status of Pinus thunbergii mature trees and regenerating seedlings varying in age in coastal pine forests on the east coast of Korea. We established one 20 × 20-m plot at each of two study sites at P. thunbergii coastal forests in Samcheok. Fifty soil blocks (5 × 5 × 15 cm) were sampled at regular intervals, and ten P. thunbergii seedlings of age 0, 1–3, 3–5, and 5–10 years were sampled in each study plot. In total of 27 ECM fungal taxa, Cenococcum geophilum was dominant, followed by Russula sp., Sebacina sp., and unidentified Cortinuris sp. in mature trees. In 0-year-old seedlings, some fungal species such as Sebacina sp., C. geophilum, and unidentified Cortinarius sp. were dominant whereas only C. geophilum was dominant after 1 year, and there were no apparent succession patterns in ECM fungal compositions beyond a host age of 1 year. Most ECM fungal taxa that had colonized seedlings of each age class were also observed in roots of mature trees in each site. These taxa accounted for 86.7–100% and 96.4–98.4% of ECM abundance in seedlings and mature trees, respectively. The results indicate that the species composition of ECM fungal taxa colonizing seedlings of different age in forests is similar to that of surrounding mature trees. Our results also showed that C. geophilum is a common and dominant ECM fungus in P. thunbergii coastal forests and might play a significant role in their regeneration.     

采伐对红松种群结构与动态的影响

红松是我国长白山阔叶红松林的主要建群种,受森林采伐的影响,种群数量急剧下降,现已被列为国家二级保护植物。通过绘制种群静态生命表、生存函数、存活曲线和径级分布图,研究原始林,15%择伐、40%择伐和皆伐后恢复的天然次生林内,红松种群结构和动态的变化规律。结果表明:(1)采伐干扰对红松种群的波动周期影响不大,15%的择伐强度可以提高红松种群的生存期望。(2)原始林和15%择伐林内红松种群存活曲线均为DeeveyⅡ型,种群处于稳定期;40%择伐林内存活曲线介于DeeveyⅡ型和DeeveyⅢ型之间,种群由稳定期向成熟期过渡;皆伐林内存活曲线为DeeveyⅠ型,种群处在增长期。(3)原始阔叶红松林林、15%择伐林和40%择伐林内,红松种群径级结构均呈稳定的倒J型,且在幼树阶段均存在生长更新的停滞现象;与原始林相比,15%择伐林内幼树比例略有下降;40%择伐林和皆伐迹地,随采伐强度的增加,幼树比例明显增大。(4)方差分析表明,4个种群的生存过程差异较大,采伐干扰对红松种群生存过程的影响达到显著水平。     

Rapid climate change-related growth decline at the southern range edge of Fagus sylvatica

Studies on Fagus sylvatica show that growth in populations toward the southern limit of this species' distribution is limited strongly by drought. Warming temperatures in the Mediterranean region are expected to exacerbate drought where they are not accompanied by increases in precipitation. We studied levels of annual growth in mature F. sylvatica trees over the last half‐century in the Montseny Mountains in Catalonia (northeast Spain). Our results show significantly lower growth of mature trees at the lower limit of this species' distribution when compared with trees at higher altitudes. Growth at the lower Fagus limit is characterized by a rapid recent decline starting in approximately 1975. By 2003, growth of mature trees had fallen by 49% when compared with predecline levels. This is not an age‐related phenomenon, nor is it seen in comparable populations at higher altitudes. Analysis of climate‐growth relationships suggests that the observed decline in growth is a result of warming temperatures and that, as precipitation in the region has not increased, precipitation is now insufficient to ameliorate the negative effects of increased temperatures on tree growth. As the climate‐response of the studied forest is comparable with that of F. sylvatica forests in other southern European regions, it is possible that this growth decline is a more widespread phenomenon. Warming temperatures may lead to a rapid decline in the growth of range‐edge populations and a consequent retreat of the species distribution in southern Europe. Assessment of long‐term growth trends across the southern range edge of F. sylvatica therefore merits further attention.     

Composition and seasonal dynamics of seed rain in broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest in Changbai Mountain, China

To explore the composition and spatio-temporal dynamics of seed rain in broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest, 150 seed traps were set up in a 25 hm2 plot in Changbai Mountain. Seeds, fruits, anthotaxy and others in seed traps were collected, identified and divided into 4 types. From 2005 to 2006, we collected 47 different types. Total number of seeds and fruits was 121291, including 23147 mature seeds and fruits (19.1% of the total). Tilia amurensis and Fraxinus mandshurica, with the most seeds and fruits, accounted for 90% of the total. The analysis on seasonal dynamics of seed rain showed that there were the largest number of seeds and fruits between July and October, which were composed of immature seeds and fruits. In mid-October, mature seeds and fruits reached their peak, but immature seeds and fruits still accounted for high proportion. There were 91 traps that contained 100–200 mature seeds and fruits, and one trap without any mature seed or fruit. The largest number of species found in a trap was 7, and usually 3 or 4 species were found in most of the traps. There were obvious relationships between spatial patterns of mature seeds and fruits and their parent trees, indicating that their mature seeds and fruits were not dispersed far from their parent trees.     

Gap regeneration of major tree species in different forest types of Japan

Gap regeneration of major tree species was examined, based on the pattern of gap phase replacement, in primary old-growth stands of warm-temperate, cool-temperate and subalpine forests, Japan. Using principal component analysis, the gap-regeneration behavior of major tree species could be divided into three guilds and that of Fagus crenata (monodominant species of cool-temperate forests). The criteria used for this division were total abundance of canopy trees and regenerations and relative abundance of regenerations to canopy trees. The gap-regeneration behavior of species in the first guild was that canopy trees regenerate in gaps from seedlings or saplings recruited before gap formation; they had higher total abundance and more abundant regenerations relative to their canopy trees. The gap-regeneration behavior of F. crenata was same as species in the first guild, but F. crenata had less abundant regenerations relative to its canopy trees. Species in the second guild had lower total abundance and less abundant regenerations to their canopy trees. The guild contained species whose canopy trees regenerate in gaps from seedlings or saplings recruited after gap formation or regenerate following largescale disturbance. The third guild consisted of species with lower total aboundance and more abundant regenerations relative to their canopy trees. The gap-regeneration behavior of some species in this guild was that trees regenerate in gaps from seedlings or saplings recruited before gap formation, and grow, mature, and die without reaching the canopy layer, while the gap-regeneration behavior of other species was same as that of species in the first guild or F. crenata. Major tree species of subalpine forests were not present in the third guild.     

Effects of anthropogenic intermixing on the genetic structure of Dybowski's frog populations in northeast China

The Dybowski's frog (Rana dybowskii) is mainly distributed in northeast China and the Russian Far East. Its dried oviduct, or frog oil, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Frogs from different geographic regions exhibit variations in their body mass and oil productivity. As a result, farmers usually import high quality breeding stock from different areas to increase oviduct productivity. This practice could alter the genetic structure of the frog populations. We used 10 microsatellite loci to investigate the level of genetic variation for 10 frog populations in the context of human-mediated disturbance. The study populations comprised the following: the Hebei, Tieli, and Jiamusi populations from the Lesser Khingan Mountains; the Mudanjiang, Jilin, Jiaohe, and Huadian populations from the north central Changbai Mountains; and the Tonghua, Benxi, and Xiuyan populations from the southern Changbai Mountains. Our results showed that the 3 Lesser Khingan Mountain populations exhibited highly significant differentiation values (F_ST = 0.047–0.071, P < 0.001). In addition, the Tonghua population differentiated significantly from the other 6 populations of the Changbai Mountains (P < 0.001). The genetic differentiation coefficient (F_ST) and gene flow (N_em) estimates showed that the Benxi and Jiaohe populations had a high degree of genetic similarity despite being geographically separated by mountains and river systems. We obtained similar results for the Xiuyan and Tieli populations. Furthermore, the degree of gene flow between the Jiamusi and the north central Changbai Mountain populations was greater than that observed between the Jiamusi and the other Lesser Khingan Mountain populations. These results therefore suggest that the Benxi, Xiuyan, and Jiamusi populations have undergone substantial intermixing because of human-mediated relocation. Economic demands make completely stopping the geographical relocation of Dybowski's frog in northeast China virtually impossible. Consequently, effective management strategies are now a high priority to ensure that conservationists and local economies can work together to guarantee the long-term survival of this species. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.     

长白山次生杨桦林优势更新幼苗空间分布及环境解释

为了解长白山次生杨桦林中优势更新幼苗的空间分布及其与环境因子之间的关系,以5.2 hm²（200 m×260 m）固定样地更新幼苗的全面定位调查和环境因子调查本底数据为基础,对样地内个体数量排序前5的优势更新幼苗进行分析。结果表明：在中小距离尺度上,水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）（0-90 m）、色木槭（Acer mono）（0-60 m）、紫椴（Tilia amurensis）（0-60 m、90-150 m）和假色槭（Acer pseudo-sieboldianums）（0-90 m）更新幼苗的空间分布关系为显著正自相关,呈聚集性分布;群落水平上,环境变量和空间变量对5种优势更新幼苗的空间分布变异解释能力为61%,其中,纯粹空间变量的解释度为56%,而纯粹环境变量的解释度不足1%;种群水平上,环境因子对更新幼苗的空间分布有一定影响,其中,水曲柳幼苗的空间分布与土壤有机质、土壤全钾和土壤水分显著相关,色木槭幼苗的空间分布与土壤有机质和土壤全磷显著相关,紫椴幼苗的空间分布与土壤全磷显著相关,假色槭幼苗的空间分布与土壤水分显著相关;簇毛槭（Acer barbinerve）幼苗的空间分布与环境因子未表现出显著的相关性。长白山次生杨桦林中优势更新幼苗多为聚集性分布,环境因子对其分布有一定影响。     

Mycorrhizal networks and distance from mature trees alter patterns of competition and facilitation in dry Douglas-fir forests

The distribution of dry Douglas-fir forests in western North America is expected to shift northward with climate change and disappear from the grassland interface in the southern interior of British Columbia. This shift may be accentuated by clearcutting, a common harvesting practice that aims to reduce the competitive effects of residual mature trees on new regeneration, but in so doing, ignores their facilitative effects. In this study, we investigated the net effects of competition from and facilitation by mature trees retained on harvested sites on seedling establishment in the dry interface Douglas-fir forests. We demonstrate that access to a mycorrhizal network (MN) and proximity to trees have important influences on seedling performance. On six sites, we established trenched plots around 24 mature Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Douglas-fir) trees, then planted Douglas-fir seedlings into four mesh treatments that served to restrict MN access (i.e., planted into mesh bags with 0.5-, 35-, or 250-μm pores, or without mesh) or into impermeable bags (grown in isolation) at four distances (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 m). Seedling survival tended to be greater and water stress lower where seedlings had full access to the MN. Seedling height, shoot biomass, needle biomass, and nutrient uptake peaked at 2.5–5.0 m from mature trees. Seedlings 0.5 m from mature trees had lower CO₂ assimilation rates and wood δ¹³C compared to seedlings 5.0 m away. Competition for soil resources was highest near mature trees but facilitation was relatively greater at further distances, resulting in a zone of net benefit for seedlings. These results show that intraspecific tree-seedling interactions are both competitive and facilitative in dry Douglas-fir forests, and that they are spatially dependent. After disturbance, maintaining residual mature trees may be important for their beneficial regeneration zones. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Long-distance dispersal helps germinating mahogany seedlings escape defoliation by a specialist caterpillar

Herbivores and pathogens with acute host specificity may promote high tree diversity in tropical forests by causing distance- and density-dependent mortality of seedlings, but evidence is scarce. Although Lepidoptera larvae are the most abundant and host-specific guild of herbivores in these forests, their impact upon seedling distributions remains largely unknown. A firm test of the mechanism underpinning the Janzen–Connell hypothesis is difficult, even for a single tree species, because it requires more than just manipulating seeds and seedlings and recording their fates. Experimental tests require: (1) an insect herbivore that is identified and highly specialised, (2) linkage to an in situ measure (or prevention) of herbivory, and (3) evaluation and confirmation among many conspecific adult trees across years. Here we present experimental evidence for a spatially explicit interaction between newly germinating seedlings of a Neotropical emergent tree, big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla, Meliaceae), and caterpillars of a noctuid moth (Steniscadia poliophaea). In the understory of a southeastern Amazon forest, the proportion of attacks, leaf area lost, and seedling mortality due to this specialised herbivore peaked near Swietenia trees, but declined significantly with increasing distance from mature fruiting trees, as predicted by the Janzen–Connell hypothesis. We conclude that long-distance dispersal events (>50 m) provided an early survival advantage for Swietenia seedlings, and propose that the role of larval Lepidoptera as Janzen–Connell vectors may be underappreciated in tropical forests.