河北小五台山国家级自然保护区森林群落与环境的关系

植物与环境之间的关系是一个复杂的演变过程,运用数量生态学方法探讨森林群落的物种组成、种群的生态特征、不同植物群落与环境之间的关系,有助于保护该区森林群落的稳定性和生物多样性。根据148个森林群落样方数据,选用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,对河北小五台山国家级自然保护区森林群落进行分类和排序研究。结果表明:(1)TWINSPAN将该区的森林群落分为20个类型;(2)CCA排序结果较好地反映出群落分布格局与环境梯度的关系,各个森林群落类型在前两轴分异明显,在11个环境因子中,海拔、坡位、凋落层厚度、土壤导电率、土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤厚度和干扰程度这8个环境因子对森林群落的分布起较大的作用,影响森林群落的分布格局,形成不同的植被类型。(3)乔木层优势种的CCA二维排序图所揭示的环境梯度与群落类型的分布有很大的相似性;t值双序图阐明了海拔、凋落层厚度、土壤温度、干扰程度等环境因子对森林群落乔木层优势种有着重要影响。采用TWINSPAN分类与CCA排序的方法,较好地解释了森林群落与环境因子的关系,为小五台山地区森林生态系统的科学管理和保护提供了理论依据,研究结果也为同类地区森林生态系统研究及保护提供参考和借鉴。     

南京外秦淮河河岸带草本花卉群落分类与排序

探索南京外秦淮河河岸带草本花卉群落类型及其分布情况,确定影响草本花卉及群落分布的主要环境因子,为秦淮河生态恢复及河流生态廊道的构建提供科学依据。基于对外秦淮河草本植物群落的实际调查数据,采用平均聚合聚类(UPGMA)进行聚类分析,运用α多样性指数分析不同类型群落的多样性特征,运用除趋势对应分析(DCA)对样点分布进行分析,利用典范对应分析(CCA)对物种和样点进行排序,研究外秦淮河河岸带草本花卉群落组成与分布及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：(1)利用UPGMA将外秦淮河河岸带调查的草本花卉划分为4种不同类型的群落,与样点DCA排序结果较为一致;(2)群落Ⅳ、群落Ⅲ和群落Ⅱ的物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou均匀度指数表现较好,而群落Ⅰ最差;(3)通过CCA排序可知,第一排序轴与枯落物厚度相关性最强,第二排序轴与坡度显著相关;(4)外秦淮河草本花卉分布与群落分布均受环境因子影响。     

不同采伐强度对阔叶红松林主要树种空间分布格局和物种空间关联性的影响

分析采伐后森林群落中物种的空间格局有助于认识该格局形成的生态学过程、种群的生物学特性及其与环境因子之间的相互关系,并对制定可持续的森林经营方案具有重要意义。以长白山地区经历不同采伐方式形成的阔叶红松林次生林为研究对象,利用空间点格局分析的研究方法,探讨了采伐对阔叶红松林主要树种空间分布格局、种间关联性以及更新的影响。研究结果显示:较低强度的择伐对阔叶红松林主要树种的空间分布格局、种间关联性的改变较小,群落可以在较短时间内恢复。中等强度的择伐减少了成年树种对幼树的抑制作用,可以促进森林的天然更新。皆伐后,森林的群落结构,物种的空间分布格局、种间关联性都发生显著变化,尽管更新状况良好,但要恢复到伐前水平仍需要较长时间。择伐不仅通过改变主要树种的密度对阔叶红松林群落结构产生影响,还通过改变物种空间关联性改变群落的结构动态。因此,在制定森林生态系统经营管理方案时,不仅要选择适合的采伐强度,还要综合考虑采伐时物种的选择以及种间关系。     

黑龙江省东部山区森林植物物种多样性的研究

通过对黑龙江省东部山区原始阔叶红松林和次生林物种多样性的比较研究,结合定量化的群落动态和环境梯度,分析论证了演替阶段、环境梯度、生长状况及干扰与物种多样性的相关关系。结论如下：次生林物种多样性高于原始阔叶红松林,但均匀度较原始林小;物种多样性较高的群落其森林生产力中等,森林生产力较大的群落其物种多样性小;中度干扰的群落,其物种多样性较高,而重度和轻度干扰的群落,其多样性低;物种多样性指数从演替初期到中期不断增加,到演替后期逐渐下降。     

大源溪流域马尾松林群落类型划分及物种多样性

采用可变聚合法、除趋势对应分析(DCA)及典范对应分析(CCA)对楠溪江上游大源溪流域马尾松林群落类型进行划分,并探讨马尾松林群落的物种多样性。结果表明:(1)通过可变聚合法数量分类,将27个含有马尾松的样地划分为8种群落类型,8种群落类型在DCA排序图上具有明确边界,乔木层优势种是理想的森林群落数量分类依据;(2)由于研究区内森林资源受人为经营干扰严重,蒙特卡罗置换检验表明,CCA排序结果无法接受自然环境因子对物种样方的分布解释,不过结合排序轴特征值可以推测土壤有效氮含量与物种分布具有较强的相关性;(3)马尾松重要值与海拔、有效氮及有效磷均呈边缘显著性相关,与乔木层和草本层多样性呈显著负相关;(4)方差分析表明,与针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林相比,马尾松林的乔木层物种多样性明显较低,其灌木层和草本层多样性虽然较低,但与其他群落类型相比均未表现出显著性差异。     

西双版纳20公顷样地热带森林植被数量分类与排序

为了区分热带森林的群落特征并了解其群落特征与地形因子之间的相互关系,以西双版纳20 hm2森林动态监测样地为研究对象,对样地内500个森林群落样方采用Cluster聚类分析方法进行分类和采用除趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)方法进行排序。结果表明:(1)西双版纳热带森林动态监测样地森林群落分为2个类型:热带季节雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林;(2)植被类型的划分与CCA排序的结果相吻合,CCA排序轴第一、二轴呈现了海拔和凹凸度的梯度变化,并且两者总体上可以对83.9%的植被分布格局进行解释,表明海拔和凹凸度因子对该地区植被类型的分布起着决定性作用;(3)对优势物种的DCA和CCA排序表明不同物种对地形的要求存在差异,其分布格局同样主要受海拔和凹凸度的影响;(4)聚类分析与DCA和CCA排序的结果,同时表明了该地区森林植被的垂直分布格局。此方法可有效解释植被分布格局与地形之间的内在联系,为热带森林的管理和保护提供科学依据。     

长白山北坡阔叶红松林及其次生白桦林高等植物物种多样性比较

应用Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ和Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ多样性指数及其相应的均匀度,对阔叶红松林及其次生白桦林的高等植物物种多样性进行了对比研究．结果表明,对于木本植物,次生白桦林物种多样性高于阔叶红松林;而对于草本植物,情况正好相反．但在次生白桦林中,无论木本植物还是草本植物,占优势的物种都是一些常见种,而许多阔叶红松林中的珍稀或特有物种在次生白桦林中数量很少,有些甚至完全消失．对群落各种群多度分布的检验表明,２种森林类型中,无论木本植物还是草本植物,各种群的多度分布都遵从对数级数分布．     

藏北高原草地群落的数量分类与排序

采用TWINSPAN数量分类和DCA、CCA排序的方法,对藏北高原草地29个样点进行统计分析。结果显示:(1)TWINSPAN数量分类将藏北高寒草地群落划分成10种类型。(2)样点DCA排序第一轴基本反映了水分环境梯度,第二轴基本反映了热量梯度。(3)TWINSPAN分类所划分的各群落在DCA排序图上都有各自的分布范围和界限,说明DCA排序能较好的反应各优势群落与其环境资源之间的关系。(4)样点CCA排序表明,影响群落分布的首要环境因子是水分因子(年均降水量)和空间因子(经度),其次是热量因子(年均温度),CCA排序进一步阐明了群落分布决定于水分和温度等环境因子,并间接验证了TWINSPAN的分类结果。(5)物种CCA排序和TWINSPAN分类结果表明:植物群落中物种的分布格局与植物群落类型的分布格局存在一定的相似性。     

宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物群落物种多样性研究

通过野外植被调查,研究了宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物群落组成与结构、物种多样性变化;采用典范对应分析（CCA）对植物群落分布与土壤性状关系进行了分析。结果表明：（1）风沙区荒漠草原物种较为单一,多集中在6~13种;不同群落类型间地上生物量和盖度差异显著;群落内竞争性较弱的物种减少,优势种具有较高的重要值。（2）群落间物种多样性差异显著,但变化趋势并不一致;物种多样性指数与丰富度指数、均匀度指数的相关系数分别为0.975 7和0.880 2,而与优势度指数相关系数为-0.519 8。（3）CCA结果表明,土壤含水率、有机质以及氮磷钾含量较高、容重小时,植物物种相对丰富;对群落分布影响较大的环境因子是土壤水分、容重和土壤有机质,相关系数分别为-0.742 8、0.683 8、0.532 9,物种和群落二者在CCA排序轴相关性较大的土壤因子较为一致。研究认为,宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物优势种在群落中的地位明显,物种丰富度对植物多样性的影响大于均匀度,土壤水分是影响该区草原植物群落分布的决定性环境因子。     

古田山10种主要森林群落类型的α和β多样性格局及影响因素

古田山国家级自然保护区地处中亚热带, 地形复杂, 森林群落类型丰富。我们在保护区内10种主要森林群落类型中网格化布置并调查了79个20 m × 20 m样地, 分析了不同群落类型内及相互间的α (Shannon-Wiener指数)、β (Horn-Morisita相异性指数)多样性分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明: (1) α多样性主要受到群落类型、海拔和坡向的影响。α多样性在不同群落类型间差异显著, 并且随海拔升高、坡向从南到北, α多样性增大。(2) β多样性主要受到群落类型和海拔的影响, 受空间距离的影响不显著。不同群落类型间的β多样性显著大于同一群落类型内部, 并且随海拔升高β多样性增大。总体而言, 群落类型和海拔是古田山森林群落α和β多样性的主要影响因子, 表明生境过滤等机制对该区域的森林物种多样性格局起着主要作用。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.