饲料中添加苜蓿草粉对草鱼生长、肌肉品质和血清抗氧化指标的影响

为研究苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)草粉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)生长性能、肌肉品质和血清抗氧化指标的影响, 在基础饲料(粗蛋白: 32.0%, 粗脂肪: 4.12%)中分别添加0(对照组)、5%、10%、15%和20%的苜蓿草粉, 饲喂初始体重为(50.04±0.04) g的草鱼, 每个处理3个重复, 进行为期61d的养殖实验。结果表明: (1)与对照组相比, 20%苜蓿组的特定生长率显著降低(P<0.05), 15%苜蓿组的饲料系数和摄食率显著升高(P<0.05)。除5%苜蓿组外, 其余苜蓿添加组草鱼的肥满度显著降低(P<0.05); (2)饲料中添加苜蓿草粉显著降低草鱼肌肉中硫代巴比妥酸值和乳酸含量(P<0.05)。10%和15%苜蓿组草鱼肌肉羟脯氨酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。此外, 在添加苜蓿草粉后, 草鱼肌肉失水率显著升高(P<0.05)。除20%苜蓿组外, 其余苜蓿添加组草鱼肌肉黏附性显著升高(P<0.05), 草鱼肌肉硬度在10%苜蓿组显著高于对照组(P<0.05); (3)20%苜蓿组草鱼血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比, 15%、20%苜蓿组草鱼血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力显著升高, 丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述, 当苜蓿草粉的添加量不超过15%时, 对草鱼生长性能没有显著性影响, 且能改善草鱼肌肉品质, 提高血清抗氧化能力。因此, 草鱼饲料中苜蓿草粉的添加量不应超过15%。     

共轭亚油酸对前脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响

培养前脂肪细胞3T3-L1,MTT法检测CLA对3T3-L1增殖的影响;以油红O染色检测3T3-L1分化过程胞内脂肪的堆积;同时采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测CLA对过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ2(PPARγ2)mRNA表达的影响.结果显示: t10,c12-CLA以及CLA混合物对前脂肪细胞3T3-L1增殖均有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05).油红染色比色结果表明,t10,c12-CLA具有显著的抑制脂肪分化作用(P<0.05).RT-PCR结果显示,在前脂肪细胞3T3-L1分化过程中,经100 μmol/L t10,c12-CLA和50 μmol/L t10,c12-CLA处理后PPARγ2 mRNA表达量分别为对照组的52.1%,83.0%.     

玉屏风多糖合生元对热应激草鱼免疫性能的影响

为研究不同浓度的玉屏风多糖合生元对热应激草鱼免疫性能的影响, 选360尾健康草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella (20±2) g, 随机分为4组。其中Ⅰ组为对照组, 试验组(Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组)在饲喂基础日粮的基础上分别添加0.08%、0.12%和0.20%玉屏风多糖, 并在饲喂前按复合益生菌体积(mL)/饲料重(g)为 1%的剂量添加复合益生菌拌料, 整个试验期为21d。在饲养试验结束后, 对草鱼进行热应激48h处理, 在0h、6h、24h和48h的4个时间点采集样品并测定血清、肝脏生化指标和肝脏相关基因表达量。结果表明: Ⅲ组草鱼血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)在各时间点均显著低于对照组(P<0.05); 同时, 草鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)在各时间点均不同程度高于对照组, 其中SOD在0h和24h(P<0.05), GR在0h和 48h均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而MDA均低于对照组, 其中在24h和48h显著低于对照组(P<0.05); 草鱼肝脏中Nrf2、Cu/Zn-SOD、GSH-Px、GR、HSP70和MHC Ⅱ相对表达量在各时间点均不同程度高于对照组, 其中GR和MHC II相对表达量在各时间点均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而Keap1和IL-8在各时间点均在不同程度低于对照组, 其中Keap1在各时间点均显著低于对照组(P<0.05), IL-8均差异不显著(P>0.05)。总之, 随着热应激时间的延长, 草鱼的血清和肝脏生化指标、肝脏相关基因表达量均产生了不同程度的变化, 说明热应激后草鱼产生了强烈的应激反应。在饲料中添加0.12%的玉屏风多糖合生元最有利于提高草鱼的抗氧化应激能力, 有效缓解肝脏氧化损伤, 具有较好的免疫调节作用。     

棉籽浓缩蛋白替代饲料中豆粕对草鱼生长性能、健康状况及肌肉品质的影响

研究旨在探讨以棉籽浓缩蛋白(Cottonseed protein concentrate, CPC)替代饲料中豆粕对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)生长性能、健康状况及肌肉品质的影响。设计了6种等氮(29%)等脂(5%)饲料,分别用棉籽浓缩蛋白替代草鱼饲料中0 (C0)、15%(C15)、30%(C30)、45%(C45)、75%(C75)和100%(C100)的豆粕,饲喂养殖于池塘网箱中平均体重为(502.46±0.40) g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon Idella)90d。结果显示:(1)在生长性能方面,草鱼的特定生长率和饲料系数在各组之间均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与C0组相比, C45组草鱼的脏体比显著升高(P<0.05)。(2)在健康状况方面, C100组血清白球比显著低于C0组(P<0.05), C15组血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于C0组(P<0.05);各组草鱼肝脏、肌肉组织未发生病变。(3)在肌肉品质方面,与C0组相比, C75组草鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量和C30组异亮氨酸含量显著升高(P<0.0...     

酶解豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈的生长性能、消化酶活性、肝脏功能及代谢的影响

研究旨在探究酶解豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)的生长性能、消化酶活力、肝脏抗氧化能力以及代谢率的影响, 以植物蛋白复合物(酶解豆粕 鲶玉米蛋白粉=10 鲶1)替代部分鱼粉, 酶解豆粕的添加量分别为0 (E0组)、15% (E15组)、20% (E20组)、25% (E25组)和30% (E30组), 各组替代鱼粉的量分别为0、23.64%、30.91%、40%和47.27%, 并在E20组(替代30.91%的鱼粉)的基础上, 将添加量为20%的酶解豆粕改用豆粕(SBM组)或发酵豆粕(FSBM组)等蛋白替代鱼粉, 配制等氮等能的试验饲料。将初始体重为(17.17±0.14) g的大口黑鲈随机分为7组, 分别投喂7种不同的试验饲料, 养殖周期为67d。结果显示: (1) E25和E30的特定生长率和增重率显著高于其他组(P<0.05), 各组的饲料系数无显著性差异。E25和E30组的存活率较低, 可能与摄食不均衡, 小个体被残杀有关, 这也可能造成E25和E30组的生长性能显著高于其他组。随着酶解豆粕添加量的增加, 脏体比、肝体比、全鱼脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05); 豆粕、酶解豆粕、发酵豆粕分别替代30.91%鱼粉时, FSBM组的特定生长率显著低于E20组(P<0.05), 脏体比、肝体比显著高于其他两组(P<0.05)。(2) 随着酶解豆粕替代鱼粉的比例不断增大, 肠道淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力呈先上升后下降的趋势, 均高于对照组; E20和E30组的胃蛋白酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05); 3种豆粕分别替代30.91%的鱼粉时, FSBM组肠道淀粉酶活力显著高于其他两组(P<0.05), 肠道脂肪酶活力的变化趋势则相反。(3) 肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)显著高于对照组(P<0.05, 除E30组肝脏ALT外), 肝脏丙二醛(MDA)呈下降趋势; E20、SBM与FSBM三组中, FSBM组的肝脏MDA、ALT显著低于其他两组(P<0.05), 肝脏AST活力依次为E20>FSBM>SBM; (4) 在酶解豆粕替代鱼粉后, 各组的耗氧率有显著升高的趋势(P<0.05), E20、E25和E30组的排氨率显著高于对照组(P<0.05), E20和E30组肌肉氮的保留率显著高于其他组(P<0.05); 酶解豆粕替代鱼粉对大口黑鲈血清的游离脂肪酸(NEFA)、总胆固醇(T-CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)都有显著的影响。3种不同豆粕分别替代30.91%鱼粉时, FSBM组的耗氧率显著低于E20和SBM组 (P<0.05), 排氨率显著高于其他两组(P<0.05); 豆粕组(SBM组)的血清T-CHO显著高于其他两组, 而血清LDL-C与肌肉脂肪含量呈相反的结果; E20组的血清TG显著低于其他两组。综上所述, 饲料中酶解豆粕的添加量小于30%时, 对大口黑鲈的生长无不利影响, 但有利于减轻肝脏氧化应激负担, 并提高代谢水平。普通豆粕、酶解豆粕与发酵豆粕均可以替代30.91%鱼粉, 且酶解豆粕的替代效果最好。     

饲料中添加杜仲叶粉对黄河鲤体成分、肌肉氨基酸组成和生理指标的影响

试验以黄河鲤(Cyprinus carpio)为研究对象, 以饲料中杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)叶粉0添加组为对照组, 2%、4%、6%和8%添加组为实验组, 每组3个平行, 对黄河鲤[体重: (505.13±1.37) g]进行55d的投喂试验, 旨在探讨杜仲叶粉在黄河鲤饲料中的应用效果。结果表明: (1)黄河鲤背肌脂肪含量随饲料中杜仲叶粉添加量升高显著下降, 粗蛋白含量显著上升(P<0.05)。除6%添加组外, 鱼体粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪鲜重含量随杜仲叶粉添加量升高呈上升趋势(P<0.05), 鱼体鲜重水分含量呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05); (2)在黄河鲤肌肉中检出16种氨基酸, 杜仲叶粉添加显著影响肌肉中苏氨酸、丝氨酸和组氨酸含量(P<0.05)。酸味氨基酸总量与总氨基酸比值在2%添加组显著高于其他处理组, 药效氨基酸总量与总氨基酸比值则在2%添加组显著低于其他处理组(P<0.05); (3)黄河鲤血浆和肝脏中GSH-PX、MDA、AKP和ACP活性随饲料中杜仲叶粉添加量增加整体呈先升高后降低趋势, 血浆和肝脏中SOD活性呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05)。血浆GSH-PX活性和MDA含量在6%处理组显著最高(P<0.05), AKP活性在4%处理组、ACP活性在8%添加组显著最高(P<0.05), SOD活性至8%处理组升至对照水平。肝脏GSH-PX活性和MDA含量在4%处理组显著最高(P<0.05), AKP活性则在6%处理组显著最高(P<0.05), ACP活性在4%处理组显著升至最高后维持在此水平(P<0.05), 肝脏SOD活性至8%处理组显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)。综上, 综合考虑鱼体肌肉和全鱼营养成分、肌肉氨基酸组成及血液和肝脏生理指标, 推荐黄河鲤成鱼饲料中杜仲叶粉添加量在4%—6%。     

放养密度对IPRA养殖太湖鲂鲌生长、抗氧化酶及肠道微生物群落的影响

为探讨池塘内循环流水养殖(In-pond Raceway Aquaculture, IPRA)太湖鲂鲌幼鱼的合理放养密度,以初始体重为(5.58±0.45) g的太湖鲂鲌幼鱼为研究对象,设置3个放养密度:0.5 (SD1)、1.0 (SD2)、1.5 kg/m³ (SD3),在养殖第90、第120、第150、第180天采样,对其生长性能、血清和肝脏抗氧化酶活力进行分析,实验结束后分析肠道微生物群落组成。生长结果表明:养殖120d,当放养密度超过1.0 kg/m³时,太湖鲂鲌幼鱼的体重和特定生长率(SGR)显著降低(P<0.05),养殖150—180d,体重和SGR随着放养密度的升高显著降低(P<0.05)。血清抗氧化酶结果表明:养殖90d,太湖鲂鲌血清抗氧化酶的活力随着放养密度的升高而增加, SD3组显著高于SD1组(P<0.05)。养殖150—180d,血清抗氧化酶的活力随着放养密度的升高而降低,养殖180d, SD3组抗氧化酶的活力显著低于SD1组(P<0.05)。肝脏抗氧化酶结果表明:养殖150—180d,肝脏中...     

枯草芽孢杆菌对草鱼肝脏脂质代谢的调节作用

为研究益生枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)肝脏脂质代谢及抗氧化功能的影响, 实验设置对照组(Con组)、Aeromonas hydrophila组(Ah组)、Aeromonas hydrophila+Bacillus subtilis组(Ah+Bs组)、Bacillus subtilis+Aeromonas hydrophila组(Bs+Ah组), 三个实验组均腹腔注射1×105 CFU/fish嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila), 枯草芽孢杆菌饲料含菌量为1×107 CFU/g, 实验周期为56d, 并于第28和第56天取样。结果表明, 与Ah组相比, 投喂枯草芽孢杆菌饲料后, (1)体增重率、特定生长率显著增加(P<0.05); (2) 28d时肝脏油红O染色脂滴面积及脂肪含量显著下降(P<0.05); (3)调节血脂代谢及缓解肝脏损伤: 血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量升高, 谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05); (4)调节脂质代谢: 28d时乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的表达水平下调, 脂蛋白脂酶及脂肪甘油三酯脂肪酶的表达水平上调; (5)增强肝脏抗氧化能力、减少脂质过氧化的发生: 肝脏超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽、总抗氧化能力提高; 丙二醛及过氧化氢含量降低。综上, 在饲料中添加益生枯草芽孢杆菌可以增强草鱼的抗氧化能力, 缓解机体因嗜水气单胞菌感染造成的肝脏损伤, 调节肝脏脂质代谢功能, 减少脂质在肝脏中的积累, 并促进草鱼的生长。     

不同形式蛋氨酸对黄鳝生长、血清生化、血清游离氨基酸含量及肌肉品质的影响

以初始体重(30.00±0.45) g的黄鳝(Monopterus albus)为研究对象, 以低鱼粉饲料为对照组, 在低鱼粉饲料中分别添加蛋氨酸有效含量为2 g/kg的晶体蛋氨酸(C-Met)、包膜蛋氨酸(E-Met)、蛋氨酸羟基类似物钙盐(MHA-Ca)、蛋氨酸羟基类似物(MHA), 研究其在低鱼粉黄鳝饲料中的利用效果, 共5个处理组, 养殖试验持续10周。结果表明: (1)在低鱼粉饲料中添加蛋氨酸均有提高黄鳝增重率和蛋白质效率比、降低饲料系数的趋势, 其中MHA-Ca和MHA组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。(2)在低鱼粉饲料中添加蛋氨酸均显著提高了肠道胰蛋白酶活力、血清胆汁酸、总胆固醇、总蛋白、尿素氮和血氨含量、肌肉黏附性与胶黏性(P<0.05); 添加MHA-Ca和MHA显著提高了肠道淀粉酶活力、血清葡萄糖和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量、肝脏谷草转氨酶活力、全鱼粗蛋白含量、肌肉硬度、弹性和咀嚼性(P<0.05), 显著降低了黄鳝肝体比与血清谷草转氨酶活力(P<0.05)。(3)对照组在摄食6h出现蛋氨酸吸收峰值, C-Met与MHA-Ca组均在摄食后9h出现蛋氨酸吸收峰值, E-Met组在摄食后12h出现蛋氨酸吸收峰值, MHA组分别在摄食后3h和9h出现蛋氨酸峰值。结果表明, 在低鱼粉饲料中添加蛋氨酸均能提高黄鳝生长和氨基酸代谢, 且MHA-Ca与MHA效果较佳。     

饲料中添加胆汁酸对欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼肝脏脂肪代谢的影响

文章旨在研究饲料中添加胆汁酸对欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)幼鱼肝脏脂肪代谢的影响。将养殖欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼的9口水泥池[初始规格(141.5±1.9) g/尾;初始鱼重(682±23) kg/池]随机分为3个处理组,每组3口池,分别投喂基础饲料(对照组)、基础饲料添加500 mg/kg胆汁酸(BA1组)、基础饲料添加1000 mg/kg胆汁酸(BA2组)的饲料。实验期为15周。实验结果表明, BA组比对照组欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼肝脏组织中脂肪空泡数量明显减少,肝脏粗脂肪水平显著降低(P<0.05)。BA组欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼肝脏脂肪酸合成酶水平显著降低(P<0.05),仅BA1组乙酰辅酶A羧化酶水平显著降低(P<0.05), BA组肝脂酶、脂蛋白酯酶和总脂酶活性均显著升高(P<0.05); BA组间上述酶活性或水平均无显著差异(P>0.05)。BA1组欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼肝脏磷脂酰胆碱和溶血磷脂酰胆碱水平上调,主要是甘油磷脂代谢和甘油酯代谢增强。由此可见,欧洲鳗鲡幼鱼饲料中添加胆汁酸可通过降低脂肪合成有关酶水平及增加脂肪分解有关酶活性,主要增强甘油磷脂代谢和甘油酯代谢,...     

THE EFFECTS OF VALINE LEVEL ON PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL INDEXES,LIPID CONTENT AND GENE EXPRESSION INVOLVED IN LIPID METABOLISM IN COBIA (RACHYCENTRONCANADUM)

实验旨在研究饲料缬氨酸水平对军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)[初始体质量为(40.90.8) g]鱼体脂肪含量、血浆生化指标和肝脏脂肪代谢基因表达的影响。在基础饲料中梯度添加晶体缬氨酸, 配制出缬氨酸含量分别为1.26% (缺乏组)、2.21% (适量组)和2.62% (过量组)3种等氮等脂饲料, 饲喂养殖在海水浮式网箱的军曹鱼10周, 每天饱食投喂2次。结果表明, 缬氨酸缺乏组的军曹鱼鱼体和肌肉脂肪含量显著低于缬氨酸适量组和过量组(P0.05)。肝脏脂肪含量随着饲料中缬氨酸含量从1.26%升高到2.21%而显著升高(P0.05), 然后随之而逐渐下降(P0.05)。军曹鱼血浆总蛋白和总胆固醇含量在缬氨酸缺乏饲料组显著低于其他各处理组(P0.05)。饲料缬氨酸水平对军曹鱼血浆谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶均无显著影响(P0.05)。军曹鱼肝脏固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1 (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, SREBP-1)基因表达水平和肝脏脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)表达量, 均随着饲料缬氨酸水平增加而显著升高(P0.05)。军曹鱼肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, PPAR)表达量在缬氨酸适量组, 显著低于过量组(P0.05), 而与缺乏组差异不显著(P0.05)。而随着缬氨酸含量升高, 肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶-1 (CPT-1, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1)表达量逐渐下降(P0.05)。总之, 饲料缺乏缬氨酸可减少军曹鱼鱼体脂肪积累。饲料中缬氨酸水平对军曹鱼鱼体脂肪沉积的影响, 可能是通过调控脂肪合成和-氧化相关基因表达而实现的。     

Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid composition, metabolism and gene expression in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissues

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) affects fat deposition and lipid metabolism in mammals, including livestock. To determine CLA effects in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a major farmed fish species, fish were fed for 12 weeks on diets containing fish oil or fish oil with 2% and 4% CLA supplementation. Fatty acid composition of the tissues showed deposition of CLA with accumulation being 2 to 3 fold higher in muscle than in liver. CLA had no effect on feed conversion efficiency or growth of the fish but there was a decreased lipid content and increased protein content after 4% CLA feeding. Thus, the protein:lipid ratio in whole fish was increased in fish fed 4% CLA and triacylglycerol in liver was decreased. Liver beta-oxidation was increased whilst both red muscle beta-oxidation capacity and CPT1 activity was decreased by dietary CLA. Liver highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) biosynthetic capacity was increased and the relative proportion of liver HUFA was marginally increased in salmon fed CLA. CLA had no effect on fatty acid Delta6 desaturase mRNA expression, but fatty acid elongase mRNA was increased in liver and intestine. In addition, the relative compositions of unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids changed after CLA feeding. CLA had no effect on PPARalpha or PPARgamma expression in liver or intestine, although PPARbeta2A expression was reduced in liver at 4% CLA feeding. CLA did not affect hepatic malic enzyme activity. Thus, overall, the effect of dietary CLA was to increase beta-oxidation in liver, to reduce levels of total body lipid and liver triacylglycerol, and to affect liver fatty acid composition, with increased elongase expression and HUFA biosynthetic capacity.     

氧化油脂对斑点叉尾鮰生长、体色和抗氧化能力的影响

为考察正常及氧化鱼油、豆油、混合油脂(鱼油﹕豆油=1﹕1)对斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)生长性能、体色和肝脏抗氧化能力的影响, 设计6组等氮等脂饲料, 分别添加6%鱼油、6%豆油、3%鱼油+3%豆油、6%氧化鱼油、6%氧化豆油、3%氧化鱼油+3%氧化豆油, 饲喂6组初始体重(150.5±4.2 g)的斑点叉尾鮰8周, 每组3个重复, 每个重复14尾鱼。结果表明, 摄食6%鱼油、6%豆油、3%鱼油+3%豆油饲料的斑点叉尾鮰在增重率、饲料系数、肌肉组成、体色和肝脏抗氧化指标上均无显著差异(P>0.05); 摄食3组氧化油脂饲料后, 鱼体增重率和肌肉粗脂肪含量降低(P<0.05), 饲料系数和背部、尾部皮肤b*(黄度值)增加(P<0.05), 肝脏丙二醛(MDA)和血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)和直接胆红素升高(DBIL)(P<0.05), 肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、还原型谷胱甘肽降低(GSH)(P<0.05), 而肌肉色度值(L*、a* 、b*)和肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、灰分含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明, 6%氧化油脂(鱼油、豆油或混合油脂)导致斑点叉尾鮰生长性能下降、皮肤黄度增加、肝脏抗氧化能力受损; 豆油可替代斑点叉尾鮰饲料中鱼油的使用, 而不会对生长产生负面影响。     

A cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid-rich oil reduces the outcome of atherogenic process in hyperlipidemic hamster

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixtures demonstrated antiatherogenic properties in several animal models, including hamsters, but the mechanism of action of the main food-derived CLA isomer is unknown in this species. This study thus focused on cis-9,trans-11-CLA (rumenic acid), and its effect was compared with that of fish oil, which is known to influence several aspects of atherogenesis. Syrian hamsters were fed (for 12 wk) diets containing 20% (wt/wt) butter fat (B diet) or the same diet augmented with either 1% (wt/wt) of a cis-9,trans-11-CLA-rich oil (BR diet) or 1% (wt/wt) fish oil (BF diet). The BR diet induced the lowest aortic lipid deposition (from -30% to -45%) among the butter oil-fed hamsters. In this group, plasma also displayed a reduced non-HDL-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio (21% less than in the butter oil group) and inflammatory serum amyloid A levels (70-80%) and an improvement of anti-oxidized LDL paraoxonase activity (all P < 0.05). Compared with the B group, the beneficial effects of the BR diet could be further explained in part by preventing the high VCAM-1 expression rate, increasing (30%) ATP-binding cassette subfamily A1 expression in the aorta, and downregulating expression of inflammatory-related genes (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and cyclooxygenase 2, 2- to 2.8-fold, P < 0.05). This effect was partly associated with an activation of peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor (PPAR)/liver X receptor (LXR)-alpha signaling cascade. Interestingly, activation of PPAR/LXR-alpha signaling was not observed in hamsters fed the BF diet, in which the early signs of atherogenesis were increased. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that milk fat-rich cis-9,trans-11-CLA reduces the atherogenic process in hyperlipidemic hamsters.     

团头鲂GPR43基因克隆、组织分布及黄连素对其mRNA表达量的影响

试验采用RACE技术克隆了团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)G蛋白偶联受体43(GPR43)基因的cDNA序列, 并探究了不同组织中的GPR43 mRNA表达量及黄连素对其表达量的影响。结果显示, 克隆得到的团头鲂GPR43基因的cDNA序列全长为2026 bp, 含有1个长度为 981 bp的开放阅读框, 编码了326个氨基酸。RT-PCR检测发现GPR43在团头鲂的肠道、肌肉、鳃和肝胰腺中具有较高的表达。为期8周的养殖试验选取均重为(80.00±0.90) g的团头鲂320尾, 随机分于16个网箱中, 饲喂4种不同的试验日粮, 分别为正常日粮(脂肪含量为5%)、正常日粮+50 mg/kg黄连素、高脂日粮(脂肪含量为10%)、高脂日粮+50 mg/kg黄连素。结果显示: 在肠道组织中, 与正常日粮组相比, 高脂组的GPR43表达量降低, 添加黄连素能够显著升高其表达水平(P<0.05)。与正常日粮组相比, 高脂组的胆固醇(CHO)含量以及细胞分裂素蛋白激酶(p38)的表达量均呈现了显著上升(P<0.05)的趋势, 添加黄连素后其含量及表达量显著下降(P<0.05)。肝胰腺组织和肌肉组织中的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量变化也有着相似的趋势, 而肉碱棕榈酰基转移酶Ⅰ(CPT Ⅰ)、过氧化物酶体增值因子α&β (PPARα&β)、AMP依赖性蛋白激酶(AMPK)的表达量以及2个组织中的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量呈现出了相反的趋势。此外, 在正常日粮中添加黄连素并不能对上述各指标产生明显的调控效应, 有时反而会导致轻微的负调控效应。综上结果表明, 黄连素能够显著上调GPR43在高脂抑制下的表达量, 同时能够缓解高脂诱导的团头鲂肝胰腺脂肪沉积, 改善其脂肪代谢性能。黄连素对于脂肪代谢的调控作用可能通过GPR43受体来实现。     

不同脂肪源对细鳞鲑生长、脂质代谢及抗氧化性能的影响

配制4种含有鱼油(FO)、菜籽油(CO)、棕榈油(PaO)和大豆油(SO)的饲料投喂初始体重为(22.19±1.10) g的细鳞鲑幼鱼52d, 探讨不同脂肪源对细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)幼鱼生长、脂质代谢及抗氧化性能的影响。结果显示, 增重率、特定生长率和饲料效率均以鱼油和大豆油组最高, 棕榈油组次之, 菜籽油组最低, 其中大豆油组与鱼油组无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同脂肪源对细鳞鲑幼鱼肌肉粗成分无显著影响(P>0.05)。摄食大豆油的细鳞鲑可以明显提升肌肉中的22:6n-3含量, 表明细鳞鲑具有将18:3n-3转化为22:6n-3的能力, n-3 系列脂肪酸是细鳞鲑起主要作用的必需脂肪酸。与鱼油相比, 植物油脂导致了细鳞鲑血清中甘油三酯含量的显著升高以及胆固醇含量的显著降低, 肝脏中ACC1和FAS的mRNA表达量明显下调, 以及Δ6 Fad的mRNA表达量的明显上调(P<0.05)。投喂不同脂肪源饲料的细鳞鲑肝脏ROS、MDA、GPx含量以及TBARS值发生明显变化(P<0.05)。研究结果表明鱼油和大豆油可作为细鳞鲑幼鱼饲料的脂肪源, 而棕榈油和菜籽油不适宜作为细鳞鲑幼鱼的单一脂肪源。     

饲料鱼溶浆影响黄颡鱼的胆汁酸代谢及脂肪沉积

为探讨鱼溶浆(SW)对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)胆汁酸代谢的影响, 以30%鱼粉日粮为对照(FM), 在无鱼粉日粮中分别添加约8% (SW8)、17% (SW17)和25% (SW25)的鱼溶浆(干物质), 设计4组等氮等能日粮, 在池塘网箱中养殖黄颡鱼[初始体重(15.67±0.11) g] 60d。结果显示: 与FM组相比, SW25组黄颡鱼全鱼脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05), SW17、SW25组肝胰脏脂肪含量显著降低; 同时, SW17、SW25组血清胆固醇降低11.9%—16.6%, 甘油三酯降低32.5%—47.9% (P<0.05)。SW25组肝胰脏胆汁酸水平比FM组降低了76.3% (P<0.05), 而在血清、肠道中胆汁酸水平升高了125.7%和123.3% (P<0.05)。黄颡鱼肝胰脏CYP7A1基因的mRNA表达量没有显著变化(P>0.05), BSEP、ABCC4、NTCP 基因的表达量随鱼溶浆添加量增加而呈现上升趋势, SW25组的表达量比FM组高16.9%、68.2%和222.8%, ABCC4、NTCP表达量变化显著(P<0.05)。结果表明: 在无鱼粉日粮中添加25%的鱼溶浆(干物质), 不影响黄颡鱼肝胰脏胆汁酸的合成作用, 但促使胆汁酸向血液、肠道中转移, 增强了脂肪的能量代谢作用, 减少鱼体脂肪沉积。     

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on dietary lipids utilization, liver morphology and selected immune parameters in sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Increased energy content in fish feeds has led to an enhanced fat deposition, particularly in European sea bass, concerning fish farmers. Inclusion of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) could reduce fat deposition as in other vertebrates. To determine if dietary CLA affects fat deposition, lipid metabolism, lipid composition and morphology of different tissues, growth and selected immune parameters, European sea bass juveniles were fed 4 graded levels of CLA (0, 0.5, 1 and 2%). Growth and feed conversion were not affected by CLA, whereas feed intake was reduced (P < 0.05) by feeding 2% CLA. In these fish perivisceral fat was also reduced (P < 0.05), particularly reducing (P < 0.05) monounsaturated fatty acids. CLA has not affected tissue proximal composition, but reduced (P < 0.05) saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and increased (P < 0.05) the n−3 and n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in muscle and increase (P < 0.05) CLA content in muscle, liver and perivisceral fat. A progressive reduction in lipid vacuolization of hepatocytes cytoplasm and regular-shaped morphology was found in fish fed increased CLA levels, together with a progressive increase in malic enzyme activity (only significant in fish fed 1% CLA). Finally, inclusion of CLA up to 1% increased (P < 0.05) plasma lysozyme activity and was positively correlated with alternative complement pathway.     

Effects of conjugated linoleic acids and docosahexaenoic acid on rat liver and reproductive tissue fatty acids, prostaglandins and matrix metalloproteinase production

Long chain n-6 and n-3 fatty acids play important roles in labor and delivery. These effects may be mediated by prostaglandin (PG) synthesis and by regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), both of which play roles in uterine contraction, cervical ripening and rupture of fetal membranes. The effects of altering dietary n-6:n-3 long chain fatty acid ratios, and the addition of dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on fatty acid composition of reproductive tissues, PG synthesis in liver and reproductive tissue and serum MMP levels were examined in pregnant rats. Modified AIN-96G diets with n-6:n-3 ratios of 7:1 and 34:1 with and without added 1.1% (by weight) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and/or 0.3% (by weight) DHA were fed through day 20 of gestation. Reproductive tissues readily incorporated both DHA and CLA. CLA significantly (P<0.05) depressed PGF(2 alpha)synthesis in placenta, uterus and liver by 50% when the n-6:n-3 ratio was 7:1 and by 66% at 34:1 ratio. Significant differences (P<0.05) in PGE(2)synthesis in uterus and liver were seen only between groups fed the high ratio of n-6:n-3 without CLA, and the low ratio with CLA. Addition of CLA to DHA containing diets depressed PGF(2alpha) by one-third in uterus and liver (P<0.05). Serum MMP-9 and active MMP-2 were suppressed (P<0.05) by addition of either CLA or DHA.     

Fatty acid composition of liver, adipose tissue, spleen, and heart of mice fed diets containing t10, c12-, and c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have unique effects on tissue lipids. Here we investigated the influence of individual CLA isomers on the lipid weight and fatty acid composition of lipid metabolizing (i.e. liver and retroperitoneal adipose) and lipid sensitive (i.e. spleen and heart) tissues. Female mice (8 week old; n=6/group) were fed either a control or one of the two CLA isomer supplemented (0.5%) diets for 8 weeks. The cis-9, trans-11-CLA diet reduced the 18:1n-9 wt% by 20-50% in liver, adipose tissue, and spleen, reduced the spleen n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) by 90%, and increased the n-6 PUFA wt% by 20-50% in all tissues except heart. The trans-10, cis-12-CLA reduced both the n-6 and n-3 PUFA wt% in liver (>50%), reduced the heart n-3 PUFA wt% by 25%, and increased the wt% of spleen n-3 PUFA by 700%. The functional consequences of such changes in tissue fatty acid composition need to be investigated.