来自Yeosuana marina sp.JLT21内切型海藻酸裂解酶的异源表达及酶学表征

褐藻寡糖有着丰富的生物学功能,酶法制备功能性褐藻寡糖具有重要实践应用价值。为发掘高活性及稳定性的褐藻寡糖制备酶,对浅海热液嗜热菌Yeosuana marina sp.JLT21中的海藻酸裂解酶YMA-1的基因在大肠杆菌中进行表达、纯化及酶活鉴定。结果发现YMA-1由306个氨基酸残基构成,是多糖裂解酶家族7(PL7)新成员;重组YMA-1酶的最适催化条件是55℃,pH 9.0,比活力1.3×10⁴ U/mg,Cu²⁺可有效促进酶活;在37℃,pH 9.0条件下,该酶对海藻酸钠、聚甘露糖醛酸和聚古罗糖醛酸的比活力分别达到(5201.21±86.46)U/mg、(6399.73±253.12)U/mg和(3751.68±116.25)U/mg,酶解海藻酸钠终产物多为不饱和三糖和四糖,表现出内切双功能型海藻酸裂解酶活性。YMA-1酶作为PL7家族中较宽底物谱、高活性及稳定性的内切海藻酸裂解酶,在高效绿色生产功能性褐藻寡糖上有着潜在应用价值。     

产双功能褐藻胶裂解酶菌株的筛选与初步研究

目的：双功能褐藻胶裂解酶既能降解聚β-D-甘露糖醛酸,又能降解聚α-L-古罗糖醛酸,可以用一种酶来制备不同结构的褐藻胶寡糖。本文的目的是筛选能产生双功能褐藻胶裂解酶的菌株,对其产酶曲线和降解产物作初步研究。方法：利用唯一碳源培养基筛选产生褐藻胶裂解酶的菌株,通过16SrDNA序列比对进行菌种鉴定,通过在凝胶上检测褐藻胶裂解酶活性来判断发酵上清液中褐藻胶裂解酶的数量及分子量,利用薄层层析确定降解褐藻胶的终产物组成。结果：从褐藻上筛选到一株海洋细菌QY107,鉴定为弧菌属细菌。发酵120h时褐藻胶裂解酶产量为12．32U／mL,其发酵液上清中只含有一种褐藻胶裂解酶,分子量在28kDa左右,并且对聚β—D-甘露糖醛酸和聚α-L-古罗糖醛酸都能降解,降解褐藻胶的终产物主要为三糖。结论：本文筛选到一株弧菌QY107,其发酵液上清中只有一种双功能褐藻胶裂解酶,可用于大量制备褐藻胶三糖。推测该酶具有特殊的催化腔结构,对其结构与功能相互关系的研究可能会发现新的底物结合与催化机制。酶解制备褐藻胶寡糖因其环保高效而越来越受到人们的重视,因此该菌株能促进海洋寡糖类生物制品的开发,在医药、食品、农业、生物燃料等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

褐藻胶裂解酶产生菌的分离鉴定及产酶发酵优化

对一株从腐烂海带中筛选得到的产褐藻胶裂解酶的菌株进行鉴定,并对其产酶条件进行发酵优化。经形态学、生理生化特征和分子生物学鉴定,将其鉴定为盐单胞菌属,并命名为Halomonas sp. WF6。通过在摇瓶培养水平上进行单因素和多因素正交试验,确定褐藻胶裂解酶产生菌WF6的最适产酶培养基为：褐藻酸钠6.0 g/L,蛋白胨5.0 g/L,酵母粉2.5 g/L,NaCl 30 g/L,K⁺ 5 mmol/L。进而采用最适培养基进行产酶条件的优化,优化后的发酵产酶条件为：初始pH 8.0,培养温度25℃,接种量为2%,摇瓶装液量30 ml/250 ml,培养时间39 h。优化后的褐藻胶裂解酶酶活达117.66 U/ml,是优化前的2.1倍。该酶对褐藻酸钠的酶解产物主要由聚合度为二和三的褐藻寡糖组成。     

一株产褐藻胶裂解酶的需钠弧菌筛选及酶解产物分析

[背景]褐藻胶裂解酶种类丰富、降解机制多样,是高效环保降解褐藻胶、制备褐藻寡糖的工具酶,成为褐藻植物高值化开发利用的研究热点.[目的]从海泥中筛选获得褐藻胶裂解酶高效产酶菌株,确定菌株发酵产酶最优条件,鉴定和分析酶降解产物,进而解析该酶的降解特性.[方法]以褐藻胶为唯一碳源,从海带养殖场附近海泥中筛选菌株,通过形态学观...     

褐藻胶降解菌的筛选、鉴定及产酶条件优化

【目的】筛选一株能降解褐藻胶的菌株,并优化产酶条件以提高褐藻胶裂解酶活力。【方法】从漳州海域采集到海水和海泥,以海藻酸钠为唯一碳源,通过富集培养、初筛、复筛筛选到一株能够降解褐藻胶的菌株。依据16S rRNA序列分析、生理生化特征、菌体形态及菌落特征对该菌进行鉴定。通过单因素和正交试验对该菌的产酶条件进行优化。【结果】该菌属于海科贝特氏菌,命名为Cobetiamarina HQZ08。该菌株最佳的产酶培养基组成为:海藻酸钠7.00g/L、蛋白胨3.00g/L、NaCl30.00g/L,K2HPO4·3H2O 1.25 g/L。最佳发酵条件为:接种量2%,接种龄12 h,培养基起始pH为7.0,培养温度25°C,培养时间24 h。优化后褐藻胶裂解酶活力达到68.5 U/mL,TLC法分析酶解产物为褐藻胶寡糖。【结论】HQZ08菌株可以用于降解褐藻胶,产生聚合度为2–6的褐藻胶寡糖。     

褐藻胶裂解酶在枯草芽胞杆菌中的重组表达及催化特性研究

为拓展褐藻胶裂解酶在高效、安全的枯草芽胞杆菌体系中的表达,成功构建一株海洋来源的贝特氏菌（Cobetia sp.）WG-007褐藻胶裂解酶枯草芽胞杆菌工程菌Bacillus subtilis WB600/pMA5-aly-cob,对主要发酵条件进行优化,并对重组酶Aly-Cob的酶学性质进行表征。结果表明,优化后的工程菌培养温度和初始pH分别为30 ℃和7.0,发酵培养基为添加15 g/L甘油和30 g/L酵母浸膏的TB培养基。在此条件下,摇瓶发酵48 h褐藻胶裂解酶Aly-Cob酶活为58.62 U/mL,是优化前的2.7倍。重组酶Aly-Cob最适反应温度和pH分别为40 ℃和7.0,Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Na⁺和K⁺对酶活有促进作用,该酶可特异性地降解褐藻胶及其片段。研究拓展了褐藻胶裂解酶基因在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达,为褐藻胶裂解酶的应用提供补充和参考。     

一步法发酵菊芋产乙醇菌种的筛选及产酶条件、酶学性质的研究

从腐烂的菊芋及实验室保存的菌种中,选育到一株发酵菊芋产乙醇的菌株克鲁维酵母Kluyveromyces marxianus Y1。利用正交实验法对克鲁维酵母产菊粉酶的培养基组成及培养条件进行优化,确定培养基组成（g/L）为：菊粉40,酵母粉4,蛋白胨4,尿素1;初始pH5．0,温度30℃,150r／min条件下培养达到最佳产酶效果（57U／mL）。该菌株所产菊粉酶的性质测定结果表明：以菊粉为底物,该菊粉酶最适反应温度为55℃,在60℃以下稳定性很好,高于60℃时酶迅速失活;最适pH为5．0,pH4．6—5．2范围内酶稳定性很好;该酶属于外切型菊粉酶,体积分数为8％的乙醇对酶活力基本没有影响。     

海藻工具酶——褐藻胶裂解酶研究进展

从海洋生物中筛选提取有价值的酶类,开发海洋多糖降解产物,已成为海洋生物资源开发的一个重要方面。因此,近年来对于海藻工具酶之一的褐藻胶裂解酶及其降解产物——褐藻寡糖的研究日益受到人们的普遍关注。从褐藻胶裂解酶的来源、分类、底物专一性、作用方式及结构与机理研究、酶活力测定和酶学性质等方面,结合本课题组的研究工作综述近十年来有关褐藻胶裂解酶的研究进展。     

褐藻胶降解菌株S10鉴定及产酶条件优化

探讨了褐藻胶降解菌株S10的生长条件及其对产褐藻胶降解酶活力的影响。以分离自海参肠道的褐藻胶降解菌株S10为研究对象，采用形态学观察结合16S rDNA序列分析，对菌株S10进行菌种鉴定并对其生理生化特性进行测定。以降解酶活力为指标，利用单因素、Plackett-Burman(PB)和响应面法对培养基成分和培养条件进行优化；最后对优化前后的菌株生长量、产酶活力和粗酶液稳定性进行分析。结果表明，菌株S10属于溶藻孤菌(Vibrio algindyticus);当pH 7、接种量2%(体积分数)、装液量150 mL、温度26℃、转速150 r/min、NaCl 3%(质量分数，下同)、海藻酸钠含量1.12%、硫酸铵含量0.44%、培养时间35.95 h条件下，褐藻胶降解酶活力最大(188.18 U/min)。优化后产酶活力提高30%;4℃低温更有利于该酶保存。综上，优化后的菌株S10产褐藻胶降解酶活力较高，能更好地用于降解褐藻胶，可为提高褐藻胶的利用率和进一步发掘褐藻胶寡糖的利用价值提供参考。     

产褐藻胶裂解酶芽胞杆菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解效果评价

褐藻胶是广泛存在于褐藻中的一类多糖,降解为褐藻寡糖后能表现出更多的生物活性。从海洋样品中筛选出产褐藻胶裂解酶芽胞细菌16株,基于形态、生理生化特征和16S r DNA系统发育分析初步鉴定菌株HB12274为解淀粉芽胞杆菌植物亚种(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum)。TLC结果显示,海藻酸钠经粗酶液降解形成2～7聚合度的褐藻寡糖和单糖,菌株与马尾藻叶片共培养时能明显降解叶状体结构。为褐藻胶裂解酶的生产和工业应用提供了新的菌株来源。     

A new high-alkaline alginate lyase from a deep-sea bacterium Agarivorans sp.

A high-alkaline, salt-activated alginate lyase is produced by Agarivorans sp. JAM-A1m from a deep-sea sediment off Cape Nomamisaki on Kyushu Island, Japan. Purified to homogeneity, as judged by SDS-PAGE, the enzyme (A1m) had a molecular mass of approximately 31 kDa. The optimal pH was around 10 in glycine–NaOH buffer, and the activity was increased to 1.8 times by adding 0.2 M NaCl. However, when the optimal pH in the presence of 0.2 M NaCl was shifted to pH 9.0, the activity was more than 10 times compared with that at pH 9 in the absence of NaCl. A1m showed the optimal temperature at around 30°C and was stable to incubation between pH 6 and 9. The enzyme degraded favorably mannuronate–guluronate and guluronate-rich fragments in alginate. Shotgun cloning and sequencing of the gene for A1m revealed a 930-bp open reading frame, which encoded a mature enzyme of 289 amino acids (32,295 Da) belonging to polysaccharide lyase family 7. The deduced amino acid sequence showed the highest similarity to that of a Klebsiella enzyme, with only 54% identity.     

Molecular cloning, purification, and characterization of a novel polyMG-specific alginate lyase responsible for alginate MG block degradation in Stenotrophomas maltophilia KJ-2

A gene for a polyMG-specific alginate lyase possessing a novel structure was identified and cloned from Stenotrophomas maltophilia KJ-2 by using PCR with homologous nucleotide sequences-based primers. The recombinant alginate lyase consisting of 475 amino acids was purified on Ni-Sepharose column and exhibited the highest activity at pH 8 and 40?°C. Interestingly, the recombinant alginate lyase was expected to have a similar catalytic active site of chondroitin B lyase but did not show chondroitin lyase activity. In the test of substrate specificity, the recombinant alginate lyase preferentially degraded the glycosidic bond of polyMG-block than polyM-block and polyG-block. The chemical structures of the degraded alginate oligosaccharides were elucidated to have mannuronate (M) at the reducing end on the basis of NMR analysis, supporting that KJ-2 polyMG-specific alginate lyase preferably degraded the glycosidic bond in M-G linkage than that in G-M linkage. The KJ-2 polyMG-specific alginate lyase can be used in combination with other alginate lyases for a synergistic saccharification of alginate.     

Purification and characterisation of a bifunctional alginate lyase from novel Isoptericola halotolerans CGMCC 5336

A novel halophilic alginate-degrading microorganism was isolated from rotten seaweed and identified as Isoptericola halotolerans CGMCC5336. The lyase from the strain was purified to homogeneity by combining of ammonium sulfate fractionation and anion-exchange chromatography with a specific activity of 8409.19 U/ml and a recovery of 25.07%. This enzyme was a monomer with a molecular mass of approximately 28 kDa. The optimal temperature and pH were 50 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. The lyase maintained stability at neutral pH (7.0–8.0) and temperatures below 50 °C. Metal ions including Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Ca²⁺ notably increased the activity of the enzyme. With sodium alginate as the substrate, the K_m and V_max were 0.26 mg/ml and 1.31 mg/ml min, respectively. The alginate lyase had substrate specificity for polyguluronate and polymannuronate units in alginate molecules, indicating its bifunctionality. These excellent characteristics demonstrated the potential applications in alginate oligosaccharides production with low polymerisation degrees.     

Purification and characterization of a Na+/K+ dependent alginate lyase from turban shell gut Vibrio sp. YKW-34

An alginate lyase with high specific enzyme activity was purified from Vibrio sp. YKW-34, which was newly isolated from turban shell gut. The alginate lyase was purified by in order of ion exchange, hydrophobic and gel filtration chromatographies to homogeneity with a recovery of 7% and a fold of 25. This alginate lyase was composed of a single polypeptide chain with molecular mass of 60 kDa and isoelectric point of 5.5–5.7. The optimal pH and temperature for alginate lyase activity were pH 7.0 and 40 °C, respectively. The alginate lyase was stable over pH 7.0–10.0 and at temperature below 50 °C. The alginate lyase had substrate specificity for both poly-guluronate and poly-mannuronate units. The k_cat/K_m value for alginate (heterotype) was 1.7 × 10⁶ s⁻¹ M⁻¹. The enzyme activity was completely lost by dialysis and restored by addition of Na⁺ or K⁺. The optimal activity exhibited in 0.1 M of Na⁺ or K⁺. This enzyme was resistant to denaturing reagents (SDS and urea), reducing reagents (β-mercaptoethanol and DTT) and chelating reagents (EGTA and EDTA).     

A method for efficient expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate lyase in Pichia pastoris

As an eco-friendly biocatalyst for alginate hydrolysis, bacteria-derived alginate lyase (AlgL) has been widely used in research and industries to produce oligosaccharides. However, the cost of AlgL enzyme production remains high due to the low expression and difficulty in purification from bacterial cells. In this study we report an effective method to overexpress the Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgL (paAlgL) enzyme in Pichia pastoris. Fused with a secretory peptide, the recombinant paAlgL was expressed extracellularly and purified from the culture supernatant through a simple process. The purified recombinant enzyme is highly specific for alginate sodium with a maximal activity of 2,440 U/mg. The enzymatic activity remained stable below 45°C and at pH between 4 and 10. The recombinant paAlgL was inhibited by Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Fe²⁺ and promoted by Co²⁺ and Ca²⁺. Interestingly, we also found that the recombinant paAlgL significantly enhanced the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics ampicillin and kanamycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our results introduce a method for efficient AlgL production, the characterization, and a new feature of the recombinant paAlgL as an enhancer of antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.     

Purification and characterization of a novel alginate lyase from the marine bacterium Cobetia sp. NAP1 isolated from brown algae

The application of marine resources, instead of fossil fuels, for biomass production is important for building a sustainable society. Seaweed is valuable as a source of marine biomass for producing biofuels such as ethanol, and can be used in various fields. Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide that forms the main component of brown algae. Various alginate lyases (e.g. exo- and endo-types and oligoalginate lyase) are generally used to degrade alginate. We herein describe a novel alginate lyase, AlgC-PL7, which belongs to the polysaccharide lyase 7 family. AlgC-PL7 was isolated from the halophilic Gram-negative bacterium Cobetia sp. NAP1 collected from the brown algae Padina arborescens Holmes. The optimal temperature and pH for AlgC-PL7 activity were 45 °C and 8, respectively. Additionally, AlgC-PL7 was thermostable and salt-tolerant, exhibited broad substrate specificity, and degraded alginate into monosaccharides. Therefore, AlgC-PL7 is a promising enzyme for the production of biofuels.     

Overexpression of alginate lyase of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>, purification,and characterization of the recombinant alginate lyase

The alyPEEC gene encoding alginate lyase from marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii IAM 14594 was subcloned into pBAD24 with arabinose promoter and sequenced, and overexpressed in TOP10 strain of E. coli after arabinose induction. Expression levels of alyPEEC gene in E. coli cells were over 39.6-fold higher than those in P. elyakovii IAM 14594 cells. The molecular mass of purified alginate lyase from the engineered E. coli cells was estimated to be 32.0 kDa. Optimum pH and temperature of the alginate lyase activity were 7.0 and 30 °C, respectively. The enzyme was unstable on heating and in acidic and alkaline solution. The enzyme activity was stimulated by the MgCl₂, NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, BaCl₂ and MnCl₂, but was inhibited by the addition of 1.0 mM of EGTA, EDTA, SDS, ZnSO₄, AgNO₃, and CoCl₂. All the alginate, polyM and polyG could be converted into oligosaccharides with more than tetrasaccharides by the purified recombinant alginate lyase, suggesting that the recombinant alginate lyase produced by the engineered E. coli has highly potential application in seaweed genetics, food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Mixed carbon source control strategy for enhancing alginate lyase production by marine Vibrio sp. QY102

Medium and culture conditions for alginate lyase production by marine Vibrio sp. QY102 were first optimized using statistical methods including Plackett–Burman design and central composite design. Then, fermentation in 5-L bioreactor showed that alginate acted as easily used carbohydrate for Vibrio sp. QY102, while starch extended its growth phase and stabilized pH variations. Thus, a novel strategy using mixed carbon sources was proposed that starch supported growth while enzyme synthesis was induced by pulse feedings of solid alginate. The optimized process followed that Vibrio sp. QY102 grew on starch until the end of the logarithmic growth phase, and then solid alginate was added as 1 g/L every 3 h. Meanwhile, initial pH 5.0 and natural pH during fermentation was favorable for alginate lyase production. After optimization, the highest alginate lyase production reached 52.8 U/mL, which was 329 % higher than the control. Finally, fermentation scale-up was performed in 30-L bioreactor and the maximum alginate lyase production was obtained as 46.8 U/mL.     

Isolation and characterization of an alginate lyase from Klebsiella aerogenes

The bacterium Klebsiella aerogenes (type 25) produced an inducible alginate lyase, whose major activity was located intracellularly during all growth phases. The enzyme was purified from the soluble fraction of sonicated cells by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion- and cation-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The apparent molecular weight of purified alginate lyase of 28,000 determined by gel filtration and of 31,600 determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the active enzyme was composed of a single polypeptide. The alginate lyase displayed a pH optimum around 7.0 and a temperature optimum around 37°C. The purified enzyme depolymerized alginate by a lyase reaction in an endo manner releasing products which reacted in the thiobarbituric acid assay and absorbed strongly in the ultraviolet region at 235 nm. The alginate lyase was specific for guluronic acidrich alginate preparations. Propylene glycol esters of alginate and O-acetylated bacterial alginates were poorly degraded by the lyase compared with unmodified polysaccharide. The guluronate-specific lyase activity was applied in an enzymatic method to detect mannuronan C-5 epimerase in three different mucoid (alginate-synthesizing) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This enzyme which converts polymannuronate to alginate could not be demonstrated either extracellularly or intracellularly in all strains suggesting the absence of a polymannuronate-modifying enzyme in P. aeruginosa.Abbreviations poly(ManA) (1–4)--D-mannuronan - poly(GulA) (1–4)--L-guluronan - TBA 2-thiobarbituric acid     

A study of the reaction catalysed by alginate lyase VI from the sea mollusc, Littorina sp.

The molecular weight of polymeric alginic acid digested by alginate lyase (poly(1,4-beta-D-mannuronide) lyase, EC 4.2.2.3) was determined at various stages of the lysis. Low molecular weigh fragments were detected only after 60-100% lysis. Some high molecular weight fragments remained intact even after addition of a fresh aliquot of enzyme to the digest. The enzyme showed maximal activity at pH 5.6 in 0.05 M salt. Enzyme activity was stimulated by addition of 7.5 mM CaCl2 and 0.2 M NaCl, when the pH optimum was between 8 and 8.5. Only mannuronic acid was detected at the reducing end of fragments after exhausive enzymolysis, reduction and hydrolysis. On studying the reaction products by NMR, a double-bound signal (sigma = 5.98 ppm) was observed. A considerable decrease in intensity of the D-mannuronic acid residue signal was detected after hydrolysis of alginate lyase VI on poly-(ManUA-GulUA), but not poly(GulUA). The results suggest that alginate lyase VI may be an endoalginate lyase that splits glycoside bonds only between two mannuronic acid residues.