Cytokinin promotes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities and preserves the chloroplast integrity during dark-senescence

Increased oxidative stress displayed during dark-senescence of wheat leaves (Triticum aestivum L.) is caused not only by the increased levels of radicals but also by a loss of antioxidant capacity. Mature leaves were incubated in 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP 10⁻⁴ M) or water (control) during 6 d in the dark. The senescence-delaying effect of BAP was associated with the retention of the chloroplast structure, 60% of the initial content of chlorophyll (Chl) and 77% of the initial content of protein. BAP reduced the degradation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein (LHCP-2), and the large (LSU) and small subunits (SSU) of Rubisco. Our results indicated that the presence of the NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR, EC.1.6.99.1) was not promoted by the cytokinin, leading to the conclusion that BAP maintains the level of Chl, preventing its degradation, rather than inducing Chl biosynthesis. The internal structure of chloroplasts was maintained in BAP-treated leaves for up to 6 d, with well-organized grana thylakoids and small plastoglobuli; in contrast, chloroplasts of control leaves deteriorated rapidly from day 4 with disorganized internal membranes, and more and larger plastoglobuli. BAP increased the activities of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and reduced the level of H₂O₂ in the delayed-senescence tissue. The present research indicates that BAP reduces levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX). Our results suggest that BAP protects the cell membranes and the photosynthetic machinery from oxidative damage during delay of senescence in the dark.     

褪黑素对盐碱复合胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和渗透调节物质含量的影响

为明确外源褪黑素(MT)对黄瓜盐碱胁迫的缓解效应,以‘新春四号’黄瓜为试材,采用复合盐碱(NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶Na₂CO₃∶NaHCO₃=1∶9∶1∶9)模拟胁迫,测定外源根施MT和盐碱胁迫下黄瓜叶片光合特性和渗透调节物质含量。结果表明: 与正常生长黄瓜幼苗相比,在40 mmol·L^-1盐碱胁迫下,外源施加10 μmol·L^-1 MT能够显著增加黄瓜幼苗叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量,提高净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率、表观光合电子传递速率和光化学淬灭系数,而胞间CO₂浓度、非光化学淬灭系数、蔗糖、果糖、淀粉和脯氨酸含量减小了11.1%、13.8%、12.7%、27.5%、1.3%和32.8%,同时,碳同化关键酶核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶活性显著升高,且Rubisco亚基(CsrbcS和CsrbcL)、CsFBA、CsRCA、CsFBPase、CsTK的mRNA水平均下调表达。综上,外源MT能够提高盐碱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素、渗透调节物质含量、光合化学效率和碳同化关键酶活性,增强幼苗光合能力,减轻复合盐碱胁迫对植株的伤害。研究结果可为抗盐碱栽培提供理论依据。     

Degradation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and chlorophyll in senescing barley leaf segments triggered by jasmonic acid methylester, and counteraction by cytokinin

Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Salome) primary leaf segments responded to the application of a putative plant growth regulator, ± jasmonic acid methylester (JA-Me). with accelerated senescence, as indicated by the loss of chlorophyll and the rapid decrease in activity and immunoreactive protein content of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBP carboxylase, EC 4.1.1.39). The senescence-promoting action of JA-Me differed in light and in darkness; e.g. the initial rates of chlorophyll and RuBP carboxylase breakdown were markedly higher in light than in darkness in the presence of 4.10⁻⁵ M JA-Me. Cytokinin (benzyladenine, 4.10⁻⁵ M ) stopped the loss of chlorophyll and RuBP carboxylase during senescence; however, the rapid drop induced by JA-Me in the early phase of leaf segment senescence could not be prevented by concomitant or previous addition of BA. On the other hand, BA added 24 h after JA-Me application resulted in a recovery of chlorophyll and RuBP carboxylase at the later stages, indicating a possible rapid inactivation of JA-Me in the tissues. The activities of a number of other chloroplastic and cytosolic enzymes were not significantly altered in JA-Me-treated leaf segments compared with controls floated on water. Time-dependent chlorophyll decrease in isolated chloroplasts did not change upon JA-Me addition to the isolated organelles. It is suggested that JA-Me acts on chloroplast senescence by promoting cytoplasic events which eventually bring about the degradation of chloroplast constituents.     

钼在桃树干旱胁迫响应中的作用解析

以毛桃(Amygdalus persica)实生苗为试材, 研究干旱胁迫下, 钼酸铵处理对钼辅因子硫化酶编码基因(LOS5/ABA3)表达量、脱落酸(ABA)含量及抗旱相关生理指标的影响。结果表明, 干旱胁迫下, 喷施不同浓度钼酸铵处理毛桃实生苗叶片, 其含水量及叶绿素和脯氨酸含量显著高于对照, 且以0.04%钼酸铵处理效果最好; 电解质渗漏率显著低于对照。干旱胁迫下, 与对照相比, 喷施0.04%钼酸铵的毛桃实生苗叶片中LOS5/ABA3表达量显著提高; ABA含量、水分利用效率和净光合速率均高于对照, 蒸腾速率低于对照, 且差异显著; 叶片抗氧化酶活性显著升高, MDA含量显著降低; 离体处理的叶片质量损失减缓, 且差异显著。研究表明毛桃实生苗在干旱胁迫下喷施钼酸铵可通过上调钼辅因子硫化酶编码基因的表达水平, 提高叶片中ABA和脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性, 从而缓解干旱胁迫下的细胞膜氧化伤害, 降低叶片失水速率, 减轻干旱胁迫对毛桃实生苗的伤害。     

UTH1基因破坏提高重组酿酒酵母分泌β-葡萄糖苷酶

异源蛋白质分泌效率低限制了重组酿酒酵母的多种药用蛋白和工业酶生产。挖掘促进蛋白质生物合成和分泌的关键基因,是提高异源蛋白质生产效率的重要手段。酿酒酵母细胞壁完整性影响异源蛋白质分泌,本研究利用基于CRISPR/Cas9的基因组编辑技术,破坏了重组酿酒酵母Y294-BGL1中参与细胞壁合成的未知功能基因UTH1,发现所获得的突变体胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活比出发菌株提高112.9%,而细胞壁完整性下降。对促进产酶的分子机理进行探索,发现突变体产酶条件下与细胞壁完整性相关的关键基因和与蛋白质分泌途径相关的基因转录出现明显差异,提示UTH1基因破坏不仅影响细胞壁完整性关键基因的表达,也影响蛋白质分泌途径。本文的研究结果有助于深入理解UTH1的基因功能,并为构建异源蛋白质高分泌酵母菌株提供了借鉴。     

不同钙浓度对宽叶雀稗幼苗的生长和抗性生理的影响

研究不同钙浓度对宽叶雀稗(Paspalum wettsteinii)幼苗生长和生理的影响, 对于揭示宽叶雀稗对不同钙浓度环境的适应机理至关重要。该研究采用盆栽砂培试验, 研究不同钙浓度(0、5、25、50、100和200 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂)和不同处理时间(7、14、21和28天)对宽叶雀稗幼苗生长、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量和光合参数的影响。结果表明, 随着CaCl₂浓度的增加和处理时间的延长, 宽叶雀稗幼苗株高等形态指标、生物量、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量和光合参数呈先增后减的趋势, 低钙浓度(5-50 mmol·L^-1)环境下, 株高、叶长、叶宽、根长和生物量与对照(0 mmol·L^-1)相比均升高, 脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性提高, 丙二醛含量和胞间CO₂浓度降低、叶绿素含量增加以及净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度增强; 高钙浓度(200 mmol·L^-1)环境下, 脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性降低, 丙二醛含量和胞间CO₂浓度增加, 叶绿素含量减少以及净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度减弱。结合隶属函数分析, 低钙盐浓度(5-50 mmol·L^-1)处理对宽叶雀稗幼苗无抑制作用, 说明宽叶雀稗对低钙浓度具有一定的耐受性; 而在高钙浓度(200 mmol·L^-1)下, 宽叶雀稗幼苗通过提高自身有机渗透调节物质含量、增强酶活性、增加叶绿素含量以及增强光合作用等方式来快速调节植物生理代谢功能, 进而适应高钙浓度环境条件。     

Further studies on the involvement of the circadian system in photoperiodic control of antifreeze protein production in the beetle Dendroides canadensis

The role of circadian rhythmicity in the photoperiodic time measuring processes regulating antifreeze protein production in the beetle Dendroides canadensis was further investigated. Using “T” experiments larvae were exposed to environmental light cycle periods close to the period length of the endogenous circadian oscillator. The following light cycles were employed: light/dark 8/13, 8/14, 8/16, 8/18 and 8/19 corresponding to period lengths of 21, 22, 24, 26 and 27 h. Larvae maintained in cycles equal to or less than 24 h displayed a characteristic short-day response, showing significantly (P < 0.01) greater antifreeze protein activity than did those measured on the day of collection in late summer. In contrast, a long-day response was observed in larvae maintained under a 26- or 27-h light cycle in that antifreeze protein activity did not differ from that measured on the initial collection date.

The role of photoperiod and temperature in influencing the photoperiodic timing processes were examined with a series of resonance experiments. The first group consisted of a 24, 36, 48, 60 or 72-h light cycle, each with an 8-h photophase at temperatures of 20 or 17°C. Rhythmic increases in antifreeze protein levels at intervals of 24 h occurred under both temperatures. However, the lower temperature displaced the resonance curve in the vertical direction (i.e. increasing % population response) and reduced the difference between peaks and troughs on the resonance curve. Resonance experiments incorporating a 14-h photophase resulted in low antifreeze protein activity under all conditions except a 36-h light cycle in which a 67% induction was observed.

Eight hour resonance experiments were also conducted with D. canadensis collected in early spring to determine whether the circadian system participates in the photoperiodic timing processes influencing the spring termination of antifreeze protein production. Positive resonance results were obtained in that only larvae maintained in cycles of 36 and 60 h displayed significantly (P < 0.01) lower antifreeze activity when compared to animals on the initial collection date.

The combined results emphasize the involvement of the circadian system in the photoperiodic control of antifreeze protein production by D. canadensis during the fall and spring. Furthermore, the induction of antifreeze protein production is a function of light cycle and its waveform (photoperiod). Temperature appears to modify the photoperiodic response in some manner involving the photoperiodic time measuring processes. It is concluded that the photoperiodic response of antifreeze protein production by D. canadensis is dependent upon the entrainment of the circadian system by the light cycle.     

降水量变化与氮添加下荒漠草原土壤酶活性及其影响因素

土壤酶主要由植物根系和微生物分泌产生, 参与有机质降解和元素循环等重要过程。研究降水量变化和氮(N)添加下土壤酶活性及其与植物群落组成以及微生物活动间的联系, 可为深入理解全球变化背景下植被-土壤系统中元素的循环与转化机制提供科学依据。该研究基于2017年在宁夏荒漠草原设立的降水量变化(减少50%、减少30%、对照、增加30%以及增加50%)和N添加(0和5 g·m^-2·a^-1)的野外试验, 研究了2018-2019年土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性的变化, 分析了其与植物群落组成、微生物生态化学计量特征的关系。结果表明: 与减少降水量相比, 增加降水量对3种酶活性的影响较大, 但其效应与N添加以及年份存在交互作用。2018年增加降水量对3种酶活性的影响缺乏明显的规律性。2019年增加降水量不同程度地提高了3种酶活性。N添加对3种酶活性影响较小(尤其2019年); 草木樨状黄耆(Astragalus melilotoides)生物量与脲酶和磷酸酶活性负相关。糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)生物量与3种酶活性正相关。除Patrick丰富度指数外, 植物群落多样性指数普遍与3种酶活性负相关; 对酶活性影响较大的因子包括土壤pH、土壤全磷(P)含量和微生物生物量碳(C):N:P。因此, 短期内降水量变化及N添加对荒漠草原土壤酶的影响较小(尤其在减少降水量条件下); 降水量增加及N添加通过提高植物生物量、改变植物多样性、调节微生物生物量元素平衡以及增强土壤P有效性, 直接影响着土壤酶活性。鉴于土壤酶种类的多样化和功能的复杂性, 今后还需结合多种酶活性的长期变化规律, 深入分析全球变化对酶活性的影响机制。     

Cloning and sequencing of the leucine dehydrogenase gene from Bacillus sphaericus IFO 3525 and importance of the C-terminal region for the enzyme activity

The structural gene (leudh) coding for leucine dehydrogenase from Bacillus sphaericus IFO 3525 was cloned into Escherichia coli cells and sequenced. The open reading frame coded for a protein of 39.8 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the leucine dehydrogenase from B. sphaericus showed 76–79% identity with those of leucine dehydrogenases from other sources. About 16% of the amino acid residues of the deduced amino acid sequence were different from the sequence obtained by X-ray analysis of the B. sphaericus enzyme. The recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity with a 79% yield. The enzyme was a homooctamer (340 kDa) and showed the activity of 71.7 μmol·min⁻¹·mg⁻¹) of protein. The mutant enzymes, in which more than six amino acid residues were deleted from the C-terminal of the enzyme, showed no activity. The mutant enzyme with deletion of four amino acid residues from the C-terminal of the enzyme was a dimer and showed 4.5% of the activity of the native enzyme. The dimeric enzyme was more unstable than the native enzyme, and the K_m values for -leucine and NAD⁺ increased. These results suggest that the Asn-Ile-Leu-Asn residues of the C-terminal region of the enzyme play an important role in the subunit interaction of the enzyme.     

三角褐指藻和小角毛藻对UV-B辐射增强的生理生化响应

通过实验生态学和生物化学的方法,研究了UV-B辐射对三角褐指藻和小角毛藻的生长、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1) UV-B辐射增强抑制了2种微藻的生长,低剂量(0.75J/m²)UV-B辐射对三角褐指藻的生长具有一定刺激作用。(2) 三角褐指藻的叶绿素a含量随辐射剂量的增加先上升后下降,小角毛藻chl-a含量缓慢下降。2种微藻MDA含量随UV-B辐射剂量的增加而升高。(3) 随着辐射剂量的增加,三角褐指藻可溶性蛋白含量先稍有升高后较快下降。小角毛藻可溶性蛋白含量始终呈下降趋势。(4) UV-B辐射增强使2种微藻的SOD 、POD和CAT活性先升高后下降,小角毛藻的酶活性变化相对稳定。     

Attenuated feeding responses to circadian and palatability cues in mice lacking neuropeptide Y

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic peptide that is implicated in the feeding response to a variety of stimuli. The current studies employed mice lacking NPY (Npy−/−) and their wild-type (Npy+/+) littermates to investigate the role of this peptide in the feeding response to circadian and palatability cues. To investigate the response to a circadian stimulus, we assessed food intake during the 4-h period following dark onset, a time of day characterized by maximal rates of food consumption. Compared to Npy+/+ controls, intake of Npy−/− mice was reduced by 33% during this period (0.6 ± 0.1 g versus 0.9 ± 0.1 g; p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, intake did not differ between genotypes when measured over a 24-h period (3.7 ± 0.2 g versus 3.5 ± 0.3 g; p = ns). Furthermore, reduced dark cycle 4 h food intake in Npy−/− mice was not evident after a 24-h fast (1.4 ± 0.1 g for both genotypes; p = ns), despite a pronounced delay in the initiation of feeding (636 ± 133 s versus 162 ± 29 s; p ≤ 0.05). To investigate the role of NPY in the feeding response to palatability cues, mice were presented with a highly palatable diet (HP) for 1 h each day (in addition to having ad libitum access to chow) for 18 days. Npy+/+ mice rapidly increased daily HP intake such that by the end of the first week, they derived a substantial fraction of daily energy from this source (41 ± 3%). By comparison, HP intake was markedly reduced in Npy−/− mice during the first week (24 ± 7% of daily energy intake, p ≤ 0.05 versus Npy+/+), although it eventually increased (by Day 9) to values comparable to those of Npy+/+ controls. These experiments suggest that NPY contributes to the mechanism whereby food intake increases in response to circadian and palatability cues and that mechanisms driving food intake in response to these stimuli differ from those activated by energy restriction.     

毛竹快速生长期茎秆不同节间光合色素和光合酶活性的差异

为揭示毛竹(Phyllostachysedulis)快速生长期茎秆中的光合碳同化特征及其在不同节间的变化规律,以毛竹笋竹茎秆为材料,测定不同节间光合色素含量、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)、苹果酸脱氢酶(NADP-MDH)、NADP-苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)以及丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK)活性。结果显示,茎秆中叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及类胡萝卜素含量随节间升高均呈下降趋势,叶绿素a/b比值呈逐渐上升趋势;随着节间的升高,茎秆中Rubisco、PEPC和PPDK活性在第1–10节间显著下降,之后酶活性降幅逐渐减缓;NADP-ME活性在第1–13节间呈显著下降趋势,之后酶活性趋于平稳;NADP-MDH活性在第1–25节间显著下降。PEPC/Rubisco活性比值随节间升高而不断增加,其范围介于18.37–65.09之间,明显大于典型C3植物中的活性比值。上述结果表明,茎秆不同节间的光合碳同化能力存在明显差异,中、下部节间生长相对较快;茎秆中存在多种C4酶且活性较高,这为此时期茎秆中存在C4光合途径提供了有力证据。     

香菇锰过氧化物酶基因（LeMnP1）生物信息学分析及高温胁迫下的表达

本研究对香菇锰过氧化物酶基因（manganese peroxidase 1,MnP1）进行了生物信息学分析,选用香菇出发菌株18和诱变菌株18N44作为实验材料,经测定高温胁迫后菌丝恢复生长速度,分析了高温胁迫过程中香菇锰过氧化物酶基因（LeMnP1）的表达水平及酶活性。结果表明：LeMnP1定位于细胞外,该蛋白属于过氧化物酶超家族,与其他担子菌具有较高的同源性。18N44在高温胁迫后其恢复能力明显强于18;在高温胁迫过程中,18N44中LeMnP1的基因表达水平均高于18,呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在未处理时,18N44的MnP活性显著高于18,随着高温胁迫时间延长,其酶活性显著下降,18的LeMnP1基因表达量及酶活性在整个高温胁迫过程中基本维持稳定。据此推测锰过氧化物酶基因的相对高表达,可能是18N44高温胁迫后恢复生长快的原因之一。     

Two gene duplication events in the evolution of the human heat-stable alkaline phosphatases

There are at least three alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoenzymes in man: a heat-stable placental enzyme (PLAP), a less heat-stable intestinal form (IAP), and the very heat-labile AP enriched in liver, bone and kidney. In addition to these enzymes, there is a heat-stable activity in the thymus and testis that is similar but not identical to the PLAP (the PLAP-like enzyme). Previous work has demonstrated a close structural relatedness among the IAP, PLAP and PLAP-like enzymes. Thus, it is possible that there are three human genes encoding heat-stable AP enzymes. To test this hypothesis, we have used a PLAP cDNA clone to screen a human genomic library cloned into the phage vector 1EMBL-3. Three sets of clones were isolated, each bearing a distinct coding region homologous to the PLAP cDNA probe. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5′ ends of these genes allowed comparison of their derived peptide sequences and positive identification of two of the genes. One of the genes encodes the PLAP (the PLAP-1 gene), another encodes the IAP, and a third closely resembles the PLAP-1 gene, but is distinct from it (the PLAP-2 gene). The PLAP-2 gene is highly homologous (> 95%) with the PLAP-1 except in the first exon, where sequences encoding the hydrophobic signal peptide are nearly identical with the same region of the IAP gene. These results demonstrate the existence of a small family of PLAP-related genes which is the result of at least two duplication events during the descent of man.     

不同盐度对苦草生理特征的影响

沉水植物耐盐性研究越来越受到人们高度重视。在室内模拟条件下,水体盐度设为2、3、4、5、6和8,及不加盐卤的对照组(记为0),每24 h测定苦草(Vallisneria natans)叶片叶绿素含量,SOD、POD和CAT 3种抗氧化酶活性,MDA含量及呼吸强度。结果表明:叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量和CAT酶活性随盐度增加呈降低趋势;SOD、POD酶活性、MDA含量随盐度增加呈先升后降趋势;盐度为2和3时叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶酶活性、MDA含量和呼吸强度与对照组相比差异性不显著(P>0.05),苦草生长状态较其它处理组好;盐度为4时,所测叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和呼吸强度与对照组相比差异性显著(P<0.05),叶绿素含量明显降低,抗氧化酶活性升高,表现出了明显的抗逆性,呼吸强度降低;盐度为5、6和8时与对照组相比,苦草生长状态较差,并逐步枯萎,第4 d死亡。因此苦草可应用于盐度低于3水体中沉水植被的恢复与重建。     

遮阴对4种紫堇属植物光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用盆栽试验,设置0、20%、40%、60%和80%遮阴度5种遮阴处理,研究遮阴对刻叶紫堇、伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇4种紫堇属植物叶绿素含量、光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以加快其在园林方面的应用。结果表明: 随着遮阴度的提高,4种植物叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素(a+b)总量不断增加,刻叶紫堇在80%遮阴处理均达到最大,而伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇在60%遮阴处理达到最大;叶绿素a/b、光饱和点、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率的变化趋势呈相反的趋势。4种植物中,刻叶紫堇在80%遮阴处理下,伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇在60%遮阴度下各叶绿素荧光参数达到最大。4种植物耐阴性大小为刻叶紫堇＞伏生紫堇＞紫堇＞黄堇。刻叶紫堇在80%遮阴处理,以及伏生紫堇、紫堇和黄堇在60%遮阴处理下光能利用率最大,光合能力最强,最有利于植物的生长。     

Influence of precursors and additives on microbial lipases stabilized by sol-gel entrapment

Sol-gel entrapment of microbial lipases from Candida cylindracea (Cc lipase), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Lipase AK), and Pseudomonas cepacia (Lipase PS), using as precursors tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and silanes of type R-Si(OEt)₃ with alkyl or aryl R groups, has been investigated. Three different methods using these precursors were tried exhibiting protein immobilization yields in the range of 20-50%. Hydrolysis of emulsified olive oil, esterification of lauric acid with 1-octanol and enantioselective acylation of 2-pentanol have been used as model reactions for testing the properties of the encapsulated lipases. The recovery yields of the enzyme activity in the esterification reaction were between 20-68%, the best performance being achieved with phenyltriethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane precursors at 3:1 molar ratio. When testing the entrapped Lipase AK in the enantioselective acylation reaction of 2-pentanol, activity recovery yields up to 32% related to the free enzyme were obtained and the immobilization increased the enantioselectivity of the enzyme.     

Bioconversion of corn straw by coupling ensiling and solid-state fermentation

A two-stage process that combined solid-state fermentation (SSF) and ensiling was used for bioconversion of corn straw, in order to increase nutritional value and palatability for animal feed. SSF of corn straw increased the level of protein from 6.7% to 14.7% and decreased the cellulose by 38.0% and hemicellulose by 21.2%. Cellulase and xylanase were produced during SSF. After SSF, the fermented substrate was directly ensiled by inoculating with lactic acid bacteria (LAB). In situ produced enzymes and bacterial inoculation resulted in a rapid drop in pH, a high level of lactic acid production, partial degradation of cell wall components and generation of reducing sugars (RSs). Efficiency of ensiling at 25 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 35 degrees C, 40 degrees C was evaluated. Temperature influenced the effect of ensiling; the higher the temperature, the shorter the ensiling period. The combined fermentation upgraded the nutritional value, enhanced the efficiency of ensiling and reduced bioprocessing costs.     

Evaluation of Active Oxygen Effect on Photosynthesis of Chlorella vulgaris

The relationship between O₂ and an active oxygen scavenging system in Chlorella vulgaris var.vulgaris (IAM C-534) was investigated. When Chlorella vulgaris was exposed to 2% O₂, only traces of active oxygen scavenging enzymes were found. When the Chlorella vulgaris was treated with 20% or 50% O₂, it was shown that the level of enzyme activity increased as the O₂ concentration increased. An increase in enzyme activity was not found in any specific enzyme but in all of the enzymes, but the level of glutathione and ascorbate remained the same in all the cases. In addition, the photosynthetic efficiency also decreased as the concentration of O₂ was increased. These results suggest that an O₂ enriched environment can lead to an increase in the production of active oxygen species such as O_bullet2 and H₂O₂ and to a decrease in the photosynthetic efficiency in Chlorella vulgaris. The hydroxyl radical (^bulletOH) was detected directly in the Chlorella vulgaris suspension with a spin trapping reagent. It was also clear that the increase in the ^bulletOH intensity as the visible light intensity increased was unrelated to the O₂ concentration. It was suggested that the conditions for producing ^bulletOH and the other active oxygen species were different, and that two types of oxygen stress should exist in the Chlorella vulgaris.     

24-表油菜素内酯和盐度对浒苔生长和生理活性的影响

为探讨低温条件下外源植物激素和盐度变化对浒苔光合生理的影响,本文选取浒苔为供试材料,研究24-表油菜素内酯和盐度对其生长、光合色素、叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化活性和可溶性蛋白含量的影响.结果表明: 与正常盐度(近岸海水盐度为25)相比,浒苔的生长在盐度10处理下显著增加,增幅为45.9%,但在盐度5处理下显著降低.盐度5处理的浒苔比其他盐度处理具有较高的Chl a和可溶性蛋白.24-表油菜素内酯(0.2 mg·L^-1)的加入显著抑制了浒苔的生长,尤其在盐度25处理下,浒苔呈现负增长的趋势,并大量释放孢子(配子),有效光化学效率、超氧化物歧化酶酶活性和可溶性糖含量明显降低,但可溶性蛋白含量显著增加.即在温度15 ℃条件下,可通过适当降低盐度促进浒苔的生长;在盐度25条件下,可通过添加24-表油菜素内酯促进孢子(配子)释放,为浒苔的大规模养殖提供原材料.