硝普钠对香菇多糖代谢及关键酶基因表达的影响

香菇多糖是香菇中特有的生物活性成分。硝普钠在调控食用菌生长方面具有重要影响,但其对香菇生长及多糖合成的影响尚不清楚。本文以香菇新808为研究材料,通过添加不同浓度硝普钠作为外源一氧化氮对新808菌丝的生物量、生长速率、香菇多糖含量、香菇多糖代谢关键酶活性及其表达调控基因相对表达量进行综合研究。结果表明：硝普钠浓度为100 μmol/L可显著提高香菇菌丝生物量,与对照组相比增加了1.61倍;生长速率与对照组无显著差异;香菇菌丝的香菇多糖含量显著提高,为对照组的3.71倍;漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶活性显著提高,分别为对照组的1.73倍、2.23倍和1.55倍;与多糖合成有关的辅助模块酶基因LENED_010207、碳水化合物结合模块基因LENED_012941和多糖裂解酶基因LENED_004566基因相对表达量有所上调,其中LENED_010207基因上调最明显,而多糖合成关键酶基因UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因(UGP)、葡萄糖磷酸变位酶基因(PGM)与葡萄糖磷酸异构酶基因(PGI)相对表达量均显著下调。在100 μmol/L浓度硝普钠处理下,香菇生物量、多糖含量、多糖代谢关键酶活性及部分多糖合成关键酶的基因相对表达量均显著高于对照组,表明添加适宜浓度的硝普纳能有效地促进香菇多糖的合成,提高香菇多糖的含量。本文为进一步探索香菇多糖的代谢通路提供了理论依据,为选育高多糖含量的香菇新品种提供了新思路,对改进香菇栽培技术有一定的参考意义。     

热胁迫对双孢蘑菇抗氧化酶及热激蛋白基因的差异表达的影响

抗氧化酶和热激蛋白是双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus抵御逆境胁迫的重要蛋白,高温胁迫下菌丝会通过二者基因的差异表达来减少对自身的损伤。通过对双孢蘑菇菌丝进行40℃热胁迫处理0-120min后发现,随着热胁迫时间延长,菌丝生长速度降低、气生菌丝增多和菌丝分叉明显。转录组分析抗氧化酶和热激蛋白基因差异表达发现,在热胁迫30-60min时抗氧化酶基因gpx、ppo3和cat3与热激蛋白基因hsp、hsp70-1和hsp70-17上调表达明显,而在90-120min时抗氧化酶基因ppo1、ppo2和cat2与热激蛋白基因hsp16、hsp70-14、hsp70-3和hsp70-16上调表达明显。跟踪抗氧化酶活性发现,热胁迫能激活过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）,使酶活性提高2-3倍;同时热胁迫降低了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）酶活性,而对多酚氧化酶（PPO）影响不明显。此外,研究还发现热胁迫能使双孢蘑菇积累更多的超氧阴离子氧化自由基（O ^2-）,从而对菌丝造成损伤。因此,双孢蘑菇在热胁迫过程中可以通过启动不同的抗氧化酶和热激蛋白基因表达来抵御高温胁迫对菌丝造成的损伤,其中CAT和POD可能起到主要清除氧化自由基的作用,对双孢蘑菇耐高温基因的初步研究为选育耐高温品种奠定基础。     

RNAi法分析香菇邻氨基苯甲酸合酶基因功能

邻氨基苯甲酸合酶（TrpE）是生物体内一种重要的逆境诱导蛋白,其在逆境条件下的响应保证了生物体生存相关产物的正常代谢。本文以香菇Lentinula edodes栽培菌株S606为试验材料,以LeTrpE功能结构保守区域395bp的反向互补片段为干扰片段,构建LetrpE基因双向启动子RNAi载体;采用根癌农杆菌介导转化法侵染香菇菌丝,通过PCR方法检测DNA插入片段,获得11个阳性转化子;实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,2个转化子LetrpE基因表达量较野生型菌株下调了2-3倍,确认其为LetrpE基因RNAi转化子;菌丝体在40℃高温处理24h后,检查到吲哚-3-乙酸合成途径中基因LeTam-1在野生菌株S606表达量上调,而在2个RNAi转化子中表达量下调;RNAi转化子菌丝体在25℃下不能恢复生长,而野生型菌丝体可以恢复生长。研究表明,香菇LetrpE基因的功能与耐热性有关。     

盐及干旱胁迫对油菜抗氧化系统和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的影响

以白菜型油菜‘陇油6号’和‘天油2号’为试验材料,经MAPK抑制剂U0126、H₂O₂清除剂DMTU、NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI和IMD预处理后再分别进行盐胁迫、PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,研究其对两种油菜幼苗活性氧、抗氧化酶活性和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的影响.结果表明: 盐胁迫和PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下,两种白菜型油菜中H₂O₂积累量上升,O₂^-·积累量下降,抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶APX和谷胱甘肽还原酶GR)活性和RbohC、RbohF基因表达均升高.与单独胁迫处理相比,两种油菜O₂^-·积累、抗氧化酶活性和RbohC、RbohF基因的表达量均明显降低,经DMTU、DPI和IMD预处理后再分别进行盐和干旱胁迫,H₂O₂积累量下降,但U0126预处理后再进行胁迫处理,H₂O₂积累量上升.说明NADPH氧化酶、MAP激酶级联途径、H₂O₂参与了盐、干旱胁迫下活性氧产生、抗氧化酶活性变化和RbohC、RbohF基因表达的调控.     

干旱对水稻生物钟基因和干旱胁迫响应基因每日节律性变化的影响

内源生物钟的节律运动不仅调控植物的生长发育,而且在调控植物响应和适应环境过程中发挥重要的作用。为了解水稻(Oryza sativa L.)干旱胁迫响应基因和生物钟基因在干旱条件下每日表达变化情况,本文利用实时荧光定量PCR方法研究旱稻品种IRAT109在干旱胁迫下相关基因的表达变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫导致早晨生物钟基因OsPRRs、OsLHY和OsZTL1的表达量显著下降,振幅减弱;同时导致夜晚生物钟基因OsTOC1、OsGI和OsELF3整体表达量升高,振幅增强,但对OsFKF1基因影响不大。同样,大部分水稻干旱胁迫响应基因在干旱胁迫后整体表达量显著升高,但OsDST基因表达量下降;同时大部分抗逆基因周期性表达被扰乱,但OsCIPK12、OsCDPK7和OsDREB1A依然保持24 h内震荡。本研究结果表明干旱胁迫能影响生物钟元件的基因表达,这种互相影响改变了部分基因每日的震荡变化。     

香菇HMG-box转录因子lelcrp1基因的功能

【目的】研究香菇(Lentinula edodes) HMG-box转录因子LELCRP1 (Lentinula edodes lignocellulase genes regulation protein 1)在木质纤维素降解相关酶基因表达中的功能与作用。【方法】通过double-joint及同源重组方法构建lelcrp1基因RNAi载体,采用根癌农杆菌介导转化的方法转入香菇异核菌株W1菌丝中,筛选得到RNAi转化子,通过Southern杂交检测插入片段在菌株W1基因组中的拷贝数量。采用荧光定量PCR检测RNAi转化子木质纤维素降解酶基因表达水平变化,并在含有3.5μg/mL潮霉素的MYG平板上测定RNAi转化子的菌丝生长速度。【结果】获得了4个lelcrp1基因表达水平与出发菌株W1相比显著下调6–7倍的RNAi转化子。Southern杂交结果显示,lelcrp1基因RNAi片段已成功整合至香菇菌株W1基因组内,并以单拷贝形式存在。对其中2个RNAi转化子的26个木质纤维素降解酶基因表达水平进行分析,发现其中9个纤维素酶基因、1个半纤维素酶基因、2个辅助酶AA9基因和1个锰过氧化物酶基因的表达水平均表现出明显的下调。平板生长试验表明,RNAi转化子菌丝生长速度均显著慢于出发菌株W1。【结论】通过RNAi技术成功抑制了香菇异核菌株中lelcrp1基因表达水平,并导致部分纤维素及木质素酶基因表达水平相应下调,首次发现HMG-box结构域的转录因子能调控木质纤维素降解相关酶基因表达。     

AtMYB77促进NO合成参与调控干旱胁迫下拟南芥侧根发育

转录因子MYB77与信号分子一氧化碳(NO)是侧根发育的重要调节因子, 但MYB77和NO在干旱胁迫下侧根发生中的作用及机制尚不明确。该文以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)野生型、AtMYB77缺失突变体Atmyb77-1及过表达株系AtOE77-1和AtOE77-3为材料, 研究了MYB77和NO在干旱胁迫下侧根发生中的作用。结果表明, AtMYB77受干旱胁迫诱导, AtMYB77缺失导致干旱胁迫下侧根发育相关基因CYCA2;1和CDKA;1表达下调, 同时Atmyb77-1的侧根数目和长度显著低于野生型, AtMYB77过表达则作用相反, 表明AtMYB77参与干旱胁迫下侧根发育的调控过程。干旱胁迫下, 拟南芥根系NO含量显著升高, NO合成关键酶NO合酶(NOS)和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性及基因表达上调, Atmyb77-1中NO含量、NOS和NR活性及基因表达量显著低于野生型, 而AtOE77-1和AtOE77-3根系NO含量及合成酶活性和基因表达量显著高于野生型。外施NO供体硝普钠(SNP)能缓解AtMYB77缺失对CYCA2;1和CDKA;1表达及侧根生长的抑制, NO清除剂或合成抑制剂则削弱AtMYB77过表达对侧根生长的促进作用。上述结果表明, AtMYB77通过促进NO合成参与干旱诱导的拟南芥侧根生长过程, 研究结果为深入解析干旱诱导侧根生长的信号转导机制和培育耐旱植物奠定了理论基础。     

过表达漆酶基因Lelcc1的香菇菌株构建及表型分析

真菌漆酶（laccase）是一种多酚氧化酶,在真菌生长发育中具有重要作用。本研究采用根癌农杆菌介导转化的方法,以香菇Lentinula edodes菌株W1为受体菌株,在Leactin基因启动子调控下过表达Lelcc1基因;对其中7个单拷贝插入的转化子进行qRT-PCR分析,7个Lelcc1基因表达量较出发菌株W1均上调了1.5-8倍。进一步分析了这7个转化子的遗传稳定性;挑取了3个稳定的转化子进行表型分析,主要包括不同培养基中的生长速度、代料栽培过程中菌棒转色程度、以及透射电镜观察菌丝细胞的超微结构。发现转化子和受体菌株W1的生长速度无显著差异,但代料栽培过程中转化子较W1转色更快,菌棒表面颜色更深;透射电镜观察菌丝细胞的超微结构发现在细胞壁厚度、细胞膜形态等方面,其中两个超量表达转化子与W1间存在显著差异。结果表明,香菇Lelcc1基因可能参与了转色过程中色素合成或积累,也可能与细胞壁形成有关。     

基于转录组分析香菇不同漆酶活性单核菌丝体基因表达

漆酶是香菇生长发育过程中一种重要的木质素降解酶,其活性高低对于香菇木质素降解能力和香菇品质形成具有重要作用。为探讨香菇不同漆酶活性的单核菌丝体基因表达变化,对漆酶活性存在差异的单核菌丝体进行转录组测序分析,共获得15 522个注释基因。GO（gene ontology）分析表明差异基因在氧化还原酶活性节点大量富集,包括参与木质素降解的酶类及55个细胞色素P450基因;KEGG（Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes）分析发现淀粉和蔗糖代谢、戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化途径中糖苷水解酶、UDPG脱氢酶等基因上调表达。通过搜索转录因子数据筛选到172个差异表达的转录因子,预测了可能与漆酶结合的bZIP、C₂H₂、C₄转录因子家族。由此推测,在漆酶高产单核菌株中木质素降解和碳水化合物代谢的相关基因的表达发生变化,及糖醛酸和磷酸戊糖途径相关基因上调表达,促进了木质素降解产物高效转化成糖、核酸等生物大分子,有助于香菇菌丝体的生长,转录因子在漆酶活性调控中起了重要作用。本研究为深入理解香菇漆酶高产菌株的生理代谢机制提供了重要的基因数据资源。     

构建重组枯草芽孢杆菌催化制备D-对羟基苯甘氨酸

目的: 在Bacillus subtilis中表达异源D-海因酶基因(hyd)和D-氨甲酰水解酶基因(adc),构建重组细胞作为催化剂,用于生产D-对羟基苯甘氨酸(D-HPG)。方法: 构建hyd表达质粒,考察培养基中二价金属离子对D-海因酶活性的影响。过表达acoR基因,考察AcoR蛋白胞内水平与P_acoA-hyd基因拷贝数的关系。筛选表达adc基因的启动子,构建hyd和adc基因共表达质粒,考察双酶活性菌株的催化特性。结果: 成功构建了海因酶表达质粒pHPS和pUBS,培养基中添加0.8mmol/L的MnCl₂·4H₂O,使168N/pUBS菌株的D-海因酶活性达到956U/gDCW。整合表达P_cdd-acoR基因,使LSL02/pUBS菌株的D-海因酶活性达到1 470U/gDCW。单拷贝P_AE-adc基因的表达水平相对最高。双酶共表达质粒pUBSC被成功构建,菌株LSL02/pUBSC的最适催化温度为40℃45℃,催化活性能够持续12h,当底物起始浓度为20g/L时,反应12h生成的D-HPG达到14.32g/L,转化率达到95%,收率超过80%。结论: 构建具有D-海因酶和D-氨甲酰水解酶双酶活性的重组Bacillus subtilis作为全细胞催化剂,用于海因酶法生产D-HPG,具有技术上的可行性和优势。     

烟管孔菌G14产锰过氧化物酶条件优化及其对染料的脱色

利用组织分离从未成熟有机蓝莓的表皮中分离出菌株G14,根据其菌落形态、ITS序列对比及系统发育树的分析,鉴定菌株G14为一株烟管孔菌Bjerkandera adusta。菌株G14可以分泌漆酶（laccase,Lac）、木质素过氧化物酶（lignin peroxidase,LiP）和锰过氧化物酶（manganese peroxidase,MnP）3种木质素降解酶,利用单因素和正交试验对活性较高的MnP进行发酵条件优化,同时检测B.adustaG14所产MnP粗酶液对5种染料的脱色能力。结果表明,B.adustaG14在培养6d时MnP活性最大,最优条件为：蔗糖10g/L、pH 7、0.5mmol/L Mn²⁺、0.1mmol/L Zn²⁺,该条件下MnP活性达17.74U/L,比优化前提高了1.42倍,B.adustaG14 MnP粗酶液对5种染料均可以脱色,对刚果红和铬黑T染料的脱色效果最好,6d后脱色率达76%和68%。     

Reevaluation of the manganese requirement for the biobleaching of kraft pulp by white rot fungi

Manganese dependent peroxidase (MnP) is the main enzyme implicated in the biobleaching of kraft pulps by white rot fungi. The goal of this study was to evaluate the Mn requirement for biobleaching of eucalyptus oxygen delignified kraft pulp (OKP) by various white rot fungi: Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete sordida, Phlebia radiata, Stereum hirsutum and Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55. All of the strains tested produced MnP and provided extensive bleaching of OKP when 33 μM Mn was included in the medium. Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55 was the only strain that also displayed MnP production and biobleaching activity of EDTA-extracted OKP in the complete absence of Mn. However, MnP and biobleaching activity in the absence of Mn was dependent on the presence of organic acids in the medium. The fact the biobleaching was correlated to MnP activity irrespective of whether Mn was present or absent suggests that there may be roles for MnP in Bjerkandera under Mn-deficient conditions. Although manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) were also detected, the titres were much smaller in comparison with those of MnP, so their relative role in biobleaching can be predicted to have a minor importance in comparison with MnP. Only in the case of Bjerkandera, was the expression of LiP stimulated in the presence of oxalate but final brightness was not substantially affected.     

Heterologous expression of the Pleurotus ostreatus MnP3 gene by the laccase gene promoter in Lentinula edodes

Lentinula edodes (shiitake), which have a powerful ligninolytic system, is one of the most important edible mushrooms in Asia. In this study, we introduced the manganese peroxidase (MnP, EC 1.11.1.13) gene from Pleurotus ostreatus driven by L. edodes laccase 1 gene promoter into L. edodes for expression. The resulting transformant expressed the recombinant gene and showed a higher level of MnP activity than that of the wild-type strain.     

Studies on the production of fungal peroxidases in Aspergillus niger

To get insight into the limiting factors existing for the efficient production of fungal peroxidase in filamentous fungi, the expression of the Phanerochaete chrysosporium lignin peroxidase H8 (lipA) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) H4 (mnp1) genes in Aspergillus niger has been studied. For this purpose, a protease-deficient A. niger strain and different expression cassettes have been used. Northern blotting experiments indicated high steady-state mRNA levels for the recombinant genes. Manganese peroxidase was secreted into the culture medium as an active protein. The recombinant protein showed specific activity and a spectrum profile similar to those of the native enzyme, was correctly processed at its N terminus, and had a slightly lower mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Recombinant MnP production could be increased up to 100 mg/liter upon hemoglobin supplementation of the culture medium. Lignin peroxidase was also secreted into the extracellular medium, although the protein was not active, presumably due to incorrect processing of the secreted enzyme. Expression of the lipA and mnp1 genes fused to the A. niger glucoamylase gene did not result in improved production yields.     

A packed-bed fungal bioreactor for the continuous decolourisation of azo-dyes (Orange II)

The degradation of an azo dye, Orange II, by immobilised Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a continuous packed bed bioreactor for periods longer than 30 days has been carried out. Nearly complete decolourisation (>95%) was achieved when working at a high dye load rate of 0.2 g l⁻¹ d⁻¹, a temperature of 37 °C, a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h and applying oxygen gas in a pulsed flow. These conditions allowed Manganese peroxidase (MnP) production and the subsequently Orange II decolourisation. A correlation between residual MnP activity in the effluent and decolourisation was established. Apparently, for decolourisation to be effective, a minimum MnP activity was required, no substantial increase in efficiency at MnP activities higher than 10 U 1 ⁻¹ was observed. The treatment caused, the breakdown of the chromophoric group as well as the cleavage of the aromatic ring.     

白囊耙齿菌产锰过氧化物酶条件优化及其对染料的脱色

锰过氧化物酶（manganese peroxidase,MnP）是白腐真菌降解多种异生物质的主要降解酶之一。本研究对白囊耙齿菌Irpex lacteus产MnP的酶活曲线进行监测,利用单因素和正交试验对I. lacteus产MnP的发酵条件进行优化,同时检测了I. lacteus的MnP粗酶液对5种染料的脱色效果。结果显示,I. lacteus在培养5d时MnP活性较大;I. lacteus产MnP较优的条件为：可溶性淀粉20g/L、尿素1g/L、pH 6.3、CaCl₂ 1mmol/L、FeCl₃ 1mmol/L,该条件下MnP活性达29.24U/L,与优化前MnP活性相比提高了1.25倍;I. lacteus的MnP粗酶液对5种染料均可脱色,其中对直接大红和活性红的脱色效果更为明显,脱色5d后的脱色率分别达到82%和81%。     

Use of Pleurotus dryinus for lignocellulolytic enzymes production in submerged fermentation of mandarin peels and tree leaves

It has been shown that the wood-rotting mushroom Pleurotus dryinus IBB 903 is able to effectively produce cellulases, xylanase, laccase, and manganese peroxidase in submerged fermentation of mandarin peels and tree leaves. Gradual increasing of lignocellulosic substrates concentration from 1 to 4–6% enhanced enzyme accumulation in culture liquid. A simple and inexpensive medium containing mandarin peels and yeast extract as sole carbon and nitrogen sources allowed simultaneous production of high levels of both hydrolases and oxidases by P. dryinus IBB 903. Supplementation of this medium by copper and manganese caused earlier and faster accumulation of laccase and manganese peroxidase increasing their yield by 1.5 and 7.5 times, respectively. In addition, by adding manganese to the medium it is possible to regulate the ratio of laccase and MnP in enzyme preparation. The presence of lignocellulosic substrate is the requisite for MnP production by P. dryinus IBB 903 since there was no production of MnP when mushroom has been cultivated in the synthetic medium with different carbon source. Among carbon source tested only utilization of glucose resulted to 21-fold increase of fungus laccase specific activity compared to control medium without carbon source. Carboxymethyl cellulase and xylanase appeared to be inducible enzymes.     

高效木质素降解菌的筛选及其对玉米秸秆的降解效果

本研究利用愈创木酚和苯胺蓝固体培养基对菌株进行初筛,利用形态学和分子生物学对筛选出的菌株进行鉴定,以黄孢原毛平革菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium CGMCC 5.0776为对照,利用其对玉米秸秆进行预处理并测定木质素和纤维素的降解率,测定筛选菌株在预处理玉米秸秆过程中漆酶、锰过氧化物酶（manganese peroxidase,MnP）和木质素过氧化物酶（lignin peroxidase,LiP）活性。结果表明:利用愈创木酚和苯胺蓝固体培养基,从16株白腐真菌菌株中筛选出2株具有较高漆酶或MnP活性的菌株,鉴定其为桦栓孔菌Trametes betulina (L.) Pilát（ZT-153）和亚黑管孔菌Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers.) P. Karst.（ZT-307）,测定T. betulina ZT-153和B. fumosa ZT-307对玉米秸秆酸不溶木质素降解效率分别为13.60%和21.87%,较对照P. chrysosporium CGMCC 5.0776高1.58%和9.85%,对纤维素的降解率较低,分别为4.10%和4.50%。2株菌株在预处理玉米秸秆过程中,T. betulina ZT-153表现出漆酶和MnP活性,B. fumosa ZT-307只表现出LiP活性。其中B. fumosa ZT-307对玉米秸秆酸不溶木质素的降解效率最高,在秸秆资源的综合利用方面具有较好的潜力和应用前景。