马铃薯晚疫病菌原生质体制备及再生体系的研究

为明确致病疫霉的致病机理需要建立高效的病原菌原生质体制备和再生体系。通过对马铃薯晚疫病菌制备和再生过程的研究,采用两种裂解酶Driselase和Cellulase R-10,以不同菌龄、裂解酶、裂解酶的浓度和裂解酶的反应时间为研究条件,得到原生质体制备的最佳条件为:以培养18 d的菌丝体为材料,用10 mg/m L Driselase处理菌丝60 min后,原生质体产量达9.5×104个/g;以0.1 mol/L氯化钙和0.4 mol/L甘露醇作为渗透压稳定剂,以黑麦V8固体再生培养基得到的原生质体再生率最高达3.1%。     

玉米、小麦、水稻原生质体制备条件优化

玉米Zea mays L.、小麦Triticum aestivum L.、水稻Oryza sativaL.是三大重要粮食作物,对其原生质体制备条件的优化具有重要意义.以玉米(综3)、小麦(中国春)、水稻(日本晴)10日龄幼苗为材料,研究了叶肉细胞原生质体分离过程中的酶浓度、酶解时间和离心力大小等因素对产量和活力的影响.结果表明:酶浓度和酶解时间对原生质体产量影响显著,随着酶解液浓度和酶解时间的提高,原生质体产量增加,但细胞碎片同时增多.水稻经真空处理后,原生质体产量大幅度提高.通过正交实验设计得出如下结果:玉米叶肉细胞原生质体分离的最佳条件为:纤维素酶1.5％,离析酶0.5％,50 r/min酶解7h,100×g离心2 min收集,原生质体产量为7×106/g FW;小麦叶肉细胞原生质体分离的最佳条件为:纤维素酶1.5％,离析酶0.5％,50 r/min酶解5h,100×g离心2 min收集,原生质体产量为6×106/g FW;水稻叶肉细胞原生质体分离的最佳条件为:纤维素酶2.0％,离析酶0.7％,50 r/min酶解7h,1 000×g离心2 min收集,得到的原生质体产量为6×106/g FW.通过二乙酸荧光素染色发现原生质体活力均在90％以上.用PEG-Ca2+介导法将含有绿色荧光蛋白的质粒转化入原生质体,转化率可达50％ ～80％.     

小花棘豆Embellisia内生真菌原生质体的制备与再生研究

旨在获得数目多且活力高的小花棘豆Embellisia内生真菌的原生质体,分析和探讨该内生真菌原生质体制备与再生的最佳条件,为后续外源基因转化奠定基础。利用酶解法对制备小花棘豆Embellisia内生真菌菌丝的原生质体,研究酶解液成分、p H、温度、渗透压稳定剂、酶解时间及菌龄对原生质体制备和再生的影响;原生质体在TB3培养基上再生后,研究酶解时间对原生质体再生的影响。结果显示,2.5%(W/V)lysing enzymes、2%(W/V)纤维素酶和3%(W/V)蜗牛酶3种混合酶处理,菌龄为10 d,当酶解温度为30℃、p H5.8、1.2 mol/L Mg SO4为渗透压稳定剂,在80 r/min水平摇床酶解8 h时,原生质体浓度较高,达4.42×105个/m L;酶解时间6 h时再生率最高,达46.7%。     

滑菇原生质体制备研究

通过对滑菇原生质体最佳制备条件的研究表明:利用OS培养基、1.5%溶壁酶将培养13 d的滑菇菌丝在0.6 mol/L甘露醇、pH 6.5、25℃条件下酶解5 h,原生质体产量最高,可达4.85×106个/mL。     

古尼虫草小孢变种无性型原生质体制备及再生条件的研究

以从古尼虫草小孢变种Cordyceps gunnii var.minor上分离的无性型古尼拟青霉小孢变种Paecilomyces gunnii var.minor G106M为出发菌株,进行原生质体制备及再生条件的研究。将培养16h的菌丝体用溶壁酶和蜗牛酶的混合酶液于28℃酶解1.5~2h,原生质体产量可达3.74×107/mL。以培养12h的菌丝制备的原生质体在0.6mol/L氯化钠的SDAY培养基上再生率最高,为17.92%。     

不同因素对金针菇原生质体制备和再生的影响

比较了不同浓度裂解酶及组合、渗透压稳定剂、酶解时间等因素对金针菇原生质体得率的影响以及不同渗透压稳定剂、培养基、接种方法等因素对金针菇原生质体再生的影响。试验结果表明:固体培养10d的金针菇菌丝,以0.5mol/L KCl作渗透压稳定剂,加入1%纤维素酶和1%溶菌酶在25℃下酶解1.5h,分离原生质体效果最佳,原生质体产量可达27.8×105个/ml以上;以0.5mol/L KCl作渗透压稳定剂,在25℃条件下,金针菇原生质体采用直接涂布法接种在RCM培养基上培养,再生率最高为0.5%。     

纤维素酶高产菌株Trichoderma atroviride HP35-3原生质体制备及转化

旨在优化深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)菌株HP35-3原生质体制备和转化条件,便于对该菌株进行遗传操作以提高其纤维素酶产量。分别对制备深绿木霉原生质体的菌龄、酶解时间、酶组分及比例和转化条件进行优化。结果显示,利用3mg/m L蜗牛酶、3 mg/m L溶菌酶和3 mg/m L裂解酶酶组分酶解菌龄10 h的菌丝2 h,获得的原生质浓度达到3.5×107个/m L以上,原生质体再生率为61%。利用原生质体进行PEG介导转化,当原生质体浓度为1×108个/m L、外源DNA为5μg时,转化率达到35个转化子/μg DNA。建立的高效原生质体制备及转化体系可用于深绿木霉的遗传转化及菌株改造。     

姬菇原生质体制备与再生条件初探

目的探索姬菇(Pleurotus cornucopiae)菌丝原生质体制备和再生条件.方法以培养5d的幼嫩菌丝体为材料,在1.5%溶壁酶 0.5%纤维素酶混合酶作用下,以0.6mol/L甘露醇作渗透压稳定剂于pH5.5,30℃酶解2.5h,然后用血球计数板计数,计算原生质体产量.结果在上述条件下,原生质体产量达到3.12×107个/mL.原生质体适宜的再生培养基为马铃薯200g,蔗糖20g,酵母膏2g,KH2PO4 3.0g,MgSO4 ·7H2O 1.5g,维生素B1 0.1g,0.6mol/L甘露醇.采用上述培养基,原生质体再生率达到O.78%.为姬菇原生质体诱变及融合育种奠定了基础.     

姬松茸原生质体的制备

对姬松茸(Agaricus blazeiMurrill)原生质体制备的最佳条件进行了研究,结果表明:采用液体发酵培养第7 d的菌体,用2%溶壁酶在30℃下酶解5 h,原生质体产率达9.08×106个/mL。     

黄曲霉菌原生质体的制备和再生技术优化

黄曲霉菌的遗传转化是研究黄曲霉菌致病相关功能基因的前提和基础,而原生质体是研究和建立真菌遗传转化系统的重要工具。本文分别以黄曲霉孢子和菌丝为材料,研究不同条件下黄曲霉原生质体的形成和再生,结果表明,黄曲霉孢子在酶液浓度为纤维素酶∶蜗牛酶∶溶壁酶=1.5%∶1.5%∶1.5%,30℃酶解3 h,原生质体制备率高达97.3%,再生率达89.2%;黄曲霉菌丝在菌龄为42 h,酶液浓度为纤维素酶∶蜗牛酶∶溶壁酶=1.5%∶1.5%∶1.5%,30℃酶解1 h,可获得最高原生质体产量为2.0×10^6个/m L,再生培养基中以1 mol/L蔗糖作为渗透压稳定剂时,原生质体再生率达5.5%。故本实验条件下,黄曲霉孢子原生质体的形成和再生优于菌丝。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

The synthesis and evaluation of flavone and isoflavone chimeras of novobiocin and derrubone

The natural products novobiocin and derrubone have both demonstrated Hsp90 inhibition and structure–activity relationships have been established for each scaffold. Given these compounds share several key structural features, we hypothesized that incorporation of elements from each could provide insight to structural features important for Hsp90 inhibition. Thus, chimeric analogues of novobiocin and derrubone were constructed and evaluated. These studies confirmed that the functionality present at the 3-position of the isoflavone plays a critical role in determining Hsp90 inhibition and suggests that the bicyclic ring system present in both novobiocin and derrubone do not share similar modes of binding.