大球盖菇原生质体制备与再生条件研究

研究了大球盖菇(Stropharia rugoso-annulata)菌丝原生质体制备和再生条件,结果表明:在30℃、pH5.5、0.6mol/L甘露醇、1.5%溶壁酶条件下对培养3d的菌丝体酶解2.5h,原生质体产量达到1.36×107个/mL。原生质体适宜再生培养基为马铃薯200g,蔗糖20g,蛋白胨2g,酵母粉2g,KH2PO41.5g,K2HPO41.5g,MgSO4.7H2O 1.5g,维生素B10.1g,维生素B60.1g,0.6mol/L甘露醇。采用上述培养基,双层平板法进行再生试验,再生率达到0.96%。为大球盖菇原生质体技术深入研究和应用奠定了基础。     

平菇原生质体制备与再生条件初探

平菇原生质体制备最佳条件是菌丝培养5 d、酶浓度1.5%、pH 5.5、0.6 mol/L甘露醇渗透压稳定剂、酶解温度30℃、酶解时间2 h、OS培养基。原生质体过滤、纯化、稀释后涂布再生培养基,再生率为2.6%。     

竹黄菌原生质体的制备与再生分析

为了提高竹黄菌(Shiraia bambusicola P.Hennings)中原生质体用于遗传转化时的转化效率,研究竹黄菌原生质体制备及再生的最佳条件,建立竹黄菌原生质体的高效遗传转化体系。本研究以竹黄菌为材料,采用正交试验分析方法,对影响竹黄菌原生质体制备及再生的主要因素,不同酶解时间、酶解温度、渗透压稳定剂及菌龄、不同再生培养基等进行了系统的研究。结果表明,以0.6 mol/L Na Cl为稳渗剂,用组合酶(质量分数1%裂解酶和质量分数1.5%崩溃酶按4:6体积比混合)在33℃条件下对菌龄为6 d的菌丝体酶解2 h,原生质体产量最高,达到10.57×10~6个/m L;以0.6 mol/L蔗糖为稳渗剂,用组合酶(质量分数1%裂解酶和质量分数1.5%崩溃酶按4:6体积比混合)在29℃条件下对菌龄为4 d的菌丝体酶解2 h,原生质体再生率最高,为0.293%;最适合竹黄菌原生质体再生的培养基是TB3再生培养基。     

羊肚菌原生质体制备与再生*

羊肚菌原生质体制备的最佳条件为以培养3d的菌丝体为材料,0.6mol/L蔗糖溶液为稳渗剂,1.5%浓度的溶壁酶30℃条件下酶解3个小时,可得原生质体产量最高为3.35×106个/100mg.以0.6mol/L的蔗糖溶液做稳渗剂,CYM再生培养基上得到原生质体再生率为0.171%.这一研究结果为羊肚菌通过原生质体技术进行菌株的遗传改良提供了重要技术参数.     

深黄被孢霉3.3410原生质体的制备和再生研究

目的:为了获得数目较多且稳定性较好的深黄被孢霉原生质体,对影响深黄被孢霉原生质体制备和再生的因素进行了研究.方法:以培养20h的幼嫩菌丝体为材料,在1.5%纤维素酶+0.5%的蜗牛酶+1%溶菌酶混合酶作用下,以0.8mol/L MgSO4·7H2O作渗透压稳定剂于30℃酶解3h,然后用血球计数板计数,计算原生质体产量.结果:在上述条件下,原生质体浓度可达到5.5 × 107个/ml.并对该原生质体在高渗培养基上进行再生实验,其再生率达到25.40%.为深黄被孢霉原生质体诱变及融合育种奠定了基础.     

杏鲍菇原生质体制备与再生条件初探

研究酶浓度、酶解时间、酶解温度、培养时间、稳渗剂种类、pH值和几种再生培养基对杏鲍菇原生质体制备与再生的影响。最适条件为 :在 30℃、pH5 .5、1.5 %溶壁酶条件下 ,以 0 .6mol L甘露醇作为稳渗剂 ,酶解 2 .5h ,原生质体产量达到 2 .90× 10 7个 mL。将所得原生质体过滤、纯化、稀释后涂布再生培养基 ,再生率为 0 .18%。为利用原生质体技术进行杏鲍菇育种奠定了基础。     

香菇菌丝原生质体分离与再生条件的研究

在25-26℃下培养5-6天的菌丝体,以0.8mol/L甘露醇作为渗透压稳定剂,用1.5%溶璧酶液酶解1.5-2小时,所得原生质体的产量较高,最高可达4×10⁷个/ml以上。上述条件分离的原生质体,再生率也较高。原生质体再生的温度以26℃为最佳。不同的再生培养基明显地影响原生质体的再生率。在完全培养基中加入麸皮浸出液可显著提高香菇菌丝原生质体的再生率,其中,以添加5% 麸皮浸出液的效果最好。显微观察结果表明,在液体培养集中,香菇菌丝原生质体的再生是不同步的。一般要培养20小时以后才能见到出芽,而且原生质体的再生形式也是多种所样的。     

丝状真菌AL18的原生质体制备和再生条件的优化

目的:为了建立起产苝醌类光敏剂丝状真菌AL18原生质体制备和再生体系。方法:采用单因素实验法研究了预处理方式、渗透压稳定剂和酶解条件对原生质体制备率和再生率的影响。结果:原生质体制备及再生的最佳条件是用0.3%的β-巯基乙醇预处理15 min,酶解液以0.6 mol/L的MgSO4·7H2O作为渗透压稳定剂,0.02 mol/L的磷酸盐缓冲液pH值为5.8,纤维素酶:蜗牛酶=2:3,酶的总浓度为15mg/mL,36℃酶解2h;以0.6mol/L的蔗糖作为再生培养基的渗透压稳定剂。结论:原生质体的制备率和再生率可分别达到1.42×107/mL和3.2%。     

秀珍菇单孢子菌株原生质体制备条件的优化

以秀珍菇单核菌丝为材料,用溶壁酶进行原生质体的制备,考察各因素对原生质体产量的影响,用单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳条件。结果表明,菌龄为8 d菌丝体,0.6 mol/L甘露醇+10 mmol/L Tris-HCl为稳渗剂,酶解温度29℃、酶浓度1.6%的条件下酶解160 min。原生质体产量达到3.5×10~7 CFU/m L,原生质体再生率达到1.4%。     

滑菇原生质体制备研究

通过对滑菇原生质体最佳制备条件的研究表明:利用OS培养基、1.5%溶壁酶将培养13 d的滑菇菌丝在0.6 mol/L甘露醇、pH 6.5、25℃条件下酶解5 h,原生质体产量最高,可达4.85×106个/mL。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.