普通小麦幼苗叶肉细胞原生质体分离方法的优化

以7日龄小麦幼苗的叶肉细胞为材料,采用正交试验分析了纤维素酶浓度、离析酶浓度、酶解时间、甘露醇浓度对原生质体分离时的产量和活力的影响;采用瞬时表达技术通过PEG-Ca~(2+)介导法转化小麦的原生质体,分析了PEG浓度对转化效率的影响。结果表明,小麦叶片原生质体分离的最佳条件为纤维素酶1.5%,离析酶0.75%,甘露醇0.4 mol/L,酶解时间3 h,得到的原生质体的产量可达到7.2×10~6个/g·FW,活力超过95%;瞬时表达实验结果表明,在25%PEG浓度下,小麦原生质体的转化效率最高。     

丹参悬浮培养细胞原生质体的制备和活力检测

对丹参悬浮培养细胞原生质体制备条件进行了研究,并利用FDA染色和钙离子荧光探针Fluo-3/AM装载对制备得到的原生质体的活力和功能进行了检测。丹参悬浮培养细胞原生质体的制备条件为:悬浮培养细胞酶解的适宜酶液组合为纤维素酶1.5%、果胶酶0.3%和离析酶0.5%;适宜的甘露醇浓度为0.4 mol/L;酶解时间为12 h;在600 r/min转速下离心5 min收集,纯化得到原生质体,其产量为1.1×106/g FW,FDA检测显示其活力为95%以上,荧光探针Fluo-3/AM可成功装载到原生质体中。     

苦荞叶肉细胞原生质体的分离纯化及瞬时转化

高效分离原生质体是遗传转化、细胞融合和再生培养的基础性工作。该实验以苦荞(Fagopyrum tartaricum)品种‘榆6-21’的叶肉细胞为材料,研究了酶类组合、甘露醇浓度、酶解时间以及离心速度对苦荞叶肉细胞原生质体分离纯化的影响。结果表明:酶解液组成为1.5%纤维素酶R-10+0.5%离析酶R-10+0.5mol/L甘露醇+20mmol/L MES+20mmol/L KCl+10mmol/L CaCl2+0.1%牛血清白蛋白,以第5~7片真叶为材料,用胶带纸撕去叶片下表皮后,25℃黑暗酶解4h,以900r/min离心收集,可以获得高质量的原生质体,原生质体产量可达6×106个/g,活力达到90%以上;用双荧光素酶报告基因载体检测原生质体的转化效率,以分离纯化的苦荞叶肉细胞原生质体为受体,将双荧光素酶报告基因载体与其混合后,在终浓度为20%PEG4000介导下,黑暗转化20min,可以检测到较高活性的萤火虫荧光素酶和海肾荧光素酶,证明双荧光素酶报告载体可成功转化到原生质体中。研究结果为苦荞原生质体瞬时转化及遗传操作提供了技术基础。     

拟南芥叶肉原生质体分离条件的优化研究

以野生型拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana,ecotype Columbia)无菌苗为材料,研究了叶肉原生质体分离过程中的预处理条件、酶解方式、酶解温度和离心力大小等因素对产量和活力的影响.结果表明,酶解方式和酶解温度对原生质体产量影响显著,28℃静置酶解14 h能够将原生质体产量提高6.32倍.低温预处理和离心力大小对原生质体活力影响显著,4℃低温预处理24 h能够将原生质体活力提高55%.适宜拟南芥原生质体叶肉细胞分离的最佳条件为:4℃低温预处理24 h,28℃静置酶解14 h,600 r·min-1离心3次,每次10 min,得到的原生质体产量为2.91×106个·g-1,活力为84.03%.     

沙冬青子叶原生质体瞬时表达体系的建立及其AmDREB1蛋白的亚细胞定位

以沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus(Maxim.ex Kom.)Cheng f.)幼苗的子叶为材料,对其原生质体的分离、纯化和瞬时表达体系进行了研究。结果表明,子叶原生质体分离的最佳酶解液组成为CPW溶液+3.0%纤维素酶R-10+0.5%离析酶R-10+0.3%半纤维素酶+9.0%甘露醇(p H5.8);最佳酶解条件为室温、避光、40 r/min轻摇14 h。采用W5溶液作为漂洗液将酶解物稀释后进行过滤,将过滤液在4℃、700 r/min条件下离心5 min,所得纯化原生质体的产量约为2.50×106cells/g,活力达到90%;以纯化的原生质体作为受体,利用聚乙二醇(PEG)介导法成功将植物瞬时表达载体p BI-GFP导入其中,转化效率达到50.8%。利用本研究建立的原生质体瞬时表达体系,检测到沙冬青脱水应答转录因子Am DREB1定位于细胞核内。     

蕨麻愈伤组织原生质体制备条件的优化

以青海‘蕨麻4号’诱导培养的愈伤组织为材料,采用4因素3水平L9(34)正交实验,研究酶类组合、酶解时间、甘露醇浓度及离心速度等主要因素对蕨麻原生质体分离的影响,建立高效、稳定的蕨麻原生质体分离体系,为进一步通过原生质体融合、基因工程等方法对蕨麻进行品种改良奠定基础。结果表明:各因素对蕨麻原生质体产量的影响顺序为:酶类组合酶解时间甘露醇浓度离心速度;青海‘蕨麻4号’愈伤组织原生质体的最适酶解条件为:2.0%纤维素酶+0.75%果胶酶,40r/min振荡酶解10h,甘露醇浓度为0.5mol/L,离心转速为1 000r/min时原生质体的产量达最大(8.96×10~5 cells/g),活力为92.77%。     

北美鹅掌楸原生质体的分离与培养

以鹅掌楸属植物北美鹅掌楸的悬浮细胞和组培苗叶片为材料,对北美鹅掌楸原生质体分离、纯化与培养条件进行研究.结果表明:叶片和悬浮细胞用含有0.1％2-吗啉乙磺酸(MES)和0.6 mol/L甘露醇的Cell ProtoplastWash(60M-CPW)溶液25℃预处理lh效果最好;悬浮细胞最佳酶解液为60M-CPW+ 1％纤维素酶+1％半纤维素酶+0.2％果胶酶Y-23+0.1％ MES,每克材料25℃酶解6h有效原生质体产量可以达到3×106个;叶片最佳酶解液为60M-CPW+2％纤维素酶+1％半纤维素酶+0.2％果胶酶Y-23+0.1％ MES,每克材料25℃酶解10 h有效原生质体产量可以达到11×106个;悬浮细胞原生质体易于培养,在KM8p+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+0.5 mg/L 6-BA培养基中培养25 d可形成肉眼可见的愈伤组织.     

狗头枣叶片原生质体分离研究

以培养25d的狗头枣试管苗叶片为材料,研究了不同酶液浓度,不同甘露醇浓度对狗头枣组培苗叶片原生质体分离的影响.结果表明适合狗头枣组培苗叶片原生质体分离的适宜酶液配比为1.0 g/L纤维素酶、0.4 g/L果胶酶,0.6 mol/L甘露醇,黑暗条件下,酶解8h,可获得大量有活力的原生质体.其叶片原生质体的产量为2.12×106个/g,活原生质体获得率为80.88％.     

新疆杨愈伤组织原生质体的游离与纯化

目的:以愈伤组织为材料,研究新疆杨原生质体的游离、纯化。方法:以新疆杨愈伤组织为材料,采用简单试验设计和方差分析方法,对新疆杨原生质体游离的影响因素进行研究,并利用二乙酸荧光素染色法观察原生质体活力。结果:适宜新疆杨愈伤组织原生质体游离的较适宜条件是:CPW+2.0%纤维素酶R-10+1.0%离析酶R-10+1.0%果胶酶Y-23+0.6 mol/L甘露醇,酶解温度27℃,酶解时间8 h。在此条件下,原生质体产量达8.5×106个/(g.FW),活力达83.6%。原生质体纯化可采用蔗糖等密度离心法,较适蔗糖浓度为30%。结论:研究筛选出的酶解因素组合与等密度离心条件较适宜新疆杨愈伤组织原生质体的游离和纯化。     

基于亚细胞定位的大豆和鹰嘴豆原生质体分离体系的建立与优化

以湘豆3号大豆和Kabuli型鹰嘴豆幼嫩叶片为材料,研究了酶解种类及配比、酶解液中甘露醇浓度、酶解液p H和酶解时间对两种豆科植物幼嫩叶片原生质体产量和存活率的影响。结果表明,湘豆3号大豆叶片在含有0.5%纤维素酶Onozuka R-10、0.8%半纤维素酶Hemicellulase、0.8%离析酶Macerozyme R-10、0.4%果胶酶Pectolyase Y-23、0.1%2-(N-吗啡啉)乙磺酸(MES)和10%甘露醇的酶解液中(pH 6.0),27℃黑暗条件下恒温水浴振荡(45 r/min)酶解6 h,分离得到的原生质体产量和存活率最高;Kabuli型鹰嘴豆叶片在含有0.5%纤维素酶Onozuka R-10、0.8%半纤维素酶Hemicellulase、0.8%离析酶Macerozyme R-10、0.1%MES和10%甘露醇酶解液中(pH 4.8),27℃黑暗条件下恒温振荡水浴(45 r/min)7–8 h,分离得到的原生质体产量和存活率最高。通过上述件分离到的湘豆3号大豆和Kabuli型鹰嘴豆幼嫩叶片原生质体用于亚细胞定位的效果最好。     

三倍体‘银中杨’叶肉原生质体制备的优化

以三倍体杨树品种‘银中杨’（Populus alba×P.berolinensis Yinzhong）无菌苗叶片为材料,对其原生质体分离及纯化条件进行研究,为进一步通过细胞融合、基因工程等进行品种改良探索新的途径。结果表明：酶的种类及浓度、渗透压、酶解时间对‘银中杨’叶肉原生质体分离效果有显著影响,适宜的分离条件为CPW+3% Cellulase RS+0.5% Macerozyme R-10+0.3% Pectinse Y-23+0.6 mol/L甘露醇+0.6 g/L MES+1 g/L BAS,酶解时间为8 h,原生质体产量和活力分别为2.13×10⁷个/g和80.18%;‘银中杨’叶肉原生质体纯化最佳方法为上浮法蔗糖等密度离心,且蔗糖浓度为40%时原生质体产量最高（1.06×10⁷个/g）,可满足进一步的原生质体培养等技术的要求。     

Effect of cellulase fractionation on the viability of cultured barley (Hordeum vulgare) protoplasts

The age of the stock plants was important for the barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Perth) protoplast viability. Light conditions under which the stock plants were grown also affected the viability of the protoplasts. Greenhouse-grown plants yielded much higher number of protoplasts than dark-grown plants, but protoplast viability was better when protoplasts were isolated from etiolated plants. Light supplied during protoplast culture affected protoplast viability within the first 24 h of culture. Cellulase R-10 (Onozuka) was better than Cellulysin (Calbiochem) and Cellulase ⁺ Macerozyme R-10 (Onozuka) for barley mesophyll protoplast isolation. Cellulase R-10 (Onozuka) was fractionated on a G-75 Sephadex column. The eluted fractions were tested for their ability to release barley mesophyll protoplasts and for their toxicity towards the protoplasts. Only a small part of the Cellulase R-10 was necessary for protoplast isolation from barley leaves. When the fractionated cellulase was analysed by isoelectric focusing, this part of the cellolase appeared as a single band.     

Efficient protoplast isolation and transient gene expression system for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phalaenopsis</Emphasis> hybrid cultivar ‘Ruili Beauty’

With the release of the Phalaenopsis equestris (Schauer) Rchb.f. genome database, more in-depth studies of Phalaenopsis spp. will be carried out in the future. Transient gene expression in protoplasts is a useful system for gene function analysis, which is especially true for Phalaenopsis, whose stable genetic transformation is difficult and extremely time-consuming. In this study, juvenile leaves from aseptic Phalaenopsis seedlings were used as the starting material for protoplast isolation. After protocol refinement, the highest yield of viable protoplasts [5.94 × 10⁶ protoplasts g^?1 fresh weight (FW)] was achieved with 1.0% (w/v) Cellulase Onozuka R-10, 0.7% (w/v) Macerozyme R-10, and 0.4 M D-mannitol, with an enzymolysis duration of 6 h. As indicated by transient expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP), a transformation efficiency of 41.7% was achieved with 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000), 20 μg plasmid DNA, 2 × 10⁵ mL^?1 protoplasts, and a transfection duration of 30 min. The protocol established here will be valuable for functional studies of Phalaenopsis genes.     

Optimization of Parameters for Isolation of Protoplasts from the Antarctic Sea Ice Alga Chlamydomonas Sp. ICE-L

The present study was initiated to provide a systematic protocol for producing protoplasts from the Antarctic sea ice alga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L suitable for physiological studies. The results showed that the mixtures of 3.0% Cellulase R-10 and 2.0% Macerozyme R-10 were most effective for isolating protoplasts from this alga. Optimum pH and temperature for hydrolytic enzyme reaction were pH 6.0 and 15^∘C, respectively. Mannitol and sorbitol were found to be the excellent osmotic stabilizers. Growth conditions of the algae prior to enzyme treatment also influenced the yield of protoplasts greatly. At the optimized condition, protoplast production was 47.8%, and the viability of isolated protoplasts was more than 97.6% as confirmed by Evan's blue staining.     

Efficient isolation, culture and regeneration of Lotus corniculatus protoplasts

This paper reports an improved protocol for isolation, culture and regeneration of Lotus corniculatus protoplasts. A range of parameters which influence the isolation of L. corniculatus protoplasts were investigated, i.e., enzyme combination, tissue type, incubation period and osmolarity level. Of three enzyme combinations tested, the highest yield of viable protoplasts was achieved with the combination of 2% Cellulase Onozuka RS, 1% Macerozyme R-10, 0.5% Driselase and 0.2% Pectolyase. The use of etiolated cotyledon tissue as a source for protoplast isolation proved vital in obtaining substantially higher protoplast yields than previously reported. Culture of the protoplasts on a nitrocellulose membrane with a Lolium perenne feeder-layer on the sequential series of PEL medium was highly successful in the formation of micro-colonies with plating efficiencies 3–10 times greater than previous studies. Shoot regeneration and intact plants were achieved from 46% of protoplast-derived cell colonies.     

An Efficient Protocol for Ulmus minor Mill. Protoplast Isolation and Culture in Agarose Droplets

We describe here an efficient and reproducible protocol for isolation and culture of protoplasts from Ulmus minor. Different sources of donor tissues were tested for protoplast isolation: callus and juvenile leaves from in vitro and greenhouse plants. Several combinations and concentrations of hydrolytic enzymes were used. Comparative tests between Cellulase Onozuka R10 and Cellulase Onozuka RS were made and the last one proved to be more efficient. Both the pectinases used, Macerozyme Onozuka R10 and Pectinase (Sigma^®), were efficient in protoplast isolation and there was no need for a more active pectinase. In vitro leaves proved to be the best source for protoplast isolation and produced an average of 3.96 × 10⁷ protoplasts per gram of fresh weigh. Elm mesophyll protoplasts were cultured using the advantageous method of agarose droplets and a modification of the Kao and Michayluk culture medium, using two plating densities (1 × 10⁵ and 2 × 10⁵ protoplasts ml^?1). Protoplast division and evolution into colonies and microcalli was promoted in the agarose droplets plated at 2 × 10⁵ protoplasts ml^?1. Ten weeks after protoplast culture initiation a plating efficiency of 2.7% was attained and the bigger microcalli, with at least 0.5 mm diameter, were transferred to a solid medium previously used for the production of embryogenic callus.     

Production and seeding of protoplasts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Porphyra okhaensis</Emphasis> (Bangiales,Rhodophyta) in laboratory culture

High yields of viable protoplasts were produced from Porphyra okhaensis H. Joshi, Oza & Tewari following two-step enzymatic digestion (protease pretreatment and cell wall polysaccharides-degrading enzyme treatment) of the thallus. Pretreatment of the tissues with 1% Protease P6 at 20± 1 ^°C for 30 min prior to digestion with cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes increased the protoplast yield two fold compared to tissues that were digested with polysaccharide-degrading enzyme mixture. The polysaccharide-degrading enzymes employed for protoplast isolation from P. okhaensis were Cellulase Onozuka R-10, Macerozyme R-10, abalone acetone powder and agarase. Suitable pH, temperature and duration of enzyme treatment for optimal production of viable protoplasts were pH 6, 20± 1 ^°C and 3 h, respectively. Mannitol (0.8 M) was found to be an excellent osmotic stabilizer. When the tissue of P. okhaensis pretreated with 1% protease solution was digested with commercial enzyme mixture consisting of 2% Cellulase Onozuka R-10, 2% Macerozyme R-10, 1% abalone acetone powder, 50 units of agarase and 0.8 M mannitol in 1% NaCl (adjusted to pH 6.0 with 25 mM MES buffer) with gentle agitation for 3 h at 20± 1 ^°C, 23.2± 0.24× 10⁶ protoplasts g⁻¹ fresh wt. were obtained. The regeneration rate of protoplasts isolated in the present study was found to be 79%. Protoplasts that regenerated cell walls underwent regular cell divisions and developed into leafy gametophytic thallus in the laboratory cultures. Further, the seeding of nylon threads with partially developed protoplasts of P. okhaensis was successful in the laboratory conditions and germlings as long as 3–4 cm were obtained from such seeded threads in one month period in aerated cultures.     

辣椒子叶原生质体分离条件的研究

以不同基因型的辣椒子叶为供体组织进行辣椒原生质体分离条件的研究,结果表明：幼龄子叶的原生质体产量与活力均高于老龄子叶;酶解过程中酶液渗透压、酶液浓度、酶解时间均对原生质体分离效果产生重要影响。对于辣椒子叶原生质体,最佳分离条件为酶液甘露醇浓度０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,纤维素酶Ｃｅｌｌｕｌａｓｅ Ｏｎｚｕｋａ Ｒ－１０ １．５,果胶酶Ｍａｃｅｒｏｚｙｍｅ Ｒ－１０ ０．６％,酶解时间８－１０ｈ。不同基因型辣     

In vitro culture of Cucumis sativus L. XVIII. Plants from protoplasts through direct somatic embryogenesis

A procedure is described for the isolation and culture of protoplasts from embryogenic callus (gel-like callus — GLC) and embryogenic suspension cultures (ESC) of Cucumis sativus c.v. Borszczagowski. Maximal protoplast yields from GLC and ESC were 5×10⁶ and 1×10⁷ protoplasts/g tissue respectively. They were obtained following 14–16 h digestion with 1.2% Cellulase Onozuka R-10, 1.2% Macerozyme R-10 and 0.3% Driselase. At a plating density of 2×10⁵ / ml, first divisions occurred in 4–5 days and 7–8 days in ESC-and GLC-derived protoplasts respectively. The highest percentage of direct embryogenesis (over 80%) was observed with ESC. It was possible to obtain approximately 5000 embryo structures / g tissue. Some embryos converted into plants after 6 weeks, but most of them after 2 months of culture. ESC-derived plants, when transferred into the glasshouse, bloomed normally, and set seeds.Abbreviations CMS Murashige & Skoog (1962) medium for cucumber - GLC gel-like callus - ESC established embryogenic suspension culture - 2,4-d 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid     

The isolation and culture of protoplasts from an embryogenic cell suspension culture of Picea glauca (moench) voss

Conditions were standardized for the isolation and culture of protoplasts from an embryogenic cell suspension culture of Picea glauca. A combination of 0.5% Cellulase R-10, 0.25% Macerozyme, 0.25% Driselase, 0.25% Rhozyme HP-150 with 0.5M mannitol and 5 mM CaCl₂.2H₂O produced an average of 4.5 × 10⁶ protoplasts per gram fresh weight of cells. Of the several protoplast culture media tested, von Arnold and Eriksson and Kao and Michayluk (KM8P) media best supported mitotic divisions of protoplasts. A density of 10⁵ protoplasts per ml and the addition of 5 mM glutamine to the culture medium was necessary to induce sustained divisions and microcallus formation. Microcalli grew into subculturable callus using a nurse culture technique.Abbreviations BAP benzylaminopurine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid - FDA fluorescein diacetate NRCC No. 27937