兴修水利枢纽后汉江产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖生态

1．汉江产漂流性卵的鱼类至少有25种,其中经济鱼类有草鱼、青鱼、鲢、鳙、鯮、鳤、鱤、长春鳊、赤眼鳟、铜鱼、吻鮈、鳜以及三种红鲌属鱼类。2．产漂流性卵鱼类开始产卵的水温分别在16—20℃之间,经济鱼类多在18℃上下。产卵时需要有江河的涨水过程。在河流涨水的诸水文要素中,流速的增大,对促使产卵起着主要作用。不同的鱼类产卵时对流水的要求是有差异的。鱼类的产卵规模与江水的流速增大紧密相关。3．丹江水库建成后,上游的产卵场有前房、天河口和安康等10处。中游有钟祥和马良等7处,支流唐河、白河也有产卵场。就总产卵量来看,上游1977年为1745．9亿粒,中游1976年为47亿粒。上游为中游的37倍。其中,四种家鱼的产卵量,上游为171．3亿粒,中游为9．3亿粒。4．丹江口水利枢纽对汉江上游产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖的影响,主要表现为给上游提供了规模较大的繁殖群体。另一方面,由于主要产卵场分布在接近水库的江段,致使占上游总产卵量90％的鱼卵在孵化前随江水流入水库,有一部分鱼卵会受到损失。对中游的影响主要是由于水库的低温水和大坝对径流的调节,改变了中游的水文条件,导致产卵场的变迁,繁殖季节推迟和产卵规模缩小。总的来看,对上游的影响明显的有利,对于中游则不利的影响要多一些。5．根据产漂流性卵鱼类繁殖的生态习性和汉江的条件,可以认为,在汉江和类似汉江的条件下,兴建水利枢纽可以不必附建过鱼建筑物。为了充分发挥水体的渔业效益,水库区应做好渔业规划,加强经营管理。水利枢纽的下游需充分重视改变了的水文条件,特别是低温水对鱼类生活的影响,以采取补救措施。     

广东横石水河流域溪流大型底栖动物漂流的昼夜节律

比较了广东横石水河流域二条相邻的3级溪流大型底栖动物的漂流种类组成及昼夜节律,其中一条溪流受广东大宝山矿外排的酸性矿山废水严重污染,水体pH值仅为3.45且重金属严重超标,而另一条为相邻的清洁溪流.结果表明：清洁溪流中大型底栖动物的数量和种类远比受酸性矿山废水污染的溪流丰富.在清洁溪流中共采获漂流底栖动物6 871头,隶属10目52类群,其中水生昆虫的数量和种类占绝对优势 (99.5%).但总漂流密度占优势的类群（相对多度超过5%）不多,主要集中在以下几种水生昆虫：七鳃假二翅蜉 (28.5%)、宜兴似动蜉 (13.8%)、短脉纹石蛾(13.2%)、白背锯形蜉（7.5%)、摇蚊科(6.5%) 和肖扁泥甲(5.0%).蜉蝣目种类和数量最多,占全部漂流底栖动物总个体数的65%,其中又以四节蜉科居多,占蜉蝣目总个体数的63%.毛翅目昆虫的数量（18%）仅次于蜉蝣目.大型底栖动物的漂流表现出明显的昼夜节律,漂流主要在夜间进行,未发现有日漂者.漂流密度高峰出现在21:00和2:00,漂流密度分别为（70.3±10.8）和（289.0±124.6） 头·100 m^-3.大多数优势种类漂流高峰出现的时段略有不同,但有些优势种类（如摇蚊科和肖扁泥甲）并未表现出明显的漂流昼夜差异.在受酸性矿山废水污染的溪流中,漂流动物只有1种嗜酸性的多足摇蚊,其漂流活动也在夜间进行,并有3个明显的漂流高峰,分别出现在19:00、0:00和4:00,最高漂流密度仅为（6.7±5.2)头·100m^-3.说明酸性矿山废水不仅降低了溪流中漂流底栖动物的物种多样性和数量,也改变了其漂流模式.     

雅砻江河口区产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源现状

为了解雅砻江河口区产漂流性卵鱼类的早期资源现状,2016-2018年6-7月在攀枝花市盐边县雅砻江河口开展了鱼类早期资源调查工作。共采集产漂流性卵鱼类5种,分属1目2科,其中长江上游特有鱼类3种,分别为长薄鳅(Leptobotia elongata)、中华金沙鳅(Jinshaia sinensis)和短身金沙鳅(Jinshaia abbreviata);2016-2018年流经雅砻江河口断面的鱼卵径流量分别为3.5×10^6、13.78×10^6和3.87×10^6ind;调查期间累计出现8次产卵高峰(2016和2018年各2次,2017年4次),鱼类的繁殖盛期在6月中下旬;通过推算,攀枝花盐边县和攀枝花米易县得石镇是河口区产漂流性卵鱼类的主要产卵场。     

雅砻江河口区产漂流性卵鱼类早期资源现状

为了解雅砻江河口区产漂流性卵鱼类的早期资源现状,2016—2018年6—7月在攀枝花市盐边县雅砻江河口开展了鱼类早期资源调查工作。共采集产漂流性卵鱼类5种,分属1目2科,其中长江上游特有鱼类3种,分别为长薄鳅(Leptobotia elongata)、中华金沙鳅(Jinshaia sinensis)和短身金沙鳅(Jinshaia abbreviata); 2016—2018年流经雅砻江河口断面的鱼卵径流量分别为3.5×106、13.78×106和3.87×106ind;调查期间累计出现8次产卵高峰(2016和2018年各2次,2017年4次),鱼类的繁殖盛期在6月中下旬;通过推算,攀枝花盐边县和攀枝花米易县得石镇是河口区产漂流性卵鱼类的主要产卵场。     

不同生态因子对黄鳝产卵率的影响

2012年5~8月及2013年5~8月,在稻田网箱中设置不同的生态因子,研究了不同密度、雌雄配比、水位、泥土深度、光照时间和栖息物对黄鳝Monopterus albus产卵的影响。试验表明:安徽地区黄鳝产卵大约在6~8月,历时约80 d,并在6月下旬和8月上旬出现两次产卵高峰;网箱条件下,随着密度的增加,产卵数增加,当密度大于6尾/m2时,产卵率下降,从性比结构来看,随着性比结构中雌鳝比例的增加产卵数呈现增加的趋势。水位、泥土深度和光照时间均显著影响黄鳝产卵率(P0.05),栖息物对产卵率无显著影响(P0.05);在泥土深度一定的情况下,随着水位加深产卵率逐渐降低;在水位一定的情况下,随着泥土深度的增加,产卵率逐渐升高,且水位和泥土深度对黄鳝产卵率有着明显的交互作用;随着光照时间增加,产卵率逐渐升高,不遮光组的产卵率最高。     

斑痣悬茧蜂对不同寄主密度斑块的选择和最优搜寻行为

在圆柱形透明有机玻璃罩内,观察了斑痣悬茧蜂对不同寄主密度斑块的选择和滞留时间,并用Cox比例风险模型分析了寄主密度、产卵次数和搜寻特征对斑痣悬茧蜂在斑块上的驻留时间及其影响因素.结果表明:斑痣悬茧蜂对高密度寄主斑块的初次选择次数、访问次数均高于低密度寄主斑块,导致在高密度斑块上具有更高的寄生率;斑痣悬茧蜂在各斑块的驻留时间随寄主密度的增加而增加.Cox模型分析结果显示,斑块内寄主密度和产卵数均对其离开斑块的倾向起消极作用,即随寄主密度和产卵数的增加而倾向于留在斑块上;而寄主密度与产卵数的互作反而对寄生蜂离开斑块倾向具有促进作用,这两种作用可使寄生蜂利用寄主斑块获得最大适合度.     

汉江中游江段四大家鱼产卵场现状的初步研究

为掌握汉江中游四大家鱼产卵场的现状,2004年5~8月分别设固定断面和流动采集鱼卵(仔鱼)。鱼卵漂流距离(S)用当时水温条件下胚胎发育经历时间(T)乘以江水平均流速(V)估算,即S=V.T,把产卵集中的江段确定为产卵场;产卵规模(M)根据采样点采获的相近发育期的鱼卵数(m)、采样点断面江水流量(Q)、采样网口流速(V′)、采样断面卵(仔鱼)密度系数(C)和采样网口面积(0.39)估算,即M=m.Q.C/0.39.V′。结果表明,汉江中游干流有四大家鱼产卵场5个,产卵场长度占该江段干流长度的36.22%,产卵总量为0.933×108粒,其中青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)分别为7.28×106粒、6.125×107粒、2.067×107粒和4.10×106粒,左岸支流唐白河无四大家鱼产卵;四大家鱼产卵和产卵的规模与江水的温度、涨水持续的时间、流速、流态紧密相关;2004年四大家鱼的产卵量仅相当于1976年监测结果的6.71%,汉江中游四大家鱼资源已严重衰退。     

印度瓜野螟种群的增长力及其密度制约

在养虫室内群体饲养条件下,对印度瓜野螟种群动态的测定结果表明:第二代和第三代的种群内禀增长力(rm)分别为0.0792和0.0487,它们的累计产卵率随时间而表现出逻辑斯蒂曲线变化。在相同的生活和取食空间内,幼虫的发育速率和存活率随种群密度的增长而下降;每对成虫的每天产卵量随成虫密度的增加而递减,单对成虫密度下的产卵率比17对成虫密度下的产卵率高达18倍左右。     

温度对菜蛾绒茧蜂功能反应的影响

在室内１５℃、２０℃、２５℃、３０℃、３２．５℃下测定了菜蛾绒茧蜂寄生数量随寄主密度的变化情况．结果表明,在１５～３２．５℃范围内的各个温度下的功能反应均能用Ｈｏｌｉｎｇ圆盘方程很好地拟合,但各温度间功能反应的参数存在着显著差异．２５℃、３０℃、３２．５℃下的瞬时攻击率比１５℃、２０℃下显著要高,而处理时间则随温度升高而缩短．各温度下在供寄主的５ｈ内,均有部分雌蜂不产卵寄生小菜蛾幼虫．产卵寄生的雌蜂百分率随温度升高和寄主密度增加而增加     

转基因水稻外源基因向近缘种群漂流和渐渗的研究进展

水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,我国有8亿以上的人口以稻米作为主食。但在水稻生产中,由于病、虫、草害及不良气候等逆境因子的影响,严重制约了水稻的高产、稳产。转基因生物技术的迅速发展,为水稻抗性育种提供了新途径。自20世纪80年代以来,我国全方位地开展了转基因水稻的研发,目前已经培育出大量的抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂和抗逆的转基因水稻品种,这将为提高我国水稻的生产力和确保粮食安全做出重要的贡献。但转基因水稻的基因漂流及其可能带来的生物安全问题备受关注。已有报道证明,外源转基因可以通过异交向非转基因品种和野生近缘种漂流。在不同的试验条件下,抗除草剂基因有0．05％-0．53％逃逸的可能,其向不育系的最大漂移频率可达4．518％。抗虫基因向相邻非转基因水稻的平均漂移频率最高为0．875％。因此,本文对水稻与其近缘野生种的杂交情况,转基因水稻外源基因向非转基因品种、野生近缘种以及野生非近缘种的漂流和渐渗及其潜在的生态环境风险等方面进行了简要分析,并对转基因水稻的发展进行了展望,以期为转基因水稻的安全应用提供参考。     

Interannual variability in seasonal dynamics and species composition of drifting young-of-the-year fishes in two European lowland rivers

st young-of-the-year (YOY) fishes in two lowland rivers in the Czech Republic (Danube Basin) drifted from mid-May to mid-July and almost exclusively at night. The peak of drift density lasted c . 3 weeks and depended on water temperature (by its effect on fish spawning), but not on discharge. Peak drift densities varied between years and rivers from 80 to 1354 fish 1000 m⁻³. More than 98% of drifting fish were cyprinids. Rutilus rutilus, Rhodeus sericeus, Gobio spp., Alburnus alburnus and Abramis brama were dominate in the 22 species encountered in the River Morava. Carassius auratus gibelio and R. sericeus were the most common of 17 species in the River Kyjovka. Species composition of drifting fishes was similar among years in the Morava but varied in the Kyjovka. The species composition of drifting fishes did not differ from those of the YOY fish assemblage in nursery areas during the drift season. Relative abundances in nursery areas decreased after the drift season in species that dominated in the drift, but increased in those that avoided drift. It is suggested that drift is a regular part of the life history of many cyprinid fishes and interannual variability in density and species composition of drifting YOY fish can be explained by variable spawning success among years. Differences in the relative abundances of the YOY fish assemblage in nurseries during and after the drift season suggests that drift may cause significant mortality.     

长江中游宜昌江段鱼类早期资源现状及水文影响条件

为了解长江中游鱼类的早期资源现状, 2017年和2018年5—7月在长江干流宜都断面开展鱼类早期资源调查, 采样网具包括弶网和圆锥网。调查期间共采集鱼卵21120粒和仔鱼2123尾。利用形态学和分子生物学等方法, 鉴定鱼类5目9科37种。其中, 鱼卵有29种, 仔鱼有27种。2017年和2018年通过宜都断面的鱼卵径流量分别为124.45×108粒和101.07×108粒, 优势种为四大家鱼和贝氏?(Hemiculter bleekeri); 仔鱼径流量分别为16.43×108尾和8.29×108尾, 优势种为贝氏?和寡鳞飘鱼(Pseudolanbuca engraulis)。根据发育期和流速分析, 四大家鱼鱼卵来源于三峡大坝下游至宜都断面之间的产卵场, 仔鱼来源于三峡大坝以上的产卵场。与2009—2010年相比, 2017—2018年通过宜都断面的鱼卵径流量增大了85.3%, 尤其是四大家鱼的鱼卵径流量与2005—2012年相比增加了约13倍。冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis, RDA)结果显示, 流量和流量日变化对产漂流性鱼卵密度有影响。研究结果表明, 2017—2018年仍有大量的鱼卵和仔鱼补充到长江中游江段。与历史数据相比, 三峡大坝下游宜昌江段鱼类产卵规模有明显的增加, 可能与长江中游四大家鱼亲鱼增殖放流和生态调度等保护措施的实施有关。为了更加有效地保护长江中游的鱼类资源, 建议除了已经逐步实施的长江全面禁渔措施之外, 还应恢复江湖连通, 保护和修复长江中游河漫滩生境, 继续开展重要经济鱼类亲本放流, 以及开展生态调度。     

Phenotypic plasticity in the spawning traits of bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in novel ecosystems

1. Bigheaded carp, including both silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (H. nobilis) carp, are successful invasive fishes that threaten global freshwater biodiversity. High phenotypic plasticity probably contributes to their success in novel ecosystems, although evidence of plasticity in several spawning traits has hitherto been largely anecdotal or speculative. 2. We collected drifting eggs from a Midwestern U.S.A. river from June to September 2011 and from April to June 2012 to investigate the spawning traits of bigheaded carp in novel ecosystems. 3. Unlike reports from the native range, the presence of drifting bigheaded carp eggs was not related to changes in hydrological regime or mean daily water temperature. Bigheaded carp also exhibited protracted spawning, since we found drifting eggs throughout the summer and as late as 1 September 2011. Finally, we detected bigheaded carp eggs in a river reach where the channel is c. 30 m wide with a catchment area of 4579 km², the smallest stream in which spawning has yet been documented. 4. Taken with previous observations of spawning traits that depart from those observed within the native ranges of both bighead and silver carp, our findings provide direct evidence that bigheaded carp exhibit plastic spawning traits in novel ecosystems that may facilitate invasion and establishment in a wider range of river conditions than previously envisaged.     

Efficacy of releasing captive reared broodstock into an imperilled wild Atlantic salmon population as a recovery strategy

The strategy of releasing captive reared adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar into the Magaguadavic River, New Brunswick, Canada, to spawn, was not an effective tool for rebuilding a seriously depressed wild population. The fish were first generation progeny from wild parents, and had spent their entire lives in captivity in either sea or fresh water. No differences in movement or behaviour patterns were observed between freshwater and seawater reared groups. Fish released in the lower river early (35 to 80 days prior to the natural spawning period) moved into a lake low in the system, and most stayed there near the commercial hatchery where they had been reared from egg to smolt. During the spawning season, none moved to the upper river reaches where most spawning habitat exists. Most broodstock released in the upper river reaches near the time of spawning stayed there during the spawning period. The following year few to no Atlantic salmon fry were found, and most appeared not to be offspring of released adults.     

Diel and spatial drifting patterns of silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus eggs in an Australian lowland river

Densities of silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus eggs drifting in the Murray River, Australia, suggested a peak spawning time between 2100 and 0100 hours, and a propensity to drift in higher densities near shore and at the bottom of the water column. The results highlight the need to consider such spatial and temporal patterns when estimating species-specific drift abundances.     

Spawning areas and early development of long spiky-head carp (Luciobrama macrocephalus) in the Yangtze River and Pearl River, China

The spawning areas and early development of long spiky-head carp, Luciobrama macrocephalus (Lacépède), an endemic fish species in China, were investigated in the Yangtze River and Pearl River of central and southeastern China between 1961 and 1993. The potamodromous fish migrated upstream to spawn between May and July as the floodwater began to rise. The water-hardened eggs drifted down the river, and the embryos and larvae developed in the course of drifting. The spawning areas of the fish were widely found in the upper and middle main channels and large tributaries. Two large dams (Gezhouba dam and Danjiangkou dam) did not significantly impact on the reproduction of the fish. Fifty stages of the early development from one cell to the juvenile with fully formed fins were observed and characterized pictorially. The larvae of long spiky-head carp could be distinguished from the larvae of other co-occurring species by counting the number of somites and comparing the proportion of sizes of eye to otic capsule.     

兴修水利枢纽后汉江产漂流性卵鱼类的繁殖生态

汉江产漂流性卵的鱼类至少有25种,其中经济鱼类有草鱼、青鱼、鲢、鳙、鯮、鳤、鳡、长春鳊、赤眼鳟、铜鱼、吻鮈、鳜以及三种红鲌属鱼类。       

青菱湖中长春鳊生物学的研究

1983-1985年对通长江的青菱湖中长春鳊的年龄与生长、食性、繁殖及其鱼群江湖交流等生态习性进行了调查。发现相当部分标本的鳞片上有明显的幼轮标志;性成熟后,雌鱼的生长较雄鱼迅速;摄取的食物种类与湖中各种水生植物的季节性盛衰相适应,但有一定的选择性;亲鱼能在湖中成熟产卵,但鱼卵因受自然条件限制,不能发育成活。湖中鱼群的补充仍依靠数量不定的1龄幼鱼由长江干流逆水或顺水伺机窜入湖内。江湖之间闸门的启闭主要根据农田水利的需要,因此,长春鳊鱼群规律性的江湖交流仍然受到阻碍。       

Longitudinal changes in zooplankton distribution below a reservoir outfall with reference to river planktivory

The fate and interactions with river organisms of zooplankton as they drift downriver from a reservoir on a fourth-order mountain stream (Hiji River, Japan) were investigated. Monthly samples were collected at the reservoir and six river sites, simultaneously, from May 2005 to May 2006. Aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish were colleted, and their stomach contents were analyzed in April and May, 2006, respectively. Drift from the reservoir was the primary source for the river plankton community; the abundance of zooplankton, particularly those of cladocerans and large rotifer, rapidly decreased within several kilometers of the dam. Analysis of the contents of fish stomachs showed that drifting zooplankton was the main food for fish, with strong food selectivity for cladocerans and large rotifers. However, fish and insect planktivores showed longitudinally different stomach contents, with progressively fewer zooplankton found in the stomachs at the downriver sites. The results suggest that the outflow of zooplankton from the reservoir is an important food source for the downstream predators, especially fish, but the drift of zooplankton and consequent food availability for the predators at lower sites are strongly limited by concentrated fish predation just below the reservoir dam.