管氏肿腿蜂密度对其寄生及繁衍能力的影响

本研究以管氏肿腿蜂 Sclerodermus guani 雌成蜂为研究对象,拟探明寄生蜂密度对其寄生及繁衍能力的影响,为该寄生蜂行为生物学研究提供科学依据。本研究以松墨天牛 Monochamus alternatus 幼虫（0.350~0.450 g）为寄主,设置8种不同雌蜂密度（1~8头/寄主）,对比分析不同雌蜂密度下,管氏肿腿蜂的寄生行为和效能,以及雌蜂生殖力和子代适合度变化。结果表明,随雌蜂密度增加,管氏肿腿蜂蛰刺发生前历时、寄主麻痹历时及产卵前历时均缩短。基于Hassell-Varley数据模型分析(E =0.9023×P^-0.9378）,雌蜂的寻找效应随自身密度增加而逐渐变小,雌蜂间的干扰降低了寄生效能。雌蜂生殖力随其密度增加而降低,单雌平均产卵量及产雌量明显下降,雌蜂密度为1头/寄主时,单雌产卵量分别是4头/寄主和8头/寄主处理下的1.4倍和2.4倍。子代适合度也随雌蜂密度增加而变化,子代发育历期明显缩短,低龄幼虫存活率和单雌体重均下降。雌蜂密度为1头/寄主时,其子代发育历期最长,平均为26.7 d,8头/寄主时最短,平均为24.0 d。雌蜂密度为1头/寄主时低龄幼虫存活率和单雌体重分别是8头/寄主时的1.1倍和2.1倍。随雌蜂密度增加,子代雄性比呈小幅下降趋势,大多数处理子代雄性比低于15%。多头雌蜂寄生可提高克服寄主效率,缩短子代发育历期,增加子代数量,雌蜂密度为4头/寄主时可达到繁殖利益最大化。     

环境因子对阿尔蚜茧蜂(Aphidius ervi Haliday)生殖的影响

1978—79年在云南昆明、嵩明等地先后采到豌蚜的一种优势寄生天敌—阿尔蚜茧蜂。本文着重研究了几种主要环境因子对其生殖的影响。 食物是决定阿尔蚜茧蜂寿命的基本环境因子之一。饲以20％蔗糖液的雌蜂寿命最长可达20—21天。刚羽化的雌蜂其卵巢内即出现成熟卵,平均每只雌蜂有成熟卵74.9粒,最多达141.8粒。光照对雌蜂产卵有明显影响,在白昼自然光照下,每雌蜂30分钟内可产卵24.00粒;而在黑暗条件下,仅1.80粒,甚至不产卵。在10℃,20℃和湿度70—80％下,雌蜂对各龄寄主都可产卵,其效率以低龄寄主为高。产卵适宜温度为20℃左右。寄主密度对雌蜂生殖亦有一定影响。低寄主密度(1:20)、(1:40)时,其产卵数少于高寄主密度(1:60)、(1:80)。同时过寄生寄主比率亦高。此外该蜂对0℃以下被冻死的寄主副豌蚜不产卵,也对其他两个蚜种甘兰蚜和云南修尾蚜均不产卵。     

温度对蝇蛹俑小蜂寄生瓜实蝇蛹功能反应的影响

【目的】蝇蛹俑小蜂是很多双翅目害虫的蛹寄生蜂。了解温度对寄生蜂寄生效能的影响是利用寄生蜂控制害虫的重要前提。【方法】实验室条件下设置温度为21、24、27、30、33℃,测定温度对蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂寄生瓜实蝇蛹功能反应的影响。蝇蛹俑小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹的功能反应用Michaelis-Menten-Ⅱ型功能反应模型N_a=AN/(F+N)进行拟合。【结果】不同温度下蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄生潜能(A)和寄主半饱和密度(F)不同。当温度在27℃时,其寄生潜能最大;而寄主半饱和密度随着温度升高而降低。【结论】瓜实蝇在瓜地盛发期的栖境温度适宜蝇蛹俑小蜂的寄生。     

花角蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的寄生功能反应

在实验室条件下,以松突圆蚧(Hemiberlesia pitysophilaTakagi)雌成蚧为寄主,研究了花角蚜小蜂(Coccobius azumaiTachikawa)的寄生功能反应.结果表明:寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,且功能反应受到温度、寄主密度和寄生物密度的影响.在同一温度下,寄生数量随寄主密度的增大而增加;在15℃~25℃范围内,随着温度的升高,被寄生的松突圆蚧雌成蚧数量增加,而在25℃~35℃之间呈相反趋势.花角蚜小蜂的寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用,随自身密度的增加,寄生数量逐渐减少.Hassell(1969)模型E=QP-m和Bedding-ton(1975)模型E=aT/[1 btw(P-1)]均能较好地反映花角蚜小蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度之间的关系,模拟结果分别为E=0.1659P-0.5597和E=0.1437T/[1 0.2691(P-1)].     

温度对中华虎凤蝶幼虫生存与生长发育的影响

本文就温度对中华虎凤蝶幼虫的生存与生长发育进行了研究。结果表明,１龄幼虫１６～３２℃范围内的死亡率无显著差异;２龄幼虫死亡率在３２℃下达３０．９２％,显著高于其它温度;３～５龄幼虫３２℃下全部死亡,其它温度下多以２８℃为高。１～２龄幼虫在１６～３２℃和３～５龄幼虫在１６～２８℃范围内的发育历期随温度升高而显著缩短,而平均发育速率则反之。用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布函数能较好地拟合各龄幼虫的存活率曲线,并由此判断出各存活率曲线类型。此外,还测定了各龄幼虫的发育起点温度和有效积温。最后建议中华虎凤蝶１～２龄和３～５龄幼虫饲养适宜温度分别为２８℃和２０～２４℃。     

美丽青背姬小蜂寄生和繁殖特性研究

美丽青背姬小蜂Chrysonotomyia formosa(Westwood)是美洲斑潜蝇的优势天敌,在美洲斑潜蝇的自然控制中发挥着非常重要的作用.本文对其寄生和繁殖特性进行了研究,结果表明:美丽青背姬小蜂主要将卵产于寄主幼虫的腹部,1头寄主幼虫体内可产1～5粒卵,但只有1粒卵能完成发育成为成蜂;不同温度下,雌蜂的繁殖能力不同,其中雌蜂在23℃时有最大的产卵量和最高的致死寄主个体数;提供10%的蜂蜜水可以显著提高雌蜂对寄主的寄生数、产卵量、刺死寄主数和总致死寄主数;美丽青背姬小蜂也能进行产雄孤雌生殖;营孤雌生殖的雌蜂与有性生殖的雌蜂在寿命、寄生寄主数、产卵数、刺死寄主数和总致死寄主数之间差异不显著.     

螟蛉盘绒茧蜂的过寄生行为及其对子代生长发育的影响

【目的】过寄生现象普遍存在于寄生蜂寄生过程中。本研究旨在探究螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus的过寄生对子代发育的影响及影响过寄生行为的主要因素。【方法】室内研究了螟蛉盘绒茧蜂在其寄主稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis3龄幼虫上过寄生行为的发生,不同产卵次数对寄主存活及子代蜂生长发育的影响,研究了不同接蜂时间和不同接蜂密度对过寄生发生的影响。【结果】螟蛉盘绒茧蜂存在过寄生行为,无论雌蜂有无产卵寄生经历,均能在被自身寄生过和同种不同个体寄生过的寄主内产卵。寄生蜂茧量随着被产卵次数的增加而增加,被产卵3~5次的寄主体内死亡的寄生蜂幼虫数随着增大。寄主在育出蜂前的死亡率随着被产卵寄生次数的增加而增加,被产卵5次时,寄主育出蜂前死亡率达50%。过寄生使螟蛉盘绒茧蜂子代蜂卵-蛹的历期延长,羽化率和雌雄性比下降,雌蜂体型随寄生次数的增加显著变小。过寄生率随着接蜂密度及接蜂时间的增加而增加。【结论】在寄主上产卵2次对螟蛉盘绒茧蜂子代发育是最适合的,产卵3次及以上为过寄生。过寄生使蜂子代发育适合度降低,不利于子代生长发育。在室内大量繁殖螟蛉盘绒茧蜂时,应减少接蜂密度和接蜂时间,从而减少过寄生的发生。     

温度对烟蚜茧蜂发育、生殖的影响

在恒汨１０、１５、２０、２５和３０℃实验条件下,测定了云南省玉溪地区烟蚜茧蜂（Ａｐｈｉｄｉｕｓ ｇｉｆｕｅｎｓｉｓ Ａｓｈｍｅａｄ）的发育历期和生殖力等生物学参数。结果显示,烟蚜茧蜂发育速率与温度的关系符合逻辑斯蒂曲线,即２５℃从卵至习化所需历期最短（１０．６７ｄ）,３０℃发育历期稍有延长（１１．６ｄ）。卵至羽化的发育起点温度为３．３℃,有效积温为２６６．０日度。烟蚜茧峰雌蜂羽化当天即可产卵,在产     

不同温度下松毛虫赤眼蜂孤雌产雌品系和两性生殖品系对米蛾卵的寄生功能反应

赤眼蜂部分蜂种或品系受Wolbachia侵染营孤雌产雌生殖。 通过室内试验分析了在4个恒温（20, 25, 30和35℃）下松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi两性生殖品系和孤雌产雌品系对米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵的寄生功能反应, 旨在比较不同温度两品系的寄生功能反应差异, 评价孤雌产雌品系在生物防治中的应用潜力。 结果表明： 松毛虫赤眼蜂两个品系对米蛾卵寄生作用均随寄主密度的增加而增大;随温度的升高松毛虫赤眼蜂两品系的功能反应类型由Ⅲ型改变为Ⅱ型。孤雌产雌品系以30℃的处置时间最短(0.0207 d), 最大日寄生量为48.31粒卵, 其次是25℃, 35℃最小;两性生殖品系以25℃的处置时间最短(0.0188 d), 最大日寄生量为53.08粒卵, 其次是30℃, 20℃最小; 松毛虫赤眼蜂两品系的寄生功能反应存在显著差异, 30℃下孤雌产雌品系为Ⅱ型功能反应而两性生殖品系为Ⅲ型。 从处置时间来看, 20℃时两品系无显著性差异(P≥0.05), 在25℃和35℃孤雌产雌品系寄生米蛾卵时花费的时间显著长于两性生殖品系(P<0.05), 而30℃却相反。 可见, 寄主密度、 温度和Wolbachia影响松毛虫赤眼蜂功能反应。     

温度对烟草甲生长发育的影响

在２０－３２．５℃范围内,烟草甲卵期、幼虫期、肾期、成虫产卵前期及全世代的发育速率与温度呈逻辑斯蒂曲线关系,但高温（３５℃以上）对烟草甲的生长发育有明显的抑制作用。烟草甲各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为卵：１５．４８６６℃,３５．９８９２日度;幼虫：１０．３５５３℃,４２２．０４６２日度;蛹：１５．４２３９℃,７２．３８０８日度;产卵前期：１４．７００７℃,２０．８４２７日度;全世代：１２．５     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.