一株金黄蓝状菌解磷特性及其对毛竹的促生效应

为深入了解毛竹根际微生物金黄蓝状菌(JXBR04)的解磷特性并评价其促生效应,采用液体发酵培养法研究碳源、氮源、pH、装液量及盐离子等因素对金黄蓝状菌解磷能力的影响,以及该菌株对不同难溶性磷酸盐的溶解能力,并应用温室盆栽法研究该菌株对毛竹幼苗生长的促进效应.结果表明: 金黄蓝状菌(JXBR04)分别在碳源为蔗糖、氮源为酵母粉、初始pH值3.5、装液量1/5或2/5、盐离子浓度为0 或1.0 g·L^-1时解磷能力最强;对Ca₃(PO₄)₂、CaHPO₄、FePO₄均具有较好的解磷作用,其中对CaHPO₄表现最佳,达1304.04 mg·L^-1.施用金黄蓝状菌(JXBR04)菌剂180 d后显著提高了毛竹实生苗根际土壤养分和植株体内磷含量,且地径、苗高及生物量分别比对照增长了28.1%、28.3%和51.5%.可见,金黄蓝状菌具有成为我国南方酸性土壤毛竹林环境友好型生物肥料的潜力.     

一株产木聚糖酶菌株的筛选鉴定及产酶条件初步优化

本研究从造纸厂的污泥及污水筛选获得了一株产木聚糖酶能力较强的菌株,经鉴定该菌株为异硫链霉菌(Streptomyces althioticus),专利保藏号为CCTCC M 2014110。通过单因素试验初步优化了碳源、氮源、温度、初始p H、发酵周期、摇床转速、接种量及装液量。试验结果显示该菌株最佳产酶条件为:以为玉米芯为碳源,用量30 g/L;以大豆粉与硝酸钾复合物为氮源,用量分别为20g/L和10 g/L;发酵周期120 h,发酵温度40℃,接种量6%,初始p H 5.0,装液量50 m L/250 m L三角瓶,摇床转速为160 r/min。     

一株高效解磷菌的筛选及其解磷效果验证

为开发新型、安全及高效的解磷菌肥,从农田中分离筛选出多株菌,通过解磷能力验证,最终选出解磷能力最强的X-P18菌株,经16S rDNA分析鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌。同时,通过优化X-P18菌株液体发酵培养条件并测定发酵液中小分子有机酸种类,初步探究菌株的解磷机理。将该解磷菌施用于黑叶葵扇白菜盆栽,并对小白菜的基本指标进行分析。结果表明,X-P18菌株在无机磷液体培养基中,溶磷量为495.4 mg/L,具有分泌乙酸及其他少量小分子有机酸的特性。培养基初始接种量为1%、pH8.0、碳源为甘露糖、氮源为硫酸铵、培养温度为30℃时,X-P18菌株的解磷能力最佳,溶磷量为582.4 mg/L,比优化前高出17.6%。在X-P18菌剂添加量为2×10~9CFU/盆时,对黑叶葵扇白菜的促生效果最明显,鲜重增加65.5%,叶片全磷含量增加46.9%。     

海南生态区植物根际解磷细菌的筛选及分子鉴定

【目的】了解海南酸性土壤解磷细菌溶解Ca3(PO4)2和FePO4特性;筛选高效稳定的解磷菌株,为应用研究提供菌源。【方法】采集海南21种植物的根际土样品,用营养琼脂、结晶紫-营养琼脂、酵母粉-甘露醇琼脂,稀释涂布法分离土壤细菌,选取平板上菌落形态有明显区别的代表性菌落,用最低营养琼脂进行纯化;Ⅰ筛用Ca3(PO4)2固体培养基培养5 d,挑取有溶磷圈的菌落;Ⅱ筛用Ca3(PO4)2培养液在32℃、200 r/min条件培养6 d,挑取解磷量大于200 mg/L的菌株;Ⅲ筛是在4次继代培养及每次15 d的4℃保藏后,用Ca3(PO4)2培养液培养6 d,挑取解磷量大于200 mg /L的菌株。称Ⅲ筛的选出菌株为高效稳定的解磷细菌(PSBHS),用FePO4培养液对PSBHS培养6 d,并测定解磷量;用简并引物扩增PSBHS 16S rDNA基因一个长度约1460 bp的片段,测序后,通过Blast检索同源序列,鉴定解磷细菌分类。【结果】共分离到363个代表性菌株,通过Ⅰ筛、Ⅱ筛、Ⅲ筛的代表性菌株分别是126个、45个、14个;14个PSBHS在Ca3(PO4)2培养液中经6 d培养,解磷量达201.0 mg/L ~623.3 mg/L,培养结束时pH值(3.82~4.34)与解磷量呈极显著负相关（r = -0.8155)。14个PSBHS在FePO4培养液中经6 d培养,解磷量只有1.6 mg/L ~34.2 mg/L,培养结束时pH值(2.87~5.67)与解磷量也呈极显著负相关(r = -0.6836)。16S rDNA序列分析,确定了6个PSBHS为Acinetobacter, 3个为Pseudomonas, 3个为Serratia, 2个为Enterobacter。     

香蕉根际土壤解磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及解磷能力

【目的】以磷矿粉为难溶态磷,以期从香蕉根际土壤筛选出高效的解磷细菌。【方法】采用透明圈法和钼锑抗比色法分离筛选解磷细菌,通过形态学特征、生理生化试验结合16S rRNA基因序列分析及系统发育树比对鉴定其种属,并利用单因素试验方法研究不同碳源、氮源及C/N比值(40:1、20:1和8:1)对菌株溶解磷矿粉能力的影响。研究不同菌株解磷能力和培养介质pH值的变化关系。【结果】分离具有解磷能力的细菌8株,筛选出具有代表性的3个菌株B3-5-6、M-3-01和T1-4-01,初步鉴定菌株B3-5-6为嗜气芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aerophilus),M-3-01为虫内生沙雷氏菌(Serratia nematodiphila),T1-4-01为艾博丽肠杆菌(Enterobacter asburiae)。B3-5-6解磷能力与介质pH值之间存在线性负相关性(|r|=0.949 66>0.735),其相关性达到极显著水平;B3-5-6在碳源为蔗糖、氮源为(NH4)2SO4、C/N为40:1,M-3-01在碳源为葡萄糖、氮源为(NH4)2SO4、C/N为20:1,T1-4-01在碳源为乳糖、氮源为蛋白胨、C/N为20:1条件下解磷效果较好。解磷效果与初筛相比分别提高了1.12、1.17、2.55倍。【结论】不同的碳氮源、C/N值会直接影响磷细菌的解磷能力;筛选出一株解磷能力与培养介质pH之间存在着极显著相关性的细菌,其解磷机理有待进一步研究。     

一株解磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及其溶磷培养条件的优化

从土壤作物根际筛选分离出的一株解磷能力较强的溶磷菌P0417,对其进行16S r DNA基因水平上的初步鉴定,测定其溶解磷的能力,并对该菌的溶磷培养基条件进行优化。结果表明,经序列分析,确定该菌株P0417为洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌。且其溶磷能力与培养液p H呈显著相关性,当培养基条件为葡萄糖10 g/L、草酸铵0.5 g/L、Na Cl 1.0 g/L时,菌株P0417对Ca3(PO4)2盐培养基具有较好的解磷能力,其解磷能力可达791.84μg/m L。     

解磷菌Novosphingobiumsp.YF20的分离及生长特性

通过改良解磷菌固体分离培养基的分离培养,从‘凤丹’牡丹(Paeonia ostii‘Fengdan’)根际土壤中分离到3株具有解磷活性的菌株,编号分别为YF19、YF20和YF21。通过74 h的连续发酵培养考察了三株菌的解磷活性,其中YF20菌株的解磷活性最强,发酵48 h时,发酵上清液中有效磷含量达到最大值1.35 mg/L。综合形态特征观察、生化测定和16S r DNA分析结果,确定菌株YF20隶属于鞘鞍醇杆菌属,暂命名为Novosphingobium sp.YF20。生长特性研究表明,菌株YF20对6种碳源的同化能力由强到弱的顺序是:柠檬酸钠蔗糖淀粉乙酸钠葡萄糖乳糖;对6种氮源的同化能力由强到弱的顺序是:蛋白胨酵母膏硝酸钠氯化铵硝酸钾硫酸铵;最适生长温度为32~36℃,最适p H值范围是6.0~6.5。菌株YF20可作为油用牡丹专用菌肥开发的出发菌株。     

酸性α-淀粉酶菌株的筛选及其发酵条件研究

自淀粉厂周边土壤分离筛选到一株高效耐酸α-淀粉酶菌株SH3,初步鉴定为酵母菌,发酵粗酶p H范围3.8-8.0,最适作用p H5.0,该酶在80℃下仍有酶活,最适作用温度50℃。经单因素发酵条件的研究与优化,最适温度37℃,培养基初始p H5.0,可溶性淀粉作碳源,蛋白胨为氮源,200 m L装液量。正交试验确定最佳产酶条件为可溶性淀粉15 g/L、蛋白胨30 g/L、37℃、p H4.5,该条件下酶活力为96.8 U/mg。     

一株高效解磷真菌新菌株的筛选鉴定及解磷特性

从辽宁省辽中县多年耕种的日光温室番茄根际土壤中筛选出一株解磷真菌,通过菌落形态特征和ITS rDNA序列对比,鉴定该菌株为草酸青霉菌的一株新菌株,将其命名为PSF1.该菌株能利用葡萄糖、蔗糖、乳糖、半乳糖、可溶性淀粉等多种碳源和硫酸铵、氯化铵、硝酸铵、硝酸钾、尿素等多种氮源进行生长代谢并表现出较强的解磷能力,在C/N 10∶1~60∶1、初始pH 7~8的条件下生长情况较好且解磷能力较高.该菌株有很强的产酸能力,在培养过程中培养液pH由7.00~7.50下降至2.06~4.87;在4种磷源培养液中的最高解磷量分别为磷酸三钙(869.62 mg·L^-1)>磷矿粉(233.56 mg·L^-1)>磷酸铝(44.77 mg·L^-1)>磷酸铁(28.42 mg·L^-1).Pearson相关分析表明,菌株在磷酸三钙、磷矿粉和磷酸铁培养液中的解磷量与pH的变化之间呈极显著负相关关系,在磷酸铝培养液中无显著相关关系.菌株PSF1解磷能力强,生长条件广,推测其在土壤中有较强的解磷能力.     

内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09产Iturin A摇瓶发酵条件优化

【目的】提高内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09发酵产抗菌脂肽Iturin A的产量。【方法】首先采用单因子实验研究了碳源、氮源、NaCl浓度、pH、温度、转速和装液量等因子对CC09产Iturin A能力的影响,然后对其中显著性因子:氮源浓度、pH、温度及装液量4个因素进行正交实验,进一步优化发酵条件。【结果】优化培养基组成及发酵条件可以提高CC09菌株的生长速度及产Iturin A的量,其中可溶性淀粉以及一定比例的蛋白胨和酵母粉是CC09菌株产Iturin A的良好碳源和氮源;培养温度、装液量、培养液pH等也对CC09菌株产Iturin A有显著影响。优化后的培养基成分:可溶性淀粉(碳源)5 g/L、比例为3:1的胰蛋白胨酵母粉混合氮源15 g/L、NaCl 1 g/L;最佳培养条件:pH 6.0、28°C、摇床转速120 r/min、培养瓶装液量20%。【结论】在此条件下,Iturin A的产量可达到690 mg/L,较优化前的138 mg/L提高了4倍。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.