沙质微泡菌β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶的克隆表达及酶学性质

【背景】β-葡聚糖是自然界中广泛存在的非淀粉多糖,是谷类植物细胞壁的主要成分。β-葡聚糖酶能够水解β-葡聚糖生成低聚合度的寡糖,在食品、饲料、造纸等领域发挥着重要的作用。【目的】从海洋细菌沙质微泡菌(Microbulbifer arenaceous)中克隆到一个β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶基因,在大肠杆菌中可溶表达,研究其相关酶学性质。【方法】以沙质微泡菌(Microbulbifer arenaceous)基因组DNA为模板,克隆一个β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶基因(MaGlu16A),构建重组表达载体p ET-28a-MaGlu16A并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,通过Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】MaGlu16A的最适pH和最适温度分别为pH 6.0和40°C,在pH 5.0-10.5和35°C以下稳定。对EDTA具有较高的抵抗性,在1 mmol/L和10 mmol/L EDTA浓度下仍保持99.3%和82.5%的酶活力。该酶能够有效水解可得然多糖、昆布多糖、大麦葡聚糖、地衣多糖、燕麦葡聚糖和酵母葡聚糖,水解产物主要为葡萄糖、二糖、三糖和四糖。【结论】海洋细菌沙质微泡菌(Microbulbiferarenaceous)来源β-1,3(4)-葡聚糖酶的克隆表达及酶学性质的测定为β-葡聚糖酶的挖掘及β-葡寡糖的制备奠定了基础。     

仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)肠道源植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum) HY21的生长及益生特性分析

【目的】在仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)健康养殖中为了寻找具有良好耐受性、益生性、安全性的益生菌,本研究从仿刺参肠道内容物中分离获得一株植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum) HY21,对其益生潜能进行评价。【方法】利用摇瓶发酵培养、应用环境因子模拟试验、抗生素药敏测试等方法,分析L. plantarum HY21的生长特性、产酸性能、发酵液的抗氧化性质和对水产致病菌的抑制作用;检测菌体的疏水性、自聚性和共聚性、黏附力和药物敏感性,以及对应用环境因子的耐受性。【结果】L. plantarum HY21摇瓶发酵培养温度30℃、初始pH 8.0,于2-10 h为对数生长期,发酵18 h后pH达到最低3.6;发酵液对溶藻弧菌的抑菌直径达到(13.96±0.30) mm,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine, DPPH)自由基清除率达到95.45%±1.56%;L. plantarum HY21的疏水率为60.42%±2.78%、自聚率为22.69%±1.36%,与溶藻弧菌共聚率为27.98%±1.45%;对体表和肠道黏液蛋白的黏附量分别达到(1.66±0.01)×10⁶ CFU/mL和(1.23±0.15)×10⁶ CFU/mL;对13种常见的抗菌药物均表现敏感;菌体在模拟胃肠液(pH 3.0, pH 6.8)中孵育3 h存活率均可达99%以上,在10%鱼胆汁溶液中孵育3 h存活率达到68.11%±7.98%,在3%海盐溶液中孵育16 h存活率达到97.58%±7.14%。【结论】L. plantarum HY21具有良好的定殖作用、抑菌作用、抗氧化作用等益生特性,而且在应用环境中具有高存活率和高安全性,可以作为一株新的水产益生菌,为开发水产益生菌制剂提供科学理论依据。     

生物炭-牛粪堆肥中产β-葡聚糖苷酶微生物群落应答碳代谢抑制效应

【背景】在高浓度葡萄糖引起的碳代谢抑制效应下,产β-葡聚糖苷酶(β-glucosidase)功能微生物群落为适应碳代谢压力的变化,会差异化表达糖耐受和非糖耐受的功能基因。在堆肥中添加生物炭可以改变微生物生存的环境,进而影响微生物群落的组成与功能。【目的】分析在不同碳代谢压力下添加生物炭对产β-葡聚糖苷酶功能微生物群落的结构组成与功能的影响。【方法】在生物炭牛粪-稻草堆肥中添加葡萄糖、纤维二糖及β-葡聚糖苷酶抑制剂,构建不同的碳代谢压力。以细菌来源GH1家族的β-葡聚糖苷酶基因为分子标记基因构建基因克隆文库。同时测定羧甲基纤维素酶酶活和β-葡聚糖苷酶酶活。【结果】放线菌、变形菌和拟杆菌是功能微生物群落中的优势菌群。其中,CL处理组变形菌数量有所下降,在添加了抑制剂的处理组中,拟杆菌的数量明显上升。高浓度葡萄糖显著抑制了羧甲基纤维素酶酶活,但对β-葡聚糖苷酶酶活影响不大,其中低浓度纤维二糖的处理可以显著诱导β-葡聚糖苷酶活性。GHCH处理组中β-葡聚糖苷酶表现出高浓度葡萄糖激活特性。【结论】添加生物炭未明显影响参与纤维素降解的功能微生物群落对碳代谢抑制效应的应答。与自然堆肥相比,在添加了生...     

不同pH值条件下硫酸盐还原菌组成及硫酸盐还原机制分析

【目的】从海洋沉积物中富集获得硫酸盐还原菌群,改变pH值进行培养,分析pH值对硫酸盐还原性质的影响,明确菌群组成和进行硫酸盐还原功能基因预测,探究硫酸盐还原机制。【方法】分析硫酸盐还原菌群在不同pH值条件下的硫酸盐还原率,在此基础上,利用高通量测序技术和PICRUSt软件分析硫酸盐还原菌群优势菌组成及硫酸盐还原相关基因相对丰度。【结果】硫酸盐还原菌群在不同pH值培养条件下的生长和硫酸盐还原率出现显著变化(P<0.01),在pH 5.0时达到峰值,分别为0.34±0.01和96.52%±0.44%。高通量测序数据显示,pH 5.0时菌群丰富度和多样性最高,优势菌属为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillus),相对丰度较高的基因为同化性硫酸盐还原相关基因。【结论】硫酸盐还原菌富集生长的最适pH 5.0,在此条件下的高硫酸盐还原率由同化性硫酸盐还原途径主导,为揭示硫酸盐还原机制提供了实验支持,并拓宽了硫酸盐还原菌实践应用方面的种质资源。     

谷氨酸脱氢酶与醇脱氢酶的共表达及其在制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇中的应用

【背景】醇脱氢酶AdhS能催化不对称还原反应制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇,但由于自身再生辅酶NADH的能力不足,需要辅酶再生酶协助其再生NADH。谷氨酸脱氢酶能以谷氨酸为底物,再生辅酶NAD(P)H,具有辅酶再生酶的潜力。【目的】克隆表达谷氨酸脱氢酶基因gdhA,构建谷氨酸脱氢酶GdhA与醇脱氢酶AdhS的大肠杆菌共表达体系,提高AdhS制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的转化效率。【方法】从枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 168中克隆基因gdhA,并在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)中表达,分析辅酶再生活力;再与醇脱氢酶AdhS共表达,优化表达条件;分析不同辅酶再生方案对制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的转化效率的影响。【结果】谷氨酸脱氢酶GdhA再生NADH的比活力为694 U/g。经GdhA与AdhS的共表达及表达条件优化后,制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的转化效率达465 U/L。经比较,GdhA协助再生辅酶NADH,可使AdhS制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的转化效率提高到约3倍。【结论】谷氨酸脱氢酶GdhA为NADH高效再生酶,与醇脱氢酶AdhS共表达可显著提高AdhS制备(R)-2-氯-1-苯乙醇的转化效率。     

基于己糖激酶与葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶共表达的辅酶NADPH高效再生

【目的】构建己糖激酶与葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶的大肠杆菌共表达体系,以葡萄糖为底物实现辅酶NADPH的高效再生。【方法】通过分子生物学方法,克隆己糖激酶HKgs、HKpp基因,并于Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中表达,再将己糖激酶HKgs、HKpp分别与葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶Gpd PP共表达,实现NADPH的原位再生。比较两个共表达工程菌的辅酶再生效果,并针对催化活力较高的工程菌BL21(HKgs+Gpd PP)进行表达条件优化。【结果】NADPH再生活力达到856 U/L。该辅酶再生体系与醇脱氢酶Adh R联合催化,使不对称还原4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯的催化活力提高至原始值的2.5倍。【结论】通过己糖激酶与葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶在大肠杆菌中的共表达,构建了一个新的NADPH高效再生体系,并用于醇脱氢酶催化的不对称还原反应。     

微生物1,3-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶蛋白质改造及工业应用研究进展

1,3-1,4-β-葡聚糖酶(E.C.3.2.1.73)是一种重要的工业用酶,其可以通过特异性切割毗邻β-1,3-糖苷键的β-1,4-糖苷键将β-葡聚糖或地衣多糖降解为纤维三糖和纤维四糖。微生物β-葡聚糖酶属于糖苷水解酶家族16,其三维结构为卷心蛋糕状的逆向β-片层结构。文中综述了近些年来β-葡聚糖酶在工业上的应用情况及酶蛋白质工程改造的研究进展,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

多聚磷酸盐激酶双底物通道腔的理性设计及其在无细胞催化生产谷胱甘肽中的应用

三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)是一种重要的辅助因子,参与许多需能的生物催化反应。多聚磷酸盐激酶(polyphosphate kinases,PPK)由于其底物聚磷酸盐廉价易得,可以为消耗ATP的反应提供能量。本研究选择哈氏噬纤维菌(Cytophaga hutchinsonii)来源的ChPPK,进行了底物谱和耐受性分析,通过分子对接和定点突变,理性改造多聚磷酸盐激酶的双底物通道腔来提高PPK酶的催化活性。与野生型相比,筛选得到突变体ChPPK_K81H-K103V的相对酶活提高了326.7%,同时,双突变扩大了ChPPK的底物利用范围与耐受性,提高了该酶的耐热性与耐碱性。基于该ATP再生系统,本研究偶联谷胱甘肽双功能酶GshAB和ChPPK_K81H-K103V,破细胞后采用无细胞催化生产谷胱甘肽,加入5 mmol/L ATP后,该体系6 h可以生产(25.4±1.9) mmol/L的谷胱甘肽,比突变前的催化体系提高了41.9%。优化无细胞催化体系的缓冲液、裂解液菌体量、补料时间后,无细胞体系可产生(45.2±1.8) mmol/L谷胱甘肽,底物l-半胱氨酸的转化率达到90.4%。提高ChPPK生产ATP的能力,可有效增强底物的转化率,降低催化成本,实现了无细胞催化生产谷胱甘肽的高产量、高转化率与高经济价值的统一。本研究提供了一种绿色高效的ATP再生系统,可为消耗ATP的生物催化反应平台提供可持续动力。     

Streptomyces aidingensis CGMCC 4.5739中环二肽氧化酶DmtD3_E3的体外生化功能

【背景】环二肽合酶(cyclodipeptide synthase, CDPS)途径中新颖后修饰酶的挖掘对获得结构新颖活性良好的二酮哌嗪类化合物具有重要意义。前期研究中发现来源于Streptomyces aidingensis CGMCC 4.5739的环二肽合酶基因簇dmt3中dmtA3B3C3可编码二酮哌嗪—萜类化合物drimentines (DMTs),推测其下游环二肽氧化酶基因dmtD3_E3也参与了DMTs的生物合成,但其功能一直未鉴定。【目的】对S.aidingensisCGMCC 4.5739中环二肽合酶基因簇dmt3内的环二肽氧化酶DmtD3_E3的功能进行表征,为增加二酮哌嗪类化合物结构多样性提供功能元件。【方法】从S.aidingensisCGMCC 4.5739的基因组中克隆环二肽氧化酶基因dmtD3_E3,构建重组表达质粒pWLI209,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中可溶性表达。通过建立体外酶促反应,运用液质联用(high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS)和核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)等方法确定催化产物结构。【结果】环二肽氧化酶DmtD3_E3可催化环二肽cyclo-(L-Trp-L-Leu) (cWL)的C14-C17位氧化脱氢形成cyclo-(L-Trp-L-ΔLeu) (cWΔL)。此外DmtD3_E3还可以催化环二肽cyclo-(L-Trp-L-Ala) (cWA)的C10-C11位脱氢生成cyclo-(L-Trp-L-ΔAla) (cΔWA),具有底物宽泛性。【结论】本研究通过对环二肽合酶生物合成途径中新颖环二肽氧化酶的挖掘和表征,为后续通过组合生物合成及合成生物学手段生成“非天然”二酮哌嗪类化合物衍生物奠定了基础。     

定点突变改变近平滑假丝酵母SCRⅡ催化苯乙酮衍生物底物谱

【目的】通过定点突变技术,改变近平滑假丝酵母短链羰基还原酶Ⅱ(SCRⅡ)催化苯乙酮衍生物的功能,为数种手性芳香醇的生产提供一种高效、安全的新型制备方法。【方法】通过氨基酸序列和蛋白结构比对的方法,选择SCRⅡ的底物结合域中关键氨基酸位点E228实施突变,构建相应的突变株Escherichia coliBL21/pET28a-E228S;以苯乙酮衍生物为底物,对突变株的酶活和生物转化功能进行了分析。【结果】酶活测定结果表明:突变株E.coli BL21/pET28a-E228S催化原始底物2-羟基苯乙酮的酶活仅为原始酶活的25%左右;而催化苯乙酮、4’-甲基苯乙酮、4’-氯苯乙酮的酶活是突变前的7-20倍。突变株E.coli BL21/pET28a-E228S生物转化2-羟基苯乙酮,获得产物(S)-苯基乙二醇的得率不超过10%,而以苯乙酮、4’-甲基苯乙酮、4’-氯苯乙酮为底物时,生物转化产物光学纯度维持在99%,得率高达80%以上。【结论】对底物结合域中的关键氨基酸实施突变,提高了SCRⅡ催化苯乙酮衍生物的底物广谱性,拓展了该酶的生物功能,为理性改造短链羰基还原酶的不对称还原催化功能和手性芳香醇的制备提供了新型途径。     

Sur la stéréospécificité de la ribonucléoside-diphosphate-réductase: préparation de désoxyribonucléosides pyrimidiques deutérés

Methyl 2-deoxy-3,5,6-tri-O-p-nitrobenzoyl- -ribo-hexofuranoside was converted into the glycosyl halide which was then condensed with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-pyrimidine in the presence of mercuric chloride to give, after alkaline methanolysis, 1-(2-deoxy-β- -ribo-hexofuranosyl)uracil, in a yield too low for the reaction to be applied to deuterated compounds. Methyl 2-deoxy- -allofuranoside-2-d was degraded into methyl 2-deoxy- -arabinofuranoside-2-d. Its di-p-nitrobenzoate was converted into the glycosyl halide which was coupled with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-pyrimidine to give, after alkaline hydrolysis, deuterated deoxyuridine. Thiationammonolysis of a mixture of the 3′,5′-di-p-nitrobenzoates of the latter compound and its anomer gave the corresponding deoxycytidines. Comparison of the n.m.r. spectra of these compounds to that of deuterated deoxycytidine, prepared by the enzymic reduction of cytidine 5′-pyrophosphate with the Escherichia coli system in the presence of deuterium oxide confirmed that the substitution of a hydroxyl group by a hydrogen atom proceeds with retention of configuration.     

Étude du mécanisme d'établissement des liaisons glutaraldéhyde-protéines

Commercial aqueous 25 per cent glutaraldehyde solutions contain no stable derivative of this aldehyde, but compounds of variable molecular weight which easily revert to glutaraldehyde. The effect of pH on the reaction of glutaraldehyde with amino acids and on the stability of the products under acid conditions, shows the importance of the structure modification of the dialdehyde which occurs when pH increases, and even leads to precipitation in highly alkaline solutions. This precipitate results from aldol condensation of glutaraldehyde molecules. It contains aldehyd groups conjugated with ethylenic double bonds. Such a structure reacts with amino groups to give an imino bond, stabilized by resonance with the ethylenic bond, and does not undergo Michael-type addition reactions.Therefore, glutaraldehyde does not react with proteins under its free form, but as an unsaturated polymer, which gives imino bonds stabilized by conjugation.     

Solubilisation et caractérisation d'une glycoprotéine : fucosyl-transférase cérébrale

1. A glycoprotein: fucosyl-transferase activity was demonstrated in sheep cerebral cortex, using desialylated fetuin as exogenous acceptor and detergent Trition X 100 for solubilization.

2. Addition of Triton X 100 to the membrane suspension gave first an activation then a solubilization of the cerebral fucosyl-transferase.

3. Hydrophobic chromatography was investigated for purification of the enzyme. Binding was effective using alkyl-agarose chromatographic columns with two or more than two atoms of carbon, but elution was only possible with ethyl and butyl-agarose.

4. Combination of subcellular fractionation and hydrophobic chromatography on ethylagarose led to a 30 fold purification.

5. After ethyl-agarose chromatography, some properties of fucosyl-transferase were studied: the optimal temperature was 25°C. The optimum pH was about neutrality. Light activation was observed with Mn²⁺ concentration below 1 mM.

6. Homogeneity was tested using Ultrogel chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation.

7. It was concluded that ethyl-agarose hydrophobic chromatography easily bind a few solubilized proteins (about 20 per cent of the ST supernatant). When elution was performed, these proteins, including fucosyl-transferase, were released from ethyl-agarose columns as a stable aggregate, only dissociated with lower ionic strength.

Ethyl-agarose fraction (eluted with KCl 120 mM) showed homogeneity:

— with Ultrogel AcA 22 chromatography (Mw = 300.000).

— with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without S.D.S.

— with the analytical ultracentrifugo giving Mw = 280.000; S₂₀ = 10.

But after dialysis overnight against a buffer without KCl, ultracentrifugation technics showed no homogeneity. Futhermore, SDS gel electrophoresis gave more than four bands.     

Préparation et dosage immunonéphélémétrique du fibrinogène de lapin

Pure rabbit fibrinogen was prepared by a method involving two ammonium sulfate precipitations, one 2 M phosphate buffer precipitation, one DEAE cellulose chromatography and lastly one Sepharose 6 B chromatography. The aminoacid composition was determined and an immunonephelemetric assay was proposed. This assay allowed an accurate determination of fibrinogen concentration in a rabbit with inflammatory reaction.