澳大利亚输华农林产品口岸有害生物截获概况

【目的】口岸截获有害生物的数据分析可为进境农林产品检疫监管提供依据。【方法】对澳大利亚自2010至2015年输华农林产品及其入境口岸有害生物截获情况做综合分析。【结果】2010—2015年从澳大利亚输华农林产品货物中截获各类检疫性有害生物115种。其中,粮谷中以截获的杂草种类和截获频次最多,分别达到59种和31801批次;木材及木制品中以截获的蠹虫最多,达43种,共2456批次;从水果和种苗中截获病原菌6种,共79批次。另外,从入境旅客携带物中共截获检疫性有害生物9种,共66批次。【结论】澳大利亚输华农林产品可携带的检疫性有害生物自口岸传入的风险较高,相关部门应加强口岸检疫工作。     

口岸检疫性蚧类害虫疫情截获分析

【目的】了解我国口岸截获的检疫性蚧类害虫情况,为口岸进一步做好植物检疫工作提供参考。【方法】收集整理2010—2019年口岸截获蚧类害虫数据,重点统计分析被截获蚧类害虫种类、时间、数量、寄主、来源地的变化和关系。【结果】2010—2019年,我国各口岸共截获检疫性蚧类害虫24541种次,年截获种次总体呈上升的趋势。截获检疫性蚧类害虫共有12种,截获频率最高的3种为无花果蜡蚧、松突圆蚧和扶桑绵粉蚧。截获该类害虫数量最多的3个关区为深圳关、南宁关和上海关。货物检疫为主要截获途径,主要截获寄主植物为榴梿、香蕉、红毛丹、番荔枝。截获货物来源地为除南极洲以外六大洲的49个国家或地区,其中尤以东南亚为主,代表国家包括泰国、越南和菲律宾。【结论】蚧类害虫的截获与进口水果贸易密切相关,在相关贸易量不断增加的背景下,应警惕蚧类害虫疫情持续传入我国的风险,建议有关部门进一步完善检疫管理体系,提升检测和监测技术水平,加强检疫处置能力。     

中国进境植物及植物产品携带蚧虫疫情分析

【背景】蚧虫是半翅目胸喙亚目蚧总科下的一类昆虫的总称。蚧虫个体小、食性广,极易随货物扩散传播。【方法】分别从疫情概况、截获种类、产地、截获载体、截获年份等方面对10年来我国各口岸截获蚧虫的信息数据进行了比对和统计,并对之前容易被忽视的非检疫性蚧虫疫情进行了统计和分析。【结果】2005年以来,我国从进口植物和植物产品中截获蚧虫共计171978批次,其中,检疫性蚧虫12种共7071批次;南洋臀纹粉蚧截获量最大,达2848批次,大洋臀纹粉蚧次之,为2442批次,第3是新菠萝灰粉蚧,为1714批次。东南亚是蚧虫的主要来源地,截获量居前3位的蚧类几乎都来自该地区;水果是截获蚧虫的主要载体,占所有植物及植物产品总截获量的99.0%;总体来看,蚧虫截获量从2006年开始逐年下降,到2010年后又呈暴发性上升趋势。比较3种截获量较大的蚧虫发现,2005~2008年,截获主要以南洋臀纹粉蚧为主;自2009年起,大洋臀纹粉蚧截获量逐年上升,成为截获量最多的蚧虫;2011年以来,新菠萝灰粉蚧截获量激增。2005年至今,我国口岸共截获其他非检疫性蚧类68797批次,鉴定到种的有46个属105种共68712批次,其中,在我国内陆地区尚未报道的有23个种,入侵风险高,需要引起重视。【结论与意义】了解我国口岸蚧类害虫截获情况,有利于针对性地开展疫情检疫与监测,有效防范蚧类害虫的传入与扩散。     

入境台湾蔬菜有害生物口岸检疫

【目的】了解台湾蔬菜有害生物的入境风险,阐明加强口岸检验检疫的对策措施。【方法】对全国口岸2014—2019年6月台湾新鲜蔬菜和蔬菜种子的入境口岸、截获的有害生物及寄主情况进行统计和分析。【结果】入境台湾新鲜蔬菜仅有3批次,均没有截获疫情。入境台湾蔬菜种子截获各类有害生物48种496种次,其中真菌454种次,病毒2种次,细菌1种次,害虫2种次,杂草37种次,携带土壤1种次。【结论】入境台湾蔬菜种子携带有害生物种类繁多,但检疫性有害生物种类集中,应加强入境台湾蔬菜口岸检验检疫的对策措施,包括加强法规宣传、了解疫情动态、强化检疫工作等。     

我国进境植物检疫性菌物截获现状与展望

植物检疫性菌物是一类严重危害植物健康的有害生物,我国现行的进境植物检疫性有害生物名录中共收录130种。本文总结了2007年至2016年间全国口岸进境植物检疫性菌物的截获情况,从检疫性菌物分布类群、寄主及与不同检疫业务和来源国或地区关系等方面进行了分析和比较,并从检测鉴定技术方面对存在问题进行了探讨和展望,以期提高疫情截获率,促进口岸检疫性菌物检疫工作的发展。     

云南省外来有害生物入侵现状及口岸疫情截获分析

【目的】云南是外来入侵生物的重灾区,了解外来有害生物入侵现状、加强防控尤为紧迫。【方法】从入侵云南外来有害生物类别、入侵途径、造成的损失等方面对云南省外来有害生物的入侵现状进行了阐述,对云南口岸疫情进行统计分析。【结果】按进境检疫物上截获有害生物批次及疫情货物批次统计的国家主要为缅甸、老挝、泰国、越南、荷兰5个国家;按检疫方式分类统计,货检截获批次最多,旅检次之,二者之和占总截获批次的99%;按有害生物类别分类统计,昆虫截获最多,占总截获批次的70.0%至73.9%,杂草、真菌居次,细菌、线虫、病毒、螨类、其他又次之;按货物类别统计,截获有害生物批次最多为粮豆类,占总截获批次的46%。【结论】提出了相应的检疫监管对策与建议,以期为口岸检疫提供参考,降低外来有害生物的入侵风险。     

警惕入侵物种盖罩大蜗牛随进境邮寄物的传入

【目的】明确北京口岸从进境邮寄物中截获的蜗牛种类,及其分类地位、分布、潜在入侵危害性等情况。【方法】通过形态学特征和DNA条形码技术对截获的蜗牛样本进行物种鉴定,并通过相关文献综合分析比较该物种与近似种的区别,以及我国口岸检疫性蜗牛的截获情况。【结果】鉴定结果为检疫性软体动物盖罩大蜗牛,隶属于腹足纲柄眼目大蜗牛科大蜗牛属。【结论】针对随邮寄物传入的检疫性蜗牛种类,建议口岸在主要应用形态学进行鉴定的基础上,利用DNA条形码技术进行辅助鉴定,从而提高鉴定准确率。     

泰州口岸首次截获黄唇树白蚁

报道中国泰州口岸首次截获来自巴布新几内亚海湾的检疫害虫黄唇树白蚁Glyptotermes xantholabrum Hill,描述黄唇树白蚁的形态特征,与近似种的区别和生物学特性,同时探讨该虫的检疫方法。     

我国口岸小条实蝇属截获情况分析

[目的] 小条实蝇属害虫原产非洲,在我国无分布且具有一定的入侵风险。分析该虫在我国口岸的截获情况,能更好地利用已知实蝇截获数据防范实蝇人为传播。[方法] 经动植物检验检疫信息资源共享服务平台查询,统计小条实蝇属的有害生物类别、截获途径及截获地区等。[结果] 全国口岸共截获8种共计524批次的小条实蝇属害虫;地中海实蝇的截获批次数最多,为415批次,为小条实蝇属截获率的79.2%;截获的种类最多的国家来自尼日利亚,5种;截获批次最多的国家为南非,71批次;截获方式最多的为旅客携带物,占总批次的68.3%;在我国口岸中,广东口岸截获批次最多,占总数的57.4%。[结论] 从今后防控的重点种类、加大查验力度、推广新技术在鉴定上的应用、应急预案等几个方面,加强针对该类有害生物的检验检疫措施。     

厦门口岸进境原木截获的小蠹科害虫调查

【背景】小蠹虫是国际贸易中重要的钻蛀害虫,也是全国口岸主要截获害虫之一。【方法】本文对2010~2014年厦门口岸进境原木中截获的小蠹科害虫的寄主、来源国家、截获次数进行了统计分析,并编制了截获小蠹种类检索表,提出了口岸检疫要点。【结果】截获的小蠹害虫种类主要有长林小蠹、赤材小蠹、十二齿小蠹和南部松齿小蠹等,主要来源于澳大利亚,新西兰和巴西等国家,寄主主要有辐射松,樟子松,湿地松和海岸松等种类。【结论与意义】本研究可为一线口岸检疫查验提供指导。     

中国大陆红火蚁防治费用投入变化趋势分析

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta自入侵我国以来已扩散到十多个省,对我国经济、生态和人畜健康等均造成巨大危害。为了降低红火蚁的为害,各级政府每年都投入了一定费用用于红火蚁的防控,但具体投入防治的费用尚无系统的统计资料可查。本文通过中国政府采购网、各省市政府采购网以及采招网等网站搜索2004-2020年各级政府对红火蚁防治药剂和防治服务的采购投入,分析了全国红火蚁防治费用、各省防治总费用、药剂采购投入、专业化防治服务以及监理服务费用的变化趋势。结果表明：各级政府在上述方面的经费投入均呈现出逐年上升的趋势,2019年投入的总防治费用达到高峰并超过1亿元。然而,与其它入侵害虫相比,用于红火蚁防控的费用仍较低,不同省份不同地区的费用投入差异较大,较少省份投入监理费用。建议各省市加大在红火蚁检疫方面的经费投入力度,做好红火蚁疫情监理监测工作,做到早发现、早防治,提高红火蚁防治效果。     

Interspecific competition between Solenopsis invicta and two native ant species, Pheidole fervens and Monomorium chinense

This study was designed to understand the effects of the interspecific competition between red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren and two native ant species, Pheidole fervens Smith and Monomorium chinense Santschi, by conducting colony interference and individual confrontation tests under laboratory conditions. The colony interference test showed that both native ant species, owing to their numerical advantage, killed the Solenopsis invicta virus-1 (SINV-1)-infected or healthy queens of S. invicta. Significantly less time was required for M. chinense to kill all SINV-1-infected S. invicta compared with the time required to kill the healthy S. invicta. Compared with healthy S. invicta, SINV-1-infected S. invicta spent a longer time eliminating the P. fervens colonies. In confrontation tests, M. chinense killed a significantly higher number of infected S. invicta minors than they did healthy minors, but the number of S. invicta majors (either infected or healthy) killed was substantially less. This study found that the viral infection weakened the competitive ability of S. invicta and made them prone to be eliminated by M. chinense but not by P. fervens.     

Modelling the potential spread of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (red imported fire ant) in Australia

Abstract  Quantifying the potential spread and density of an invading organism enables decision-makers to determine the most appropriate response to incursions. We present two linked models that estimate the spread of Solenopsis invicta Buren (red imported fire ant) in Australia based on limited data gathered after its discovery in Brisbane in 2001. A stochastic cellular automaton determines spread within a location (100 km by 100 km) and this is coupled with a model that simulates human-mediated movement of S. invicta to new locations. In the absence of any control measures, the models predict that S. invicta could cover 763 000–4 066 000 km² by the year 2035 and be found at 200 separate locations around Australia by 2017–2027, depending on the rate of spread. These estimated rates of expansion (assuming no control efforts were in place) are higher than those experienced in the USA in the 1940s during the early invasion phases in that country. Active control efforts and quarantine controls in the USA (including a concerted eradication attempt in the 1960s) may have slowed spread. Further, milder winters, the presence of the polygynous social form, increased trade and human mobility in Australia in 2000s compared with the USA in 1940s could contribute to faster range expansion.     

红火蚁入侵对广东多种生境中蚂蚁类群的影响

采用陷阱法和诱饵诱集法研究了深圳红火蚁发生区和未发生区蚂蚁的类群多样性和相似性.结果表明:草坪和荒草地红火蚁发生区域的蚂蚁物种数明显减少,且草坪中蚂蚁种类减少的程度(6种)大于荒草地 (3种).红火蚁入侵后荔枝园、荒草地和草坪的蚂蚁优势种发生了明显改变,红火蚁替代了原来的优势蚂蚁种类,在数量上占据了主导地位,在荒草地和草坪这种优势种的改变更为明显.对蚂蚁类群指数的分析表明:红火蚁入侵荒草地和草坪后蚂蚁类群的多样性、均匀度降低,优势度明显增大;而荔枝园中蚂蚁类群多样性指数、均匀度指数均增大,优势度指数降低.荔枝园、荒草地和草坪的红火蚁发生区和未发生区蚂蚁类群相似性系数不同,分别为0.6316、0.5882和0.2941.     

基于微卫星的中国红火蚁种群遗传结构的研究

[背景]自入侵中国之后,红火蚁已给农林业、健康卫生、生态环境等造成了危害。红火蚁在中国的入侵、扩散路径及方式等仍然是待解决的问题。[方法]利用微卫星分子标记,对来自国内14个地区和国外1个地区共15个红火蚁地理种群的遗传多样性水平及种群遗传结构进行了研究。[结果]应用7对微卫星引物共检测到28个等位基因,15个红火蚁种群在各微卫星位点的基因型频率均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。各种群的平均表观杂合度HO、预期杂合度HE、Shannon信息指数Ⅰ、基因多样性指数Nei＇s和多态位点百分率P分别为0.2848、0.2708、0.3174、0.2629和43.63%,研究结果表明这15个红火蚁种群具有比较丰富的遗传多样性。种群间平均分化系数FST为0.4258,说明有42.58%的变异来源于种群间,表明红火蚁各种群之间有较高程度的分化,且遗传分化可能是由地理隔离和基因流障碍（Nem=0.7442）共同引起。遗传距离D显示,河源种群与其他种群间的遗传距离均相对高于其他各种群间的遗传距离,表明河源种群与其他地理种群之间存在较大的遗传差异,可能是较为原始的类型。[结论与意义]短距离的种群主要通过自然扩散方式传播,地理距离与亲缘关系有一定的相关性;长距离的种群主要依靠人为传播,因此地理距离与遗传距离不成正比。对于长距离的入侵事件,监控与检疫是关键的预防措施。     

Detection of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae) in Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) by multiplex PCR

Oligonucleotide primer pairs were designed to unique areas of the small subunit (16S) rRNA gene of Thelohania solenopsae and a region of the Gp-9 gene of Solenopsis invicta. Multiplex PCR resulted in sensitive and specific detection of T. solenopsae infection of S. invicta. The T. solenopsae-specific primer pair only amplified DNA from T. solenopsae and T. solenopsae-infected S. invicta. This primer pair did not produce any amplification products from DNA preparations from uninfected S. invicta, seven additional species of microsporidia (including Vairimorpha invictae), or Mattesia spp. The Gp-9-specific primers recognized and amplified DNA from Solenopsis xyloni, Solenopsis richteri, Solenopsis geminata, the invicta/richteri hybrid, and monogyne and polygyne S. invicta, but not from T. solenopsae, and, as such, served as a positive control verifying successful DNA preparation. Multiplex PCR detected T. solenopsae in worker fire ants infected with as few as 5000 spores. Furthermore, multiplex PCR detected T. solenopsae in all developmental stages of S. invicta. However, detection could be made more sensitive by using only the T. solenopsae-specific primer pair; ants infected with as few as 10 spores were able to be discerned. Multiplex PCR detection of T. solenopsae offers the advantages of a positive control, a single PCR amplification, detection of all developmental stages, and increased sensitivity and specificity compared with microscopy.     

Native ant responses to Solenopsis invicta buren reduction using broadcast baits

A pilot study was conducted to investigate the impact of Solenopsis invicta management with an insect growth regulator bait (s-methoprene) on native ant species and to determine the responses of these species to S. invicta reduction. This invasive species alters the diversity and structure of different trophic levels of arthropod assemblages. Despite advances in S. invicta management using biological control agents, poison baits remain as the primary tool for effective fire ant management. However, the effect of these products on native ants is relatively unknown. Understanding these effects is critical to the development of S. invicta management strategies that include conservation of native ants. Native ants compete with S. invicta to some degree and can bolster efforts to release and establish exotic biological control agents to more effectively manage S. invicta. The study was carried out in Mumford, TX. Two treatments were used: a bait treatment that reduced S. invicta densities and a control. The treatments were randomly assigned to 1.33-ha blocks, replicated four times, and periodically inspected using complementary sampling techniques (pitfall traps, baited vials, manual collections, and nest surveys). Sixteen ant species were found among the two treatments. After S. invicta reduction, significant increases in densities of several other ant species were observed. Species within the assemblage shifted from the dominance by S. invicta to the dominance of the native pyramid ant, Dorymyrmex flavus McCook, which showed the most significant increase in bait treated blocks and was found to persist at densities significantly higher than the control for >2 yr after the last bait treatment. A temporary change in diversity was observed, indicating that use of a poison bait for S. invicta management benefited numerous resident species in the ant assemblage.     

Biogeographic effects of red fire ant invasion

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta , was accidentally introduced to North America over 60 years ago and has spread throughout the southeastern United States. We document the biogeographic consequences of this invasion. We censused ground-foraging ant communities on a 2000 km transect from Florida through New York that passed through invaded and intact biotas. Native ant species density peaks at mid-latitudes in the eastern United States, and the location of this peak corresponds to the range limit of S. invicta . In uninvaded sites, ant species co-occur less often than expected by chance. In the presence of S. invicta , community structure converges to a random pattern. Our results suggest that the effects of S. invicta on native ant communities are pervasive: not only does the presence of S. invicta reduce species density at local scales, it alters the co-occurrence patterns of surviving species at a biogeographic scale.     

Imported fire ants near the edge of their range: disturbance and moisture determine prevalence and impact of an invasive social insect

1.?Habitat disturbance and species invasions interact in natural systems, making it difficult to isolate the primary cause of ecosystem degradation. A general understanding requires case studies of how disturbance and invasion interact across a variety of ecosystem - invasive species combinations. 2.?Dramatic losses in ant diversity followed the invasion of central Texas by red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta). However, recent manipulative studies in Florida revealed no effect on ant diversity following the removal of S.?invicta from a disturbed pasture habitat, but moderate loss of diversity associated with their introduction into undisturbed habitat and no invasion occurred without disturbance. Thus, the importance of S.?invicta in driving diversity loss and its ability to invade undisturbed systems is unresolved. 3.?We examine the distribution and abundance of a large monogyne S.?invicta population and its association with the co-occurring ant assemblage at a site in south Texas close to the aridity tolerance limit of S.?invicta. 4.?We document that moisture modulates S.?invicta densities. Further, soil disturbing habitat manipulations greatly increase S.?invicta population densities. However, S.?invicta penetrates all habitats regardless of soil disturbance history. In contrast, controlled burns depress S.?invicta densities. 5.?In habitats where S.?invicta is prevalent, it completely replaces native fire ants. However, S.?invicta impacts native ants as a whole less strongly. Intriguingly, native ants responded distinctly to S.?invicta in different environments. In wet, undisturbed environments, high S.?invicta abundance disrupts the spatial structure of the ant assemblage by increasing clumping and is associated with reduced species density, while in dry-disturbed habitats, sites with high S.?invicta abundance possess high numbers of native species. Analyses of co-occurrence indicate that reduced species density in wet-undisturbed sites arises from negative species interactions between native ants and S.?invicta. However, these same data suggest that the high native species density of abundant S.?invicta sites in dry-disturbed environments does not result from facilitation. 6.?Monogyne S.?invicta populations play different roles in different environments, driving ant diversity loss in some, but being largely symptomatic of habitat disturbance in others.