口岸检疫性蚧类害虫疫情截获分析

【目的】了解我国口岸截获的检疫性蚧类害虫情况,为口岸进一步做好植物检疫工作提供参考。【方法】收集整理2010—2019年口岸截获蚧类害虫数据,重点统计分析被截获蚧类害虫种类、时间、数量、寄主、来源地的变化和关系。【结果】2010—2019年,我国各口岸共截获检疫性蚧类害虫24541种次,年截获种次总体呈上升的趋势。截获检疫性蚧类害虫共有12种,截获频率最高的3种为无花果蜡蚧、松突圆蚧和扶桑绵粉蚧。截获该类害虫数量最多的3个关区为深圳关、南宁关和上海关。货物检疫为主要截获途径,主要截获寄主植物为榴梿、香蕉、红毛丹、番荔枝。截获货物来源地为除南极洲以外六大洲的49个国家或地区,其中尤以东南亚为主,代表国家包括泰国、越南和菲律宾。【结论】蚧类害虫的截获与进口水果贸易密切相关,在相关贸易量不断增加的背景下,应警惕蚧类害虫疫情持续传入我国的风险,建议有关部门进一步完善检疫管理体系,提升检测和监测技术水平,加强检疫处置能力。     

检疫性林木害虫南部松齿小蠹适生区分析

【目的】南部松齿小蠹Ips grandicollis(Eichhoff)是我国重点关注的检疫性林木害虫且在我国内尚无分布。近年来,随着进口木材数量的增长,该虫传入我国的风险加大。因此,充分了解该虫的适生区有助于我国针对性地开展其检疫防控工作。【方法】本文采用气候相似性分析法,利用SPSS及DIV-GIS等软件对南部松齿小蠹的适生区进行分析,其中利用SPSS软件分析了19个可影响南部松齿小蠹适生性的生物气候变量,筛选出6个关键气候变量;然后,通过DIV-GIS工具,对这6个关键气候变量进行了计算分析,得出了南部松齿小蠹适生区预测结果。【结果】南部松齿小蠹在全球的高度适生区主要集中在北美洲的中东部,南美洲的中东部,欧洲的中东部,非洲的中南部及东部沿海地区,亚洲的中部及东部沿海以及澳大利亚的沿海地区;而在我国的境内高度适生区主要在山东、江苏的东部沿海、河南、湖北、重庆等诸多中、南部地区。最后,本文对所用分析法及预测结果进行了讨论,并提出了检疫防控的措施建议。【结论】南部松齿小蠹寄主木材的进口口岸均在本文预测的适生区范围内,因此值得提请相关部门关注,应加强其检疫及监测措施。     

进口美国松木中截获齿小蠹的鉴定(鞘翅目:小蠹科)

本文对2010—2015年全国口岸从美国进境松木中截获的齿小蠹进行了分析,分别对美云杉齿小蠹Ips borealis、美雕齿小蠹I.calligraphus、混点齿小蠹I.confusus、重齿小蠹I.duplicatus、南部松齿小蠹I.grandicollis、蒙大拿齿小蠹I.montanus、似混齿小蠹I.paraconfusus、白云杉齿小蠹I.perturbatus、美松齿小蠹I.pini、平额重齿小蠹I.plastographus、十二齿小蠹I.sexdentatus、云杉八齿小蠹I.typographus 12种昆虫的进境寄主进行统计,对截获频次进行分析对其成虫的主要形态特征进行了描述,编制了分种检索表,对检疫鉴定工作具有指导意义。     

入境台湾蔬菜有害生物口岸检疫

【目的】了解台湾蔬菜有害生物的入境风险,阐明加强口岸检验检疫的对策措施。【方法】对全国口岸2014—2019年6月台湾新鲜蔬菜和蔬菜种子的入境口岸、截获的有害生物及寄主情况进行统计和分析。【结果】入境台湾新鲜蔬菜仅有3批次,均没有截获疫情。入境台湾蔬菜种子截获各类有害生物48种496种次,其中真菌454种次,病毒2种次,细菌1种次,害虫2种次,杂草37种次,携带土壤1种次。【结论】入境台湾蔬菜种子携带有害生物种类繁多,但检疫性有害生物种类集中,应加强入境台湾蔬菜口岸检验检疫的对策措施,包括加强法规宣传、了解疫情动态、强化检疫工作等。     

中国进境水果携带粉蚧疫情分析(2013—2016)

【目的】中国是水果生产大国和进口大国。水果是最容易携带虫害的产品之一,粉蚧是口岸水果检疫过程中常发现的害虫类群,中国口岸每年从进境水果截获大量粉蚧。通过分析中国进境水果携带粉蚧疫情,可为一线口岸检疫查验提供指导,为相关部门开展产地检疫和口岸监测提供依据,以防止危险性粉蚧的传入,保障中国水果生产安全,促进国际水果贸易健康发展。【方法】通过FAO网站、动植物检验检疫信息资源共享服务平台、中国知网等收集中国进境水果贸易数据及其携带粉蚧疫情,统计分析了中国水果进口贸易情况、粉蚧截获情况以及截获粉蚧的种类、来源地、截获口岸和寄主。【结果】2013—2016年,中国口岸从进境水果上截获的昆虫中粉蚧科昆虫截获量最大,占47.31%;其中截获量前十的粉蚧种类为杰克贝尔氏粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、双条拂粉蚧、大洋臀纹粉蚧、南洋臀纹粉蚧、柑橘棘粉蚧、甘蔗簇粉蚧、康氏粉蚧、菠萝灰粉蚧和李比利氏灰粉蚧;而这些有害生物的主要来源地为越南和泰国;粉蚧的主要截获口岸为广西、深圳和云南;而火龙果、榴莲、龙眼和山竹是截获粉蚧最多的进境水果。【结论】中国进境水果粉蚧疫情与水果的贸易量和贸易方式、输出国有害生物发生和检疫除害处理措施、口岸关注度和能力建设等情况相关。     

警惕入侵物种盖罩大蜗牛随进境邮寄物的传入

【目的】明确北京口岸从进境邮寄物中截获的蜗牛种类,及其分类地位、分布、潜在入侵危害性等情况。【方法】通过形态学特征和DNA条形码技术对截获的蜗牛样本进行物种鉴定,并通过相关文献综合分析比较该物种与近似种的区别,以及我国口岸检疫性蜗牛的截获情况。【结果】鉴定结果为检疫性软体动物盖罩大蜗牛,隶属于腹足纲柄眼目大蜗牛科大蜗牛属。【结论】针对随邮寄物传入的检疫性蜗牛种类,建议口岸在主要应用形态学进行鉴定的基础上,利用DNA条形码技术进行辅助鉴定,从而提高鉴定准确率。     

我国首次截获检疫性有害生物美东最小齿小蠹

2022年2月1日起,美国、加拿大等国家的松木进口,只能通过我国江苏(南京、连云港)、福建(福州港)等17个指定口岸进境。美国、加拿大进境松木携带疫情复杂,将给指定口岸带来巨大的疫情防控压力。2022年1月,连云港海关在进口美国原木中截获了美东最小齿小蠹。该小蠹在我国无分布,为国内首次截获。其形态特征与近似种主要区别为:该齿小蠹体型相对较小,一般为2.1～2.8 mm,侧缘4齿各自独立,其中第2齿和第3齿着生在共同的基部。通过初步风险分析,其通过指定口岸入侵我国的可能性很大,一旦成功入侵定殖,将对我国的林业资源造成严重威胁,各相关指定口岸应加强对北美进境原木的检疫。     

我国口岸截获芒果象属检疫性有害生物疫情分析

【目的】芒果象属昆虫是我国禁止进境的植物检疫性有害生物,广泛分布于非洲、北美洲和东南亚,寄主为芒果。其生活隐蔽,羽化孔未出现时看不出危害状,危害率可达30%~80%,严重影响芒果的产量和质量。近年来,我国口岸截获的芒果象甲的数量日益增多,表明该类检疫性有害生物传入我国的风险越来越大。【方法】运用Microsoft Excel工作表对2003—2015年全国口岸截获芒果象属有害生物的疫情进行统计分析。【结果】2003—2015年全国口岸共截获芒果象4156批次,22个直属局有截获记录。其中,截获芒果果核象甲3028批次,数量最多,占截获芒果象总批次的72.86%;芒果果实象甲和芒果果肉象甲相对较少,分别为837和291批次。截获芒果象的来源国主要为非洲和东南亚芒果象疫情分布国家和地区,且主要自进境旅客随身携带物中检出。【结论】我国口岸应加大对芒果象的检疫力度,保护我国农林业生产安全。     

澳大利亚输华农林产品口岸有害生物截获概况

【目的】口岸截获有害生物的数据分析可为进境农林产品检疫监管提供依据。【方法】对澳大利亚自2010至2015年输华农林产品及其入境口岸有害生物截获情况做综合分析。【结果】2010—2015年从澳大利亚输华农林产品货物中截获各类检疫性有害生物115种。其中,粮谷中以截获的杂草种类和截获频次最多,分别达到59种和31801批次;木材及木制品中以截获的蠹虫最多,达43种,共2456批次;从水果和种苗中截获病原菌6种,共79批次。另外,从入境旅客携带物中共截获检疫性有害生物9种,共66批次。【结论】澳大利亚输华农林产品可携带的检疫性有害生物自口岸传入的风险较高,相关部门应加强口岸检疫工作。     

大小蠹来源地的COⅠ基因标记

【背景】大小蠹属昆虫是重要的林木害虫,我国口岸有多次截获记录,确定大小蠹的来源地可以有针对性地加强对大小蠹的检验检疫工作。【方法】测定了5种高风险大小蠹(红脂大小蠹、红翅大小蠹、中欧山松大小蠹、落叶松大小蠹和间大小蠹)共12个样本的线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶C亚基Ⅰ基因(COⅠ)的部分序列。【结果】利用巢式PCR技术,在不同种类的大小蠹样本中均获得了530bp的靶标片段,比对分析显示,不同种大小蠹之间的COⅠ序列差异显著,同种大小蠹不同个体之间的COⅠ序列存在一定的差异,但差异不显著。系统进化树分析结果显示,大小蠹可以明显分为2支,其中,间大小蠹单独为一分支,另一分支由红脂大小蠹、红翅大小蠹、中欧山松大小蠹和落叶松大小蠹组成;同时,同种大小蠹不同个体的来源情况在进化树中有一定体现。【结论与意义】COⅠ基因可以较好地反映样本的来源地,对今后制定大小蠹的具体检验检疫措施有实际指导意义。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.