霍山石斛与河南石斛生药学特征比较研究

在植物分类学方法鉴定的基础上,对霍山石斛及其主要伪品河南石斛药材的性状特征,根、茎、叶横切面显微特征,粉末显微特征和粉末中细胞内含物进行了研究,明确了霍山石斛药用部位的性状特征及显微特征,为霍山石斛药材和饮片的真伪鉴别提供参考依据,为该药材的进一步研究、开发、利用及质量标准的构建提供理论依据。     

藏药独一味的微性状与显微鉴别研究

采用体视显微镜对藏药独一味的根、茎、叶和果实微性状进行观察，利用生物显微镜观察切片组织构造及粉末显微鉴别特征，扫描电镜进一步观察叶片表面结构特征。藏药独一味药材的微性状特征包括根、茎、叶、果实，而茎粗短，果实细小且易脱落，地上部分鉴定特征主要为叶片和果序，叶片表皮细胞中可见气孔、非腺毛和腺鳞等。地上部分粉末鉴定特征包括非腺毛、叶肉细胞、气孔和纤维等，根的鉴别特征包括针晶和导管等。本研究通过对独一味药材不同部位微性状和显微进行系统研究，归纳了独一味药材性状和显微的鉴别要点，可以为独一味药材鉴别提供参考依据。     

药用竹黄菌的生物学研究进展*

对药用真菌竹黄菌的分类学地位,竹黄菌的寄主及生态学,竹红菌素、竹黄菌多糖、竹黄菌的抗菌谱等生物活性物质,竹黄人工培养的生物学研究进展进行了综述。提出了自然界是否存在着竹黄新种属和寄主专一性目前竹黄尚处于自生自灭状态,子座尚未能人工培养,不利竹黄物种和药源保护与可持续利用等问题;指明今后还需深入开展竹黄菌的生物学研究和探索竹黄人工培养技术,以利竹黄的开发、利用。     

药用竹黄菌的生物学研究进展

对药用真菌竹黄菌的分类学地位,竹黄菌的寄主及生态学,竹红菌素、竹黄菌多糖、竹黄菌的抗菌谱等生物活性物质,竹黄人工培养的生物学研究进展进行了综述。提出了自然界是否存在着竹黄新种属和寄主专一性目前竹黄尚处于自生自灭状态,子座尚未能人工培养,不利竹黄物种和药源保护与可持续利用等问题;指明今后还需深入开展竹黄菌的生物学研究和探索竹黄人工培养技术,以利竹黄的开发、利用。     

猫尾射的生药鉴别

猫尾射是闽台民间传统的膳用中草药。本文对猫尾射的植物形态、生药性状、显微特征(包括根横切面、粉末装片)进行系统观察和理化鉴别,为其生药鉴定提供参考。     

大花棘豆的性状与显微特征研究

采用性状及显微鉴别方法对大花棘豆〔Oxytropis grandiflora （Pall.） DC.〕进行性状特征、组织结构和粉末特征的分析,为大花棘豆提供科学准确的性状和显微鉴别特征。大花棘豆干燥全草的性状特征为：绿色或黄绿色,基生叶矩圆状,单数羽状复叶;蝶形花冠,红紫色或蓝紫色;长圆状卵形或长圆形的果;气微,味微苦、涩。显微特征为：叶轴横切面的维管束为外韧型,20~24个,大小间隔排列成环;叶为等面叶,上表皮栅栏组织通过主脉,下表皮由厚角组织替代;主脉维管束为外韧型,类圆形;粉末中可见类圆形的花粉粒、成束的纤维、单细胞的非腺毛、具缘纹孔导管、不定式气孔。本研究首次明确了大花棘豆全草的性状和显微特征,为该品种的鉴别和棘豆属资源的进一步开发利用提供理论依据。     

高山大黄的显微及分子鉴定研究

目的：对蓼科药用植物高山大黄进行显微及分子鉴定研究。方法：采用石蜡切片、粉末制片对高山大黄根及根茎的横切面组织结构和粉末特征进行显微研究,并采用matK基因序列分析技术对高山大黄进行了分子鉴定研究。结果：高山大黄根横切面中皮层宽,薄壁细胞中可见草酸钙簇晶,木质部宽广,导管径向排列;根茎髓部宽广,无异形维管束存在;粉末中草酸钙簇晶多,棱角大多短钝,导管木质化,多网纹导管,淀粉粒小而多。高山大黄matK序列全长1524 bp,在基因上游106、218、222、365、522、615、711、759、801、852处存在十处碱基替换,且在950－955处存在CAAGAA6个碱基插入。结论：本研究获得了高山大黄比较全面的鉴定信息,上述显微特征可作为高山大黄显微鉴定依据,其matK基因序列分析为高山大黄DNA条形码研究奠定基础。     

闽南民间药公石松的生药鉴定

对具有闽南民间特色的草药公石松原植物进行鉴定,确认其来自兰科Orchidaceae血叶兰属植物血叶兰Ludisia discolor的全草,并对其生药性状、组织构造、粉末显微特征等进行观察描述,旨在为该药的正确鉴别应用,以及进一步研究开发提供参考。     

小花清风藤叶的性状和显微鉴别

采用性状及显微鉴别方法对小花清风藤叶进行性状特征、组织构造及粉末特征研究,为小花清风藤提供科学准确的性状和显微鉴别特征。小花清风藤叶的性状特征为：叶深绿色,两面均无毛,近薄革质,长卵状披针形,叶片先端尖,叶柄短,气微,味淡。显微特征为：叶的上表下的栅栏组织2~3列,下表下的栅栏组织1列;主脉维管束的木质部导管呈放射状排列,外侧有环状排列的纤维;油细胞成片存在;表皮细胞的细胞壁均加厚,以不定式气孔多见;纤维长梭形成束存在;草酸钙簇晶众多,棱角大多短钝。本研究明确了小花清风藤的药材性状特征和显微特征,有助于减少混乱使用现象,增加药物使用的安全性及有效性,为进一步研究小花清风藤提供理论依据。     

畲药十二时辰的生药鉴定

十二时辰是具福建民间特色的一味畲药,来源于毛茛科植物重瓣铁线莲Clematis florida var. plena的根。本文对十二时辰的植物形态、生药性状、组织构造、显微粉末特征进行观察,为该药的正确鉴别以及进一步研究、开发应用提供参考。     

竹黄菌与竹红菌的化学成分及细胞毒活性比较研究

为研究竹黄菌与竹红菌化学成分及细胞毒活性的差异,本研究通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析结合常规色谱方法,分离鉴定了两种真菌的6个相同成分,分别为3个主要成分竹红菌甲素(1)、竹红菌乙素(2)和竹红菌丙素(3),以及3,6,8-三羟基-1-甲基口山酮(7)、3,8-二羟基-6-甲氧基-1-甲基口山酮(8)和过氧麦角甾醇(9)。另外,从竹黄菌中还分离得到11,11′-二去氧沃替西林(5)、麦角甾-7,22E-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(10)和麦角甾-7,22E-二烯-2β,3α,9α-三醇(11),并首次从竹红菌中分离得到竹红菌丁素(4)、灰黄霉素(6)、化合物7和8。活性筛选发现,化合物5对三株肿瘤细胞NCI-H1975、HepG2和MCF-7有很强细胞毒活性,化合物1有较强细胞毒活性,而化合物6活性较弱。     

用微量升华法鉴定僵蚕

首次用微量升华法证明了药材白僵蚕中含有大量的具有升华性质的化合物,在显微镜下呈现霜花状结晶。这为白僵蚕的鉴定研究增添了新内容。     

The anatomy of the syrinx in passerine birds

The macroscopical structure of the organ of voice in songbirds has long been known, but detailed information on the microscopical anatomy of the syrinx has generally been lacking. Observations based largely on macroscopical evidence have led to a number of erroneous interpretations of function of various syringeal components, and lacking microscopical information, the vocal mechanism of birds cannot be adequately understood.
A wide variety of passeriform bird syrinxes have been studied by means of serial sections. Although there is much less variation in syringeal anatomy amongst songbirds than there is in the other orders of birds, and although all songbird syrinxes conform to the same basic pattern, there is nevertheless marked variation in various syringeal components between different passerine groups. Variations in syringeal structure within families Corvidae ( Corvus corone, C. frugilegus ), Sturnidae ( Sturnus vulgaris, Gracula religiosa ), Turdidae ( Turdus merula, Erithacus rubecula ), Hirundinidae ( Delichon urbica ), Ploceidae ( Passer domesticus ) and Paridae ( Parus major, Aegithalos caudatus ) are described and discussed. The significance of these findings in relation to bird sound production is discussed.     

Preliminary identification and classification of five new yeast strains isolated from oil-polluted environment

Bioremediation is a very interesting alternative for restoring the oil-polluted ecosystems. Many studies concerning the possibility of using microorganisms (bacteria and yeasts) in the degradation of oil compounds have as starting point the isolation and taxonomical identification of new species and strains with degradative abilities. Our study focusses on the preliminary classification of five yeast strains (D1, D2, D3, D4 and D6) isolated from oil-polluted environments. The strains were characterized by conventional taxonomical techniques: microscopical and macroscopical appearance, fermentation abilities, assimilation of various carbon or nitrogen compounds, growth under stress conditions (non-permissive temperatures, high glucose concentration) and urea degradation. According to these tests, D1, D2 and D4 showed great similarity to Rhodotorula glutinis, D3 to Candida parapsilosis and D6 to Candida tropicalis. Further supplementary tests were performed in order to establish their ability to degrade hydrocarbons, by observing growth in media with n-alkanes (n-decane, n-dodecane, n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane). Thus, D1, D2 and D4 were the best alkane-consuming strains, presenting possible similar degrading abilities and pathways, which correlates well to our identification as Rhodotorula strains. For D3 and D6 the growth was not so spectacular as for D1, D2 and D4, but continuous along the entire experiment. The resemblance between the curves profiles confirms the idea that both belong to the same genus, Candida.     

竹裂爪螨毛竹种群与慈竹种群对不同寄主植物的适应性及其生殖隔离

对危害毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)和慈竹(Neosinocalamus affinis)的竹裂爪螨(Schizotetranychus bambusae)两个种群进行相互间的食性选择和生殖隔离试验．结果表明,由于两种竹子叶片在物理结构上差异较大。尤其是慈竹叶片背面具有成排细茸毛,导致竹裂爪螨毛竹种群不能在慈竹叶上完成世代发育;竹裂爪螨慈竹种群能取食,危害毛竹叶片,但由于寄主转换后,对其生长发育不利,导致存活率低,繁殖力弱．两种群取食各自嗜食的寄主植物时,基本生物学特性存在差异,27℃条件下,当毛竹种群以毛竹为食时,种群的内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)、净增殖率(Ro)分别为0．1415、1．1520和15．6298;慈竹种群以慈竹为食时,rm、λ、Ro分别为0．0993、1．1044、10．0622;慈竹种群取食毛竹叶片时,rm、λ、Ro分别为0．0391、1．0399和2．5542．生殖隔离试验表明,两种群间能互相正常交配,且互相交配的时间与两种群自交时的交配时间(1次)差异不明显．同一种群交配产生的后代,其性比均在2：1左右,而不同种群杂交产生的后代全部为雄性(竹裂爪螨为孤雌产雄),这表明两种群在长期的寄主植物选择压力下已形成一定的生殖隔现象．     

Morphological study of the heart of Electrophorus electricus

Hearts of 7 Electrophorus electricus have been investigated on macroscopical and microscopical levels. Generally, the structure of the heart exhibits relative similarities with the other studied teleosts. The ventricular myocardium is mainly spongy and suggests that these structural features can offer an additional contraction power.     

关于中药巴戟天生药研究及《本草》重考

巴戟天(Morinda officinalis How)系茜草科巴戟天属植物,本文对它作了宏观和微观的形态结构观察及植物学和《本草》重新考察;对三个混淆种亦进行了解剖研究,并根据它们的解剖要征,如同在第326页的分种检索表中一样,彼此间能够加以区别;此外,对二个非常难以区分的种类,即副巴戟和正品巴戟天,在外部形态的研究过程中,发现它们在花冠上的毛状体的分布和特征,彼此间也可以区别。     

Evaluation of soil toxicity using different biotests on Pisum sativum: a case study

In this study we used Pisum sativum as model plant, to perform a battery of plant biotests, based on the analysis of biological endpoints, ranging from the macroscopical to the microscopical level, in order to evaluate the toxicity of soils sampled from three different polluted areas (two industrial and one exposed to heavy vehicular traffic). In addition to the conventional germination tests and early root growth analyses, the mitotic index and the percentages of mitotic phases and of aberrations in the root apices were calculated. Moreover, DNA loss and damage were evaluated by flow cytometry and COMET assay, respectively. Root samples from polluted soils showed lower mitotic indices and a higher mitotic aberration percentage and DNA loss in comparison to the controls. Data obtained by COMET tests highlighted the soil genotoxicity, especially in the two industrial areas. All together, our results showed that the three studied sites were characterised by different levels of toxicity: in particular, one of the two industrial sites was the most harmful.     

华东竹黄菌不同居群遗传分化的RAPD分析

为了解竹黄地理居群间的遗传分化,本研究采用随机引物扩增多态性DNA分子标记技术对江苏、安徽和浙江3省的8个居群共32个竹黄样本进行了遗传多样性分析.从50个RAPD引物中筛选得到了5个随机引物,对供试材料的DNA进行扩增,共检测出77个位点,其中多态性位点52个,多态性位点比率为67.53%.UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,这8个居群分为三类:安吉居群、临安居群、宜兴居群、广德居群和泾县居群聚为一类;宁国居群和休宁居群聚为一类;淳安居群单独为一类.遗传多样性分析表明8个竹黄居群中,淳安居群的遗传多样性水平最高,安吉居群的遗传多样性水平最低.Nei's基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数均表明竹黄物种水平的遗传多样性高于居群水平.