非水相酶促合成癸酸偏甘油酯的研究

对无溶剂非水相中癸酸与甘油的酶促酯化反应进行了研究,发现Pseudomonas fluoresces脂肪酶（PFL）、Mucor miehei脂肪酶（MML）和Candida antarictica脂肪酶（CAL）均有较好的催化活性。CAL酶促转化癸酸的最适反应条件为：60℃,加酶量为20～100u/g,初始加水量为甘油质量的12%。CAL的1,3位置专一性在最终产物中未表达。CAL酶催化剂的失活主要与机械磨损有关,反应5批次后酶活残留量为96.4%。敞开物系、真空脱水或分子筛脱水均为有效脱水方式。敞开物系中反应物量比不影响平衡转化率而会影响单甘酯平衡产率。用碳酸氢钠水溶液萃取可有效脱除产品中的残余癸酸,终产品酸价为0.68mg KOH/g。提高甘油比例并使用非脱水原料,无外加水结合部分流加癸酸的工艺,可以减少减压脱水或敞开反应的时间,5h后癸酸最高转化率可达96.9%。      

生物法合成维生素C棕榈酸酯

研究了不同的脂肪酶在有机溶剂体系中催化合成L-维生素C棕榈酸酯的反应。针对维生素C在有机溶剂中溶解度较低这一问题,对催化合成维生素C棕榈酸酯反应的脂肪酶和反应介质进行比较,同时对影响合成维生素C棕榈酸酯反应的因素（温度、底物浓度、底物摩尔比、反应时间和酶量等）进行探讨,优化了反应条件：在10mL的丙酮中,1.094g棕榈酸与0.107g维生素C在酶量为20％（W/W, 固定化酶/维生素C）的固定化脂肪酶催化下,初始含0.4nm分子筛20%,温度为60℃,转速为200r/min,反应48h转化率可以达到80%,产物维生素C棕榈酸酯的浓度可达20g/L。     

非水体系中脂肪酶催化合成乳酸乙基糖苷酯的工艺研究

在非水体系中 ,通过固定化脂肪酶催化合成一种新型α 羟基酸衍生物 乳酸糖苷酯。考察了常压下有机溶剂、酰基供体、不同种固定化酶、乙基糖苷的浓度、酶量和反应温度对反应的影响。研究表明在无溶剂体系中以乳酸丁酯作为酰基供体可有效地合成乳酸糖苷酯 ,固定化酶Novozym435和来源于Candida sp .菌株的细胞固定化酶 ,化学修饰的干酶粉均是合适的催化剂。最佳反应条件为 :酶浓度 75g L ,乙基葡萄糖苷的浓度为 0.4mol L ,温度为 70℃ ,转速 200r min ,反应 50h ,转化率可达 71%。在真空度为 0.09MPa的压力下 ,反应温度 65℃ ,酶浓度 75g L ,乙基葡萄糖苷 0.35mol L时 ,反应初速率可达到 607(mmol·L^-1·h^-1 ) ,40h后转化率可达到 90%。反应产物经过萃取法和硅胶柱层析方法分离 ,纯度达到 95 % (W/W)。     

微水体系中荧光假单胞菌脂肪酶催化合成单甘酯

研究了无溶剂微水体系中荧光假单胞菌脂肪酶 (PFL)催化油脂甘油解合成单甘酯的反应因素以及多温程非均相固液反应对单甘酯产率的影响。以初始体系最低共熔点 (PFL)取代临界温度学说中的油脂初熔点 ,通过考察不同IEP体系的甘油解 ,发现PFL酶促油脂甘油解时存在碳链基质特异性的函数关系 ,即反应物油脂中饱和碳残基的质量百分含量 (C₁₆+C₁₈)与单甘酯产率间符合以下多项式:Y =- 0.0006X³ +0.0592X²-0.8909X+26.753(13%<X<76.5%),式中X为C₁₆+C₁₈,Y为40℃时等温反应条件下的单甘酯产率。IEP为40℃时,最适等温反应条件如下：加水量3%～4.5%,加酶量为500μ/g油酯摩尔比1：2.5-5.0(油酯：甘油)反应温度40℃.实验条件下多步等程序降温反应48h后单甘酯最高产率为81.4%.     

有机溶剂中固定化脂肪酶催化硅醇的酯化反应

固定化Mucor miehei脂肪酶可催化有机硅醇和脂肪酸的酯化反应．对固定化酶用量、脂肪酸链长、不同有机硅醇底物、有机溶剂极性和水含量等影响因素进行了初步研究．     

乙酸乙酯抽提法在ESR检测一氧化氮自由基中的应用

改进了用有机溶剂抽提检测一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)自由基的方法,并利用有机溶剂抽提法检测了小鼠心肌中NO的含量.有机溶剂可以把二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(diethyldithiocarbamate, DETC)捕集NO的产物(DETC)₂-Fe²⁺-NO由水相中萃取并富集到酯相中,然后利用电子顺磁共振波谱仪(ESR)在常温下检测大体积样品中的NO.比较了几种不同的有机溶剂：正丁醇、乙酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯、三乙酸甘油酯、乙酸异戊酯等的萃取能力,发现乙酸乙酯是一种理想的提取溶剂.乙酸乙酯提取法可以使NO的量与ESR信号强度在20 μmol/L内有良好的线性,使ESR的检测灵敏度提高到200 nmol/L以下;(DETC)₂-Fe²⁺-NO对光比较敏感,见光易于分解;复合物在乙酸乙酯中避光保存于4℃可稳定十几天而无显著的变化.     

豆乳凝固酶产生菌UV-10发酵条件及其酶学性质的研究

豆乳凝固酶产生菌Bacillussp .UV 1 0的最适产酶条件 :初始pH6 4,温度 2 6℃ ,培养时间 1 9h ,需要较大的通气量。酶的最适作用pH和温度分别为 5 8和 70℃。在最适条件下酶活力可达 1 84u/mL。pH6 0～ 7 0稳定性较好。 6 0℃下 1h残余酶活 6 0 %。Ca²⁺,Fe²⁺,Mg²⁺,Na⁺对其有较强的激活作用 ,而Zn²⁺,Al相似文献   

展示南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B的毕赤酵母全细胞催化合成短链芳香酯

展示酶的酵母细胞作为全细胞催化剂,既具有固定化酶的优点,又有制备简单、成本较低的特点。本研究将细胞表面展示南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B(Candida antarctica lipase B,CALB)的重组毕赤酵母用于非水相中催化合成短链芳香酯,通过滴定和气相色谱的方法测定底物酸的转化率,从底物的碳链长度、醇的结构、酵母冻干粉的添加量、底物浓度及底物的酸醇摩尔比等方面考察了展示CALB的毕赤酵母全细胞催化合成短链芳香酯的特性。研究结果表明:该全细胞催化剂可催化C10以下的酸和醇直接酯化合成多种短链芳香酯,酸的转化率达到90%以上;其中己酸和乙醇为酶的最适底物;酵母冻干粉的添加量20g/L(306.0U/g-drycell)、己酸浓度0.8mol/L、酸醇摩尔比1:1.1是合成己酸乙酯的最佳条件。在此条件下反应1.5h,己酸的转化率达到97.3%。在现有的关于脂肪酶非水相催化合成短链芳香酯的报道中,该全细胞催化剂显示出较好的底物耐受性以及较高的催化反应速率。因此,展示CALB的毕赤酵母全细胞催化剂在合成短链芳香酯方面具有较大的商业化应用潜能。     

华根霉脂肪酶有机相合成酶活的研究

通过比较7种微生物脂肪酶的有机相合成酶活、水相水解酶活及在正庚烷中催化己酸乙酯合成的能力,证明了合成酶活与水解酶活相关性不高,合成酶活比水解酶活更能反映脂肪酶的合成能力。通过比较两株华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)脂肪酶酶活,发现合成酶活相差较大,表明相同种属微生物的脂肪酶合成酶活存在不同。对．Rhizopus chinensis-2液态发酵产脂肪酶进程研究发现,水解酶活高峰先于合成酶活高峰大约12h。将不同培养时间的Rhizopus chinensis-2全细胞脂肪酶用于催化己酸乙酯合成,具有高合成酶活的全细胞脂肪酶催化己酸乙酯合成反应较快。因此,全细胞脂肪酶用于催化有机相酯合成反应时,具有高脂肪酶合成酶活的菌体具有较好的催化酯合成能力。     

乳糖发酵短杆菌L－氨酸产生菌的选育

从谷氨酸产生菌Brevibacterium lactofermentum XQ5121出发选育L-苏氨酸产生菌。以硫酸二乙酯(Des)和甲基磺酸乙酯(Ems)诱变处理,用α-氨基-β-羟基戊酸(Ahv)和s－(2－氨基乙基)－L－半胱氨酸(Aec)药物平板及琥珀酸培养基(Sam)平板定向筛选,最后获得一株L－苏氨酸高产菌Zt－1株(AHV^г AEC^г SAM^g),可在适宜的培养条件下积累16mg／m1 L－苏氨酸。试验结果表明,在以琥珀酸为唯一碳源的平板培养基(sAM)上生长迅速即sAM 变异可导致L－苏氨酸积累大幅度提高。 文中对B.lactofermentum L-苏氨酸产生菌的选育机理作了讨论。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV