有性棉蚜交配和产卵习性的观察

有性棉蚜有多次交配习性,交配时间平均为41分钟。雌蚜寿命为28．1±6．0天,产卵前期为3．0±1．2天,产卵历期为15．3±3．8天,产卵后期为9．7±3．4大,每雌产卵8．1±1．6粒,卵的产出率平均为88．4％。群体产卵的始盛、高峰和盛末期分别在羽化后3～4天、7～8天和15～16天。未经交配的雌蚜在产卵方面有明显的负效应,产出的受精卵也不能孵化。     

云南不同菜区小菜蛾的产卵规律与发育起点温度

在室内不同温度条件下(15～27℃,RH60%～70%),系统测定了云南不同菜区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)的产卵规律、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,云南不同菜区小菜蛾的产卵规律、发育起点温度和有效积温有所不同,差异显著,呈现不同的区域性种群特征。(1)玉溪市通海县、昆明市呈贡县、红河州石屏县和曲靖市陆良县的小菜蛾单雌产卵量分别为213.0、182.5、132.2和71.6粒,区域间差异显著,以通海县小菜蛾种群的产卵量为最高,陆良县的最低;产卵天数分别为7.76、5.81、7.0和3.63d。(2)玉溪市通海县、昆明市呈贡县、红河州石屏县、曲靖市陆良县和大理州弥渡县的小菜蛾全世代发育起点温度分别为:(9.5±0.5)、(10.0±0.5)、(9.3±1.0)、(9.2±0.7)和(9.4±0.8)℃;有效积温分别为:(407.2±17.2)、(404.5±15.4)、(419.2±29.6)、(383.0±20.5)和(398.0±23.9)日·度。     

莲花山云南柳莺的孵卵行为

20 0 2年 6～ 7月 ,在甘肃省莲花山自然保护区对云南柳莺的孵卵行为进行了研究。结果表明 ,雌鸟孵卵的日活动期为 (80 0 5± 42 8)min (n =1 5 ) ,每天离巢 (3 2 7± 3 9)次 (n =1 5 ) ,每次离巢时间 (6 6±1 8)min (n =5 99) ,每次坐巢时间 (1 8 4± 9 2 )min (n =5 83 ) ,坐巢率为 (73 1± 1 9) %。雌鸟每次坐巢时间和离巢时间的长度均与气温显著相关。日活动期雌鸟在巢的平均卵温为 3 2 3℃ ,夜晚的平均卵温为3 2 7℃。整个孵卵期卵温在发育临界值 2 8℃以上的时间比例为 92 7%。在孵卵后期卵温有逐渐上升的趋势。     

光周期对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响

为探明光周期对毛健夜蛾Brithys crini(Fabricius)交配和产卵的影响,在实验条件下观察了5个光周期(L14∶D10、L16∶D8、L18∶D6、L20∶D4和L22∶D2)下成虫交配及产卵行为。结果表明:(1)光周期为L14∶D10、L16∶D8、L18∶D6、L20∶D4和L22∶D2时,毛健夜蛾成虫总交配率(分别为26.09%、31.25%、17.93%、26.32%和11.76%)或暗期的交配率(分别为100.00%、83.33%、100%、75.00%和100%)均有显著性差异;毛健夜蛾成虫交配起始时间(分别为21:00、22:00、0:00、3:00和5:00)和交配高峰(分别为21:00—22:00、1:00—2:00、3:00—5:00、4:00—5:00和5:00—6:00)随断光时间的延迟而推后。(2)各光周期下已交配的单雌产卵量(分别为441.33、453.80、414.00、120.80和145.50粒)或未交配的单雌产卵量(分别为115.35、77.09、90.21、17.79和12.07粒)亦有显著性差异;光周期为L14∶D10、L16∶D8和L18∶D6下,产卵高峰均在1:00—4:00之间,光周期为L20∶D4时,产卵高峰在4:00—5:00之间,而光周期为L22∶D2时,产卵高峰则出现在光期开始的1 h内(即6:00—7:00)。这些研究结果初步揭示了不同光周期对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵行为影响不同。     

新疆木垒波斑鸨营巢成功率的初步研究

1998年 4月中旬～ 7月中旬 ,对分布于新疆木垒的波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundulatamacqueenii)种群的营巢成功率进行了初步考察与研究。考察中共发现 16个巢、2 5窝幼雏。每巢产卵 3～ 6枚 ,卵鲜重 (6 4 7± 5 8)g ,卵径为 6 0 9mm× 43 9mm。产卵有两个高峰期 ,表明雌鸟第 1次繁殖失败后可再次产卵。第 1产卵期的巢卵数为(4 1± 0 8)枚 ,第 2产卵期的巢卵数为 (3 5± 0 6 )枚。雌鸟营巢成功率为 77 5 %～ 87 5 % ,卵的孵化率为83 6 %。每窝内从破壳到具备飞行能力的幼雏数基本不变 ,表明繁殖雌鸟大都能将幼雏全部抚育到可以飞行的年龄     

灰蓝姬鹟的孵卵节律

2 0 0 2年在莲花山自然保护区使用温度自动记录装置对灰蓝姬的孵卵节律进行了研究。研究表明 ,灰蓝姬雌鸟日平均离巢 31.2 5± 7.5 0次 (n =8天 ) ,平均每次离巢持续时间为 7± 2min (n =2 6 4 ) ,平均在巢持续时间 2 1± 9min (n =2 5 6 )。雌鸟在巢率与环境温度间存在显著的负相关关系 (Spearman相关 ,r =- 0 .30 4 ,P <0 .0 1)。进一步的分析表明 ,灰蓝姬雌鸟每次离巢持续时间与环境温度呈显著的正相关 (Spearman相关 ,r =0 .2 6 1,P <0 .0 1) ,每次在巢时间和离巢次数均与环境温度无关 (在巢时间 ,r =0 .0 2 6 ,P =0 .6 82 ;离巢次数 ,r =0 .0 14 ,P =0 .879)。认为灰蓝姬雌鸟主要通过调节离巢时间的长短来控制孵卵节律     

新疆木垒波斑鸨卵的孵化温度及雌鸟孵化行为的初步研究

1999年 5月 2 2日到 6月 11日 ,在新疆木垒波斑鸨分布区利用装有温度记录仪的假卵成功地监测了2只雌性波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundulatamacqueenii)的繁殖行为。研究表明 :在孵化期 ,雌鸟的日活动节律呈现出双峰模式 ,即晨昏活动。雌鸟平均每天离巢 3～ 9次 ,每次 8～ 2 6min。孵化过程中 ,雌鸟每天花费 (94±2 ) %的时间孵卵。当雌鸟孵卵时 ,卵的日均孵化温度为 31 9～ 36 5℃。当雌鸟离开巢时 ,卵的温度平均下降到(2 4 9± 3 2 )℃。随着孵化的进行 ,卵的日均温从 31 9℃上升到 36 2℃ ,与环境温度的变化呈正相关。     

光周期变化对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响

【目的】毛健夜蛾Brithys crini(Fabricius)可为害葱莲Zephyranthes candida等石蒜科绿化植物,前期研究表明不同光周期对其交配和产卵节律行为及交配率和产卵量均有显著影响。本实验期望探明间歇光照等复杂光照条件对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响。【方法】在光照培养箱条件下(光源为白色日光灯,光照强度约为500 lx),观察了间歇光照长度(20,10,5,1和0 min)、暗期位点(D10:00-22:00,D12:00-24:00,D14:00-02:00和D16:00-04:00)和非24 h光暗循环(4L∶4D,8L∶8D,24L∶24D和48L∶48D)3种光照条件下毛键夜蛾成虫交配及产卵行为。【结果】间歇光照长度为20,10,5,1和0 min时,成虫交配数分别为0,3,10,14和11对,配对数分别为25,29,31,39和26对;间歇光照长度为20和10 min时,交配数与对照组差异显著;10,5,1和0 min时已交配单雌产卵量差异不显著(分别为354.67,322.30,339.57和310.45粒)。暗期位点为D10:00-22:00,D12:00-24:00,D14:00-02:00和D16:00-04:00时,成虫交配数分别为13,18,15和12对,配对数分别为16,19,17和16对,交配数差异不显著;已交配单雌产卵量差异不显著(分别为516.15,527.28,495.53和458.50粒);交配起始时间、交配高峰时间和产卵起始时间、产卵高峰因暗期位点不同而异。非24 h光暗循环(4L∶4D,8L∶8D,24L∶24D和48L∶48D)条件下成虫交配数分别为16,15,14和14对,配对数分别为18,16,14和16对,交配数差异不显著;已交配单雌产卵量差异显著(分别为590.56,559.67,497.21和419.29粒)。【结论】这些结果显示毛健夜蛾交配和产卵行为主要发生在暗期,暗期短于40 min时不能发生交配行为,暗期位点和长度对交配和产卵行为有影响。     

四川南充地区白鸰的繁殖习性

2004年2～5月在四川省南充市嘉陵江中上游的河漫滩内对白鹡鸰(Motacilla alba)的繁殖习性进行了研究.结果表明白鹡鸰2月开始繁殖;雌雄参与筑巢,营巢期7～10 d;主要雌鸟孵卵,孵卵期13～14 d,上午800～900时孵卵出现一次高峰;窝卵数(5.00±0.52)(n=16)枚,孵化率42.5%;雌雄参与育雏,育雏期15～16 d,下午1800～1900时育雏出现一次高峰,日育雏次数(112.9±48.6)(n=17),育雏时间间隔(5.60±5.34)min(n=1 584);雏鸟形态生长曲线呈"S"型.     

广聚萤叶甲成虫产卵行为及其产卵部位的选择性

【目的】明确广聚萤叶甲成虫产卵行为及其产卵部位的选择性。【方法】在室内条件下,对广聚萤叶甲成虫交配及产卵的系列行为、产卵场所选择、不同部位豚草植株叶片叶绿素b的含量进行了观察和测定:(1)将1对成虫放到养虫笼内的一株豚草上,观察交配时间,记录产卵数量、前后2粒卵之间的产卵时间间隔;(2)在均匀分为5部分(0～10、11～20、21～30、31～40和41～50 cm)的豚草植株上,随机放置10对成虫,观察雌虫对于产卵场所的选择。(3)将上述5个部位的豚草叶片通过丙酮匀浆法处理,用紫外分光光度计测定其在645和663 nm的吸光值,计算叶绿素b含量。【结果】广聚萤叶甲成虫完成一次成功交配平均需96.09 min。雌虫一般需45 min的时间来寻找其适应的产卵场所,在产卵过程中,成虫习惯将卵产于叶片背面,雌虫喜欢用口器来清理刚产下的卵粒。在一株50 cm高的豚草植株上,雌虫喜欢将卵产在植株中部21～30 cm和中上部31～40cm的叶片上(从下往上划分)。卵块数量和豚草不同部位叶片叶绿素b含量呈显著的正相关性。【结论】广聚萤叶甲成虫喜欢产卵在叶绿素b含量较高的叶片背面,可能以视觉识别叶片颜色来选择和定位产卵场所。     

Embryology and Life Cycle of Tylenchorhynchus claytoni Steiner, 1937 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea)

Development of Tylenchorhynchus claytoni from unsegmented egg to hatching takes 135 hr at 22-25 C. The fourth molt lasts 5 to 6 days. During exsheathment the cast cuticle of the larva separated into two unequal parts, breaking near either the anterior or posterior end. The life cycle from egg to egg required from 31 to 38 days at 28 C on alfalfa seedlings and included four molts and four larval stages. Sexual differentiation was apparent in third-stage larvae.     

黄喉拟水龟产卵行为的观察

在人工环境条件下对黄喉拟水龟(Mauremys mutica)的产卵行为进行了观察,统计了6年的气温与产卵情况,发现每年2～4月平均气温之和与4月份的产卵量正相关(P＜0.05),2～4月的气温决定了每年初始产卵的提前或推后.观察了黄喉拟水龟的产卵行为,发现其产卵巢址通常选择在高出产卵场平面(36.378±7.140)cm(n=30)的地方.根据黄喉拟水龟产卵过程的固有行为特征,将其整个产卵过程分为六期:第Ⅰ期选巢、第Ⅱ期挖掩体、第Ⅲ期掘巢穴、第Ⅳ期产卵、第Ⅴ期盖巢穴和第Ⅵ期回水体.对产卵过程各期时间与窝卵数线性回归分析表明:第Ⅰ期、第Ⅱ期、第Ⅲ期、第Ⅴ期、第Ⅵ期及整个产卵过程所需时间均与窝卵数无关;而第Ⅳ期产卵时间与窝卵数呈显著正相关.揭示了窝卵数越少,母龟在产卵场消耗的能量对应于投入到每一枚卵的能量就越多;而窝卵数越多,则恰好相反.     

Interference at several temporal and spatial scales between two chestnut insects

Detection of interspecific competition between insects is often sensitive to scaling. We give an example of scale-dependent interference between the weevil Curculio elephas and the moth Cydia splendana, which both have larvae that develop in the fruits of chestnut Castanea sativa. Measures at three scales were considered: chestnut, husk (with one to three fertile fruits) and tree. Data come from observations in the field over 14 years, complemented by experiments done directly in trees. Data on individual chestnut fruits revealed a marked statistical interference between the two insects. Experiments demonstrated that presence of a moth larva in a fruit usually inhibits weevil egg-laying. Conversely, weevil presence does not strongly modify moth larval behavior. Cases of double infestation often correspond to fruits first attacked by the weevil. With measures on husks, interference between the two insects was observed only in some trees; its intensity was always weaker than in the chestnuts themselves. At the scale of entire trees, rates of infestation by each insect are not correlated. Interference in chestnut fruits is interpreted by assuming that the weevil female either is sensitive to a repellent molecule originating from a moth larva or its frass, or can detect moth larval sounds. Mechanisms governing infestation rates from data per tree are discussed in relation to those found at fruit scale and to plant-insect interactions. The need to estimate available resources both from quantitative and qualitative points of view is emphasized.     

Pheromones linked to sexual behaviors excite the appetitive phase of feeding behavior of Aplysia fasciata. I. Modulation and excitation of appetitive behaviors

Pheromones presumably secreted by mating conspecifics – as well as homogenates containing tissue that is homologous with the atrial gland – increase the time that Aplysia fasciata spend feeding. This effect is caused by increasing the number of feeding episodes initiated in response to food, whereas the duration of a feeding bout remains unchanged. The increase in the number of feeding episodes is related to increases in head waving and crawling, i.e., appetitive movements that bring the animal into contact with food, as well as an increase in the responsiveness to food after it is contacted. Releasing a homogenate containing atrial gland tissue, or egg laying hormone, in the water near the animal elicited head lifting similar to that seen when animals are food aroused. The data indicate that the facilitation of Aplysia feeding caused by pheromones arises in part by an excitation of appetitive behaviors. These findings suggest that neurons generating appetitive behaviors will be affected by pheromones. Accepted: 28 November 1997     

Subcellular Fractionation of Prohormone Processing Products in the Bag Cell Neurons

Abstract: Multiple biologically active peptides arising from a common prohormone are sorted into distinct classes of dense core vesicles within the bag cell neurons of Aplysia californica . In this study, pulse-chase analysis, combined with subcellular fractionation on Percoll gradients, are used to define the location of the prohormone processing events within the secretory pathway. Initial cleavage of the prohormone occurs in a light cellular compartment associated with the Golgi apparatus. The amino-terminal processing intermediate then accumulates in a denser compartment containing small dense cores enclosed in membranous sacs, as well as larger immature vesicles. After 4 h, amino-terminai products are found primarily in a much denser compartment which consists of large and small dense core vesicles. These large and small vesicles can be separated from each other using Percoll gradient centrifugation and are found to be enriched in amino- and carboxy-terminal products, respectively. Lastly, membrane association experiments suggest differential binding to membranes, or integral membrane proteins, as a possible mechanism for sorting of amino- and carboxy-terminal products.     

Host plant discrimination in tropical satyrine butterflies

Summary Inter and intraspecific host plant choice was examined for Mycalesis terminus and M. perseus, two tropical butterfly species of the subfamily Satyrinae. The two species preferred different suites of potential host plant species, but only M. perseus discriminated between different qualities of host. Differences in selectivity between these two species may be associated with the different lengths of time over which their larval resources may be expected to persist. The level of selectivity exhibited by these tropical species appears to be greater than their temperate counterparts. Potential factors controlling differences between oviposition strategies in temperate and tropical Satyrine butterflies and other groups are discussed.     

白颈长尾雉繁殖生态的研究

白颈长尾雉以常绿阔叶林、常绿针阔混交林和人工针叶林等3种类型的植被生境为其典型的繁殖地,植物群落乔木层盖度一般均在90％左右。雄鸟的求偶炫耀行为有3种形式,即初发情炫耀、深发情炫耀和交配前炫耀。每天出现两个高峰,上午为7:00—9:00,下午为1:00—3:00。雄雉发情交配过程可分为5个阶段,雌雉产卵过程可分为3个阶段。该雉营地面巢,每窝产卵5～8枚,孵化期为24天。     

An observation on the embryonic development in Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) eggs obtained by an artificial oviposition setup

Thrips palmi is an important insect pest of vegetables and ornamental crops worldwide. Besides direct damage caused by feeding, it transmits several tospoviruses in a persistent-propagative manner. Eggs of T. palmi are microscopic and embedded within plant tissue by the sharp ovipositor of adult female. In the present study, an artificial oviposition setup has been standardized for T. palmi. Eggs of T. palmi were harvested in sterile water between two thin membranes. The developmental stages of T. palmi embryo were studied starting from oviposition up to hatching by inverted and confocal reflection microscopy. Energids were homogeneously distributed at an early stage of development. The anterior end of the egg curved with a constriction post 38 h. Initiation of tissue organization, mouthparts, appendages, compound eyes were observed at different time points. Appendages were well developed and segmentation was prominent post 70 h. The embryo was completely developed at around 80 h and hatched by 86 h post oviposition at 28 °C temperature. The study first time reports the embryonic development of T. palmi that would be helpful in detailed investigations of thrips developmental biology and evolution.     

蛋鸽早期性别DNA分子鉴定

蛋鸽早期性别的鉴定一直是制约蛋鸽业发展的瓶颈问题。在本研究中,我们采用PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测的方法,对20日龄期的100只蛋鸽的性别连锁基因染色体解旋酶DNA结合基因CHD(chromo-helicase DNA binding)进行跨内含子扩增检测。蛋鸽早期DNA分子电泳检测结果与成年后的真实性别核对结果表明:所有雌性蛋鸽扩增结果含有两条带,其大小分别为280bp和250bp,雄性蛋鸽仅有一条280bp的条带;泊松统计分析发现,蛋鸽早期DNA分子判定结果达到统计学上显著水平,可以作为蛋鸽早期性别鉴定的一种方法。本实验实现了以DNA分子为基础的早期蛋鸽性别鉴定,将对蛋鸽业早期的饲养成本降低和早期雄性蛋鸽的淘汰起到准确的指导作用。     

Size-related and seasonal patterns of egg collar production in Polinices pulchellus (Gastropoda: Naticidae) Risso 1826

Polinices pulchellus held in the laboratory produced egg collars all year round. Egg collar production was greatest during July and August and only occurred in females >8-10 mm shell length. The largest individuals (14-16 mm shell length) had the highest fecundity and ceased egg-laying in late September, whilst 8-14 mm individuals laid egg collars until November. Small females (4-6 mm) grew rapidly during the warmer, summer months (April to August), became sexually mature and began laying egg collars in mid-September. Both the range of egg collar wet weights and the maximum wet weight of an individual egg collar increased with female size class. Temperature strongly affected the length of time between the laying of egg collars and the hatching of larvae (9-10 days at 19-20 °C and 14-15 days at 13-14 °C). A close relationship was also found between egg collar wet weight and the number of veliger larvae released.