光周期对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响

为探明光周期对毛健夜蛾Brithys crini(Fabricius)交配和产卵的影响,在实验条件下观察了5个光周期(L14∶D10、L16∶D8、L18∶D6、L20∶D4和L22∶D2)下成虫交配及产卵行为。结果表明:(1)光周期为L14∶D10、L16∶D8、L18∶D6、L20∶D4和L22∶D2时,毛健夜蛾成虫总交配率(分别为26.09%、31.25%、17.93%、26.32%和11.76%)或暗期的交配率(分别为100.00%、83.33%、100%、75.00%和100%)均有显著性差异;毛健夜蛾成虫交配起始时间(分别为21:00、22:00、0:00、3:00和5:00)和交配高峰(分别为21:00—22:00、1:00—2:00、3:00—5:00、4:00—5:00和5:00—6:00)随断光时间的延迟而推后。(2)各光周期下已交配的单雌产卵量(分别为441.33、453.80、414.00、120.80和145.50粒)或未交配的单雌产卵量(分别为115.35、77.09、90.21、17.79和12.07粒)亦有显著性差异;光周期为L14∶D10、L16∶D8和L18∶D6下,产卵高峰均在1:00—4:00之间,光周期为L20∶D4时,产卵高峰在4:00—5:00之间,而光周期为L22∶D2时,产卵高峰则出现在光期开始的1 h内(即6:00—7:00)。这些研究结果初步揭示了不同光周期对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵行为影响不同。     

双委夜蛾成虫主要活动节律和卵孵化节律

[目的]双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis是近年来在我国农田新发现为害的一种害虫,明确其成虫活动节律和卵的孵化节律,可为其预测预报和防治提供依据.[方法]在温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度70％±5％.光周期14 L:10 D环境条件下,观察双委夜蛾的羽化、取食、交配、产卵等行为.[结果]双委夜蛾雌虫、雄虫羽化主要发生在化蛹后第12天的光期,羽化高峰分别在13:00-17:00和13:00-15:00.取食行为主要发生在羽化后前2d,且在暗期取食的个体数(47.08％)显著多于在光期取食的个体数(26.39％).成虫的交配高峰在羽化后第3天,交配主要在暗期03:00-07:00进行,交配持续时间15-90 min,平均47.33min,以持续30-45 min的个体占比最高,达34.44％.羽化后第5天出现产卵高峰,产卵率达96.67％,产卵主要发生在暗期01:00-05:00.卯产出后第5天集中孵化,孵化率达92.04％,孵化高峰期在17:00-23:00,该时段累计孵化率64.99％.成虫羽化后第2天和第7天移动个体的比率较高,分别为9.72％和10.16％,每天进入暗期后移动率逐渐升高,进入光期后逐渐降低.不同日龄成虫在光期和暗期均出现较高比例的静息个体,前者平均为83.67％,后者平均为64.94％.[结论]双委夜蛾成虫羽化、补充营养、交配、产卵、移动、静息等活动行为的昼夜节律明显,可作为其预测预报及防治的依据.     

光周期和LED光源对茄二十八星瓢虫成虫行为的影响

【目的】探明光周期和LED光源对茄二十八星瓢虫Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata成虫取食、移动、交配和产卵等行为的影响,为该害虫的预测预报和综合治理提供科学依据和技术指导。【方法】在光期光源为白色日光灯,光照强度约为500 lx, RH 75%±2%条件下观察并记录了30℃时6个不同光周期(16L∶8D, 15L∶9D, 14L∶10D, 13L∶11D, 12L∶12D和11L∶13D)下茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食、移动、交配和产卵行为;26℃时暗期以不使用光照(12L∶12D)为对照,使用红、黄、蓝、绿和白光5个不同LED光照(分别记为12L∶12R, 12L∶12Y, 12L∶12B, 12L∶12G和12L∶12W)下茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食、移动、交配和产卵行为。【结果】当光照时长从13 h延长至16 h时,茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食频次有增加的趋势;当光照时长从12 h延长至15 h时,产卵量有增加的趋势。光周期为14L∶10D和13L∶11D时,成虫取食频次(分别为45.25和25.00次/5对)显著低于其他光周期下,光周期11L∶13D下产卵量(仅有7.25粒/5♀)显著低于其他光周期下。蓝光处理组取食频次(112.50次/5对)显著高于黄光和绿光处理组(分别为77.0和66.25次/5对);黄光和绿光处理组产卵量(分别为261.50和285.50粒/5♀)显著高于对照组。【结论】延长光照时间,茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食频次和产卵量均有增加趋势;暗期使用蓝光时成虫取食频次增加,而使用黄光和绿光时则产卵量增加。光周期和LED光源对其移动和交配行为影响不显著。     

柳毒蛾繁殖生物学的初步观察

【目的】为了明确柳毒蛾Leucoma salicis(Linnaeus)交配的日节律高峰,温度和不同交配持续时间处理对成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率等繁殖生物学的影响。【方法】将新羽化的柳毒蛾成虫置于养虫笼中,观察交配的日节律高峰,并统计不同温度和不同交配持续时间处理下的成虫寿命、产卵量和孵化率。【结果】成虫在羽化当晚的后半夜凌晨开始交尾,次日晚上开始产卵。成虫交配集中在羽化翌日凌晨3:00—5:00之间,高峰为4:00。产卵高峰都出现在2日龄成虫,但是,25℃下成虫交配持续时间(9.2 h)显著短于28℃(11.8 h)。交配持续时间为30、60和300 min的处理,雌成虫平均寿命显著长于对照(对照9.2 h),雄虫仅60 min的处理显著长于对照。同时,极短的交配持续时间(30 min)显著降低雌虫的产卵量和孵化率。【结论】试验明确了成虫交配的日节律高峰,在适宜的温度范围内(25~28℃),雌雄成虫的寿命、单雌总产卵量无显著差异,交配持续时间明显影响成虫寿命、产卵量和卵孵化率。     

不同波段LED光源对毛健夜蛾行为的影响

为探明不同波段LED光对毛健夜蛾Brithys crini (Fabricius)行为的影响, 在实验条件下观察了4种不同波段（红光： 620~625 nm; 绿光： 520~523 nm; 蓝色： 465~467 nm; 白光： 460~465 nm）LED光源下毛健夜蛾幼虫的假死、 爬行、 静止、 取食、 排便、 瞭望及其他行为和成虫交配及产卵行为。结果表明： （1）毛健夜蛾幼虫在红光、 绿光、 蓝光和白光4种LED光源下, 爬行、 静止和取食行为时间分配差异极显著（爬行、 静止和取食： P=0.000）, 红光组爬行的时间占98.06%, 绿光组取食时间占83.65%, 蓝光组爬行和静止时间占91.56%, 白光组爬行时间占61.16%; 爬行、 静止、 取食、 瞭望及其他行为发生率差异显著, 红光组和白光组爬行行为发生率最高, 分别为47.37%和32.00%, 绿光组取食行为发生率最高为40.00%, 蓝光组爬行行为发生率最高为32.35%; （2）毛健夜蛾跌落幼虫在4种LED光源下, 假死发生率差异不显著, 但假死持续时间有显著性差异, 红光组假死持续时间显著长于蓝光组和白光组; （3）4种LED光源处理后, 交配和未交配的单雌产卵量无显著差异; （4）第1-2天的暗期分别使用4种光源, 则交配和产卵高峰均出现在第3天的暗期, 而第1-2天的暗期不使用光源, 则交配和产卵高峰出现在第1天的暗期。这些研究结果初步揭示了不同波段光源对毛健夜蛾行为影响不同。     

香樟齿喙象的交配和产卵行为

【目的】香樟齿喙象Pagiophloeus tsushimanus是危害香樟Cinnamomum camphora的中国新记录种。本研究旨在通过调查香樟齿喙象成虫的交配和产卵行为,以增加对其行为习性的认识。【方法】采用室内饲养观察结合录像的方法,记录香樟齿喙象成虫的交配及产卵行为特点并进行分析。【结果】香樟齿喙象一次完整的交配过程大致分为交配前、交配、交配后3个阶段,表现为相遇抱对、插入授精和配后保护等行为特点。香樟齿喙象的完整交配过程需要672.67±156.53 min,其中抱对持续时间103.94±20.61 min,插入授精持续时间333.83±94.15 min,配后保护持续时间234.9±41.79 min。产卵过程可以划分为咬食产卵孔、产卵、填埋3个阶段,其中钻蛀产卵孔持续时间52.43±4.93 min,产卵持续时间2.47±0.14 min,填埋持续时间29.09±6.74 min。雌雄成虫均有多次交配习性,全天均可发生交配行为,交配高峰发生在12:00-14:00,在6:00-8:00有一个次高峰。香樟齿喙象的卵为单产,雌虫产卵具有明显的节律性,产卵高峰在18:00-20:00,次高峰出现于8:00-10:00。【结论】研究结果有助于了解香樟齿喙象的繁殖过程,为系统研究其行为学及发展基于行为调控的防治技术提供了依据。     

亲本体色及环境因子对长绿飞虱成虫体色、寿命与繁殖的影响

【目的】明确亲本体色和环境因素对长绿飞虱Saccharosydne procerus F1代成虫体色的影响及不同体色成虫个体在不同环境中产卵量、交配率、成虫寿命的变化。【方法】长绿飞虱不同体色(黑化与非黑化)亲本所产若虫在室内经不同温度(30℃和22℃)和光周期(20L∶4D和16L∶8D)组合处理,观察成虫黑化率;将不同体色的成虫同样经历这些温度和光周期组合处理,记录成虫寿命、产卵量和交配率变化,分析不同因素对其的贡献率。【结果】长绿飞虱不同体色亲本所产若虫在实验室内经过上述温度和光周期组合处理后,成虫黑化率变化范围为18.6%~60.8%。若虫期高温、长光照以及黑化亲本均显著增加子代中黑化个体的比例。低温短光照条件下非黑化个体寿命显著长于黑化个体,高温长光照则相反;黑化个体交配率与产卵量随着温度和光照时间的下降而下降,非黑化个体的交配率与产卵量则主要受到光周期影响。统计分析表明,在几种因子中,温度对长绿飞虱的交配率变化贡献率最高,为39.1%;光周期对长绿飞虱体色及产卵量变化贡献率最高,分别达到42.5%和47.4%。体色与温度交互作用对长绿飞虱雌、雄成虫寿命的贡献率最高,分别可达50.3%和60.6%。【结论】本研究表明,若虫期光周期对长绿飞虱成虫体色变化影响最显著,且该虫体色变化在一定程度上改变了其成虫生物学特性,提高了该虫对环境的适应性。     

温度对双委夜蛾种群生态学特征的影响

【目的】双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis(Hampson)是新发现的一种农业害虫,为探索温度对双委夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内l6,21,26,30,34(±1)℃,RH为70%±5%、光周期为14L︰10D条件下,测定了双委夜蛾各发育阶段的发育历期、存活率及成虫产卵量,组建了双委夜蛾的实验种群生命表。【结果】结果表明,双委夜蛾各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短;世代发育起点温度(C)为9.88℃,有效积温(K)为906.53日·度;卵的孵化率在不同的温度下无显著差异;幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率则以21~30℃为最高;成虫的产卵量以21~26℃为最高,而在16℃和30℃时显著降低,在34℃下成虫不能交配,30℃成虫交配率仅为46%;生命表分析表明,26℃双委夜蛾的种群趋势指数和内禀增长率取得最大值,分别为98.5和0.1。【结论】21~26℃是最适宜双委夜蛾生长发育和繁殖的温度范围。     

光周期对棉铃虫羽化、生殖和飞行的影响

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是世界上重要的农业害虫,探讨光周期变化对其羽化节律、生殖和飞行能力的影响,可为准确预测该虫种群动态的季节性变化提供理论依据。本文报道了,在温度为22℃±1℃,相对湿度为75%±5%的条件下,不同光周期(L∶D=24∶0、L∶D=16∶8、L∶D=12∶12、D∶L=12∶12、L∶D=8∶16和L∶D=0∶24)对棉铃虫羽化节律、成虫生殖力和飞行能力的影响。结果表明:棉铃虫的羽化活动具有节律性,不同光周期条件下棉铃虫的羽化高峰均集中在暗期,羽化活动均随光周期的光暗交替而变化。蛹期感受不同长短的暗期也会影响棉铃虫的羽化节律,暗期缩短,羽化有提前的趋势。光周期对棉铃虫产卵前期、卵孵化率和交配次数也有显著影响,但对单雌产卵量、产卵历期和交配率均无显著影响。另外,光周期对棉铃虫成虫的飞行距离和飞行时间也有显著影响,而对平均飞行速率影响不显著。上述结果表明光周期是影响棉铃虫羽化、生殖和飞行的重要环境因子。     

光周期对小菜蛾羽化节律的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究光周期对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(Linn.)羽化节律的调控作用,为小菜蛾的季节性种群动态预测提供理论基础。【方法】在自然光周期和逆转光周期条件下,观察小菜蛾每日的羽化情况。【结果】在自然光周期和逆转光周期条件下,小菜蛾蛹在24 h均可以羽化。正常光周期下,羽化行为表现为近似抛物线形昼夜节律,雌成虫通常在黑暗阶段羽化（18:00-6:00）,而雄成虫大多在光照阶段羽化（6:00-18:00）。在逆转光周期下,小菜蛾蛹的羽化无明显规律。在正常光周期下,雌成虫的羽化频率在光期和暗期没有显著差异,但是,相比于暗期,雄成虫在光期羽化率较高;在逆转光周期后,雌成虫在暗期（6:00-18:00）的羽化数量比光期（18:00-6:00）高,雄成虫暗期的羽化数量比光期低。【结论】光周期逆转后小菜蛾雌成虫和雄成虫的羽化节律明显改变,这将有助于阐明害虫光周期变化与生物钟之间的关系。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.