1982～2003年东北地区植被覆盖变化特征分析

利用1982~2003年GIMMS-NDVI数据集和GIS技术,结合多种统计分析方法,定量分析了东北地区植被覆盖时空变化规律。结果显示:(1)1982~2003年东北地区森林、草地和农田植被年内变化曲线均为单峰型,峰值都出现在夏季,森林植被年内NDVI变化曲线峰值最高,农田次之,草地最低。(2)22年期间,森林植被覆盖呈下降趋势;草地和农田植被覆盖总体亦呈下降趋势,但西辽河平原草地和松嫩平原农田植被覆盖呈上升趋势;相同植被类型比较,长白山东北部林地、西辽河平原草地、松嫩平原农田植被覆盖均比较稳定。(3)1982~2003年,东北地区植被覆盖总体呈缓慢下降趋势,其中1982~1992年,东北地区植被覆盖呈增加趋势,植被覆盖增加的面积为545 435 km2,占东北地区总面积的43.91%;植被覆盖减少面积为96 491 km2,占总面积的7.77%;1993~2003年,东北地区植被覆盖呈减少趋势,植被覆盖减少的面积为626 839 km2,占东北地区总面积的50.45%,植被覆盖增加的面积较少,仅为27 025 km2,占总面积的2.18%,且呈零星分布。研究表明,人类活动和自然因素的变化是东北地区植被覆盖下降的主要原因。     

江苏滨海滩涂湿地盐沼植被动态及机制

江苏省滨海滩涂湿地资源丰富，但由于围垦等人类活动以及外来物种生态入侵等影响，盐沼植被的面积持续下降。本文基于Landsat遥感影像，利用DSAS系统定量分析，对1985—2020年江苏滨海滩涂湿地潮滩植被带的围堰区、盐沼植被区的规模动态及相关关系、围堰规模的植被效应等进行了研究。结果表明：(1)1985—2020年，潮滩植被带向海显著推进岸段与围堰区规模显著增加岸段在空间上具对应性，变化热点区逐渐南移，期初为射阳河口至北凌河口岸段，2015年后，已南移至梁垛河口至遥望港岸段。(2)盐沼植被与围堰区面积在不同岸段间差异较大，但各岸段间围堰区与盐沼植被面积之比均快速上升，比值由1985年的0.017∶1变为2020年的5.59∶1,围堰区面积与盐沼植被面积呈极显著负相关。(3)随盐沼植被带规模逐渐下降，其与潮滩植被带向海延展速率的相关关系也由显著正相关变为不显著相关，显示盐沼植被带规模对潮滩植被带延展的促进作用具一定的规模效应。     

新疆塔里木马鹿沙雅种群的生境变化分析

塔里木马鹿(Cervus elaphus yarkandensis)沙雅种群主要分布在新疆维吾尔自治区沙雅县和库车县境内。为了评估该马鹿种群的生境现状、变化趋势和变化原因,通过野外实地考察,利用GIS和RS技术,分别解译了当地过去4个年份(1972～2006年)夏季的Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像,得到了塔里木马鹿生境变化数据:①2006年的农田面积为27082.24hm2,高盖度植被面积22616.25hm2,中盖度植被面积66703.62hm2,低盖度植被面积64470.62hm2,水体面积39735.89hm2,荒漠面积63497.26hm2,沙漠面积40308.45hm2;②过去的34年间农田面积增加了89.2%(12768hm2),高盖度植被面积减少60.1%(34125hm2),中盖度植被面积增加了17.2%(9791hm2),低盖度植被面积增加了37.3%(17520hm2),水体面积减少26.6%(14429hm2),荒漠面积增加6.9%(4123hm2),沙漠面积增加12.6%(4523hm2);③高盖度植被的斑块数量增加了20.9%,平均斑块面积下降了48.3%,最大斑块指数下降了33.3%;景观丰富度并没有变化,但Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数分别增加了2.5%;④高盖度植被面积变化分别与当地的人口数量和畜牧存栏数呈显著负相关(r=-1.000),而农田、沙漠和荒漠面积分别与当地人口数量及畜牧存栏数呈显著正相关(r=0.800,r=1.000,r=0.800)。表明塔里木马鹿沙雅种群生境的丧失及破碎化程度较为严重;生境丧失及破碎化是人类活动和自然环境变化共同作用的结果。     

陕西省植被覆盖度变化特征及其成因

基于像元分解模型,利用2000—2009年MODIS NDVI数据(250m分辨率)定量分析了陕西省植被覆盖度的时空变化特征及其成因.结果表明:2000—2009年,陕西省植被覆盖度在波动中呈极显著增加趋势(P0.001),变化率为35.0%,植被覆盖度由2000年的56.9%增至2009年的68.9%,其中,陕北地区植被覆盖度的增幅尤为显著,榆林市、延安市植被覆盖度分别增加了21.6%和22.0%.研究期间,陕西植被覆盖整体改善、局地退化,改善极显著(P0.01)、显著(P0.05)的面积比例分别为37.8和11.9%,变化趋势不明显的面积占46.1%,退化的面积仅占4.2%;植被覆盖度变化率200%、100%～200%、10%～100%、-10%～10%和-10%的面积分别占研究区总国土面积的12.2%、13.3%、38.8%、29.3%和6.4%.2000—2009年,陕西省植被覆盖结构转好,高覆盖植被所占的面积呈极显著上升趋势(P0.001),增幅为10.0%;中覆盖植被所占的面积呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),增幅为8.4%;低覆盖植被所占的面积呈极显著下降趋势(P0.001),降幅为18.4%.陕西省植被覆盖度的增加是人类活动和自然因素共同作用的结果,封山育林、退耕还林等一系列生态建设工程的实施是陕北地区植被覆盖度增加的主要原因.     

基于遥感的九段沙湿地植被群落动态变化分析

九段沙是长江口重要的新生湿地.作为主要地物类型之一的植被群落,是反映潮滩湿地生态环境变化重要而又敏感的指标因子.本文通过1987～2008年六景Landsat卫星遥感数据对九段沙植被群落进行了分类提取,并利用ArcGIS软件分析了长江口九段沙植被群落20年来的时空动态变化.结果显示1987～1997年间,九段沙湿地植被以先锋植被海三棱藨草为主,植被面积随潮滩不断淤涨而增长;1997年人工促淤种植了芦苇和互花米草,至2008年,芦苇、互花米草和海三棱藨草三种植被群落所占植被总面积百分比分别为31.47%、39.35%和29.17%,其中外来物种互花米草优势明显,当地植被海三棱藨草所占面积比例显著下降.     

中国潜在植被空间分布格局

潜在植被作为一种与所处立地达到平衡的演替终态,反映的是无人类干扰情况下,立地所能发育形成的最稳定成熟的一种顶极植被类型,是一个地区现状植被的发展趋势。潜在植被的研究能够真实反映气候条件对植被形态变化的影响,是植被-环境分类与关系研究的起点,也是全球变化与陆地生态系统研究的关键。以综合顺序分类法为基本理论基础,在GIS研究方法支持下,利用我国2348个气象台站1961～1990年30a的气候资料,对我国潜在植被类型进行了划分,得出以下结论：（1）分布在我国的潜在植被类型有41类,表现出了我国潜在植被的多样性特征;从面积相对比例来看,我国潜在植被在分布面积上很不均匀,面积最大的寒冷潮湿多雨冻原、高山草甸类分布面积达到1526188km^2,面积最小的炎热微干稀树草原类分布面积仅为13km^2。（2）海拔0～6800m之间,是我国潜在植被主要分布的海拔界限,并且此海拔段植被多样性随海拔变化呈现出一定的规律性,即随海拔增加植被多样性显著下降。（3）我国潜在植被的空间分布很好的体现了三向地带性规律,而决定这种分布的主要原因是太阳辐射的纬度性变化、距离海洋的远近引起水分条件变化以及由海拔高度引起的从基带向上热量和干湿变化。（4）我国潜在植被空间格局在重心分布上,主要表现为空间聚集（P1、P2、P3、P4、P5、P6）和空间线型邻接（L1、L2、L3）两个主要特征。     

1988–2006年辽河三角洲植被结构的变化

在人类干扰和气候波动的影响下,辽河三角洲的植被结构发生了显著变化。该文研究了辽河三角洲植被结构的变化,对于保护该地区生态系统、促使其健康发展具有重要意义。研究区域包括了整个辽河三角洲。资料来源主要是1988年和2006年的TM(Landsat Thematic Mapper)遥感图像。采用数字化、制作植被图和叠加分析等方法研究探讨了辽河三角洲植被结构的特点,以及植被的空间分布转移和面积变化。结果显示,以双台子河口为中心,4大植被类型(自然湿地植被、人工湿地植被、人工旱地植被和自然旱地植被)大体上构成半环状分布格局。从整体上看,从1988年至2006年,植被结构仍然保持半环状的空间格局。但是,主要植被类型的空间分布趋于集中,形成了比较大的斑块,而不是离散、破碎的。从植被类型间相互转化的情况看,几乎所有植被类型的空间分布和面积都有明显改变。在绝对面积上,水稻(Oryzasativa)田、玉米(Zeamays)地和滨海芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)湿地是辽河三角洲3个面积最大的植被类型。水稻田是面积增加最多的植被类型,增加977.1km2;而玉米地是面积减少最多的植被类型,减少622.2km2。在面积变化幅度上,水稻田、玉米地和滨海芦苇湿地的变化幅度分别为33.2%、–16.1%、–23.2%。面积减少幅度最大的植被类型是草地,–77.9%;面积增加幅度最大的植被类型是翅碱蓬(Suaedaheteroptera)盐化草甸,212.1%。     

2001-2015年天山北坡植被覆盖动态变化研究

利用天山北坡2001-2015年植被生长比较旺盛月份（6-9月）的MODIS NDVI产品数据,结合像元二分法进行植被覆盖度提取,并对其空间分布特征、随时间及地形的动态变化和面积加权重心进行分析。研究表明：（1）天山北坡6-9月多年平均植被覆盖度介于0.4-0.5,以低、中低植被覆盖度为主,各等级植被覆盖度大致呈西北-东南向相间分布;（2）2001-2015年间,植被覆盖度有逐渐上升的趋势;植被覆盖改善区域（54.42%）大于退化区域（45.58%）,西部较东部改善更为明显;植被覆盖度变异类型以弱变异和中等变异为主,植被覆盖度变化类型以稳定型为主;（3）天山北坡区域植被覆盖度变化受海拔高度影响明显：随着海拔高度的上升,较低植被覆盖度比例呈现先上升后下降再次上升趋势,较高植被覆盖度则与之相反;海拔3880 m以上低植被覆盖度占绝对优势,较高的植被覆盖度占比逐渐下降直至几乎绝迹;（4）各等级植被覆盖度面积加权重心集中在沙湾县、石河子市、玛纳斯县及呼图壁县;并呈现由集中到相对分散的趋势。     

嘉陵江流域植被景观异质性的空间梯度变化

在遥感图像基础上,利用ArcView GIS和景观统计软件FRAGSTATS从东西、南北以及西北至东南3个方向对嘉陵江流域的植被景观异质性进行了空间梯度分析。结果表明:(1)"栽培植被"面积占总流域面积的51.81%,为整个流域植被景观的基质,聚合性最强,联结度最高;"针叶林"和"灌丛"的斑块数较多,但面积较小,破碎化程度较高,而"裸地/城镇"破碎化最低;"灌丛"斑块间距最大,聚合性最弱;"高山植被"分布零星,联结度最低;(2)沿东西方向,植被景观异质性逐步下降,在流域中部降至最低,但随着进一步向西推移又明显升高,表现出"先降后升"的总趋势;(3)从北至南植被景观异质性向上波动3次后逐步下降,在接近流域南端时降至最低后又略有升高,表现出"先升高再逐渐波动下降"的总趋势;(4)沿西北至东南方向植被景观异质性上下波动1次后在近东南端降至最低,随后略有小幅波动,但波动次数和幅度远低于北南方向,表现出"先降低再波动下降"的总趋势。     

近20年来中国植被活动在增强

为阐明近20年来中国植被覆盖变化的整体状况, 利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)作为植被活动的指标, 使用第3代NOAA-AVHRR/NDVI时间序列数据, 研究了1982~1999年间中国地区NDVI的变化. 为消除地表非植被因素的影响, 参考国际惯例, 定义年NDVI≥0.1的地区为有植被覆盖地区(简称植被地区), NDVI < 0.1的地区为植被稀少地区. 结果表明, 18年来, 我国大多数地区的NDVI都呈现不同程度的增加趋势, 表明我国的植被活动在增强. 与80年代初相比, 90年代末植被地区的面积增加3.5%, 植被稀少地区的面积下降了18.1%. 全国平均年NDVI增加了7.4%. 生长季节的延长和生长加速是我国NDVI增加的主要原因, 而温度上升和夏季降水量的增加以及农业活动的加强可能是其主要的驱动因子. 我国NDVI变化趋势显示了较大的空间异质性: 东部沿海地区呈下降趋势或变化不明显; 农业产区和西部地区增加显著. 这种空间异质性是由于城市化过程、农业生产活动、区域气候特征以及植被对气候变化的区域响应等综合因素作用的结果.     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the caesarean section and the effect on the vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in caesarean section and vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women.MethodsA total of 480 lying-in women who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between December 2017 and June 2018 were enrolled into this study as the subjects, which were divided into the experiment group and the control group, with 240 subjects in each group. In the experiment group, subjects received the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL ropivacaine (0.75%), while those in the control group also took the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL bupivacaine (0.75%). Thereafter, we observed the differences in the anesthetic efficiency, vital signs and hemodynamics of the lying-in women between two groups.ResultsThe excellent and good rates of the anesthesia in two groups were 92.1% and 87.9%, showing no obvious difference; in the experiment group, the average arterial pressures and systolic pressures at 5 min and 10 min after combined spinal and epidural analgesia (CSEA) were all elevated when comparing to the control group (all P < 0.05); in the experiment group, the onset time was obviously extended, while duration of sensory and motor block and the duration of motor block were all shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). During anesthesia, the incidence rate of the adverse reactions in the control group was 2.50%, significantly higher than 0.83% in the experiment group (P < 0.05).ConclusionDespite that ropivacaine and bupivacaine are efficient in anesthesia in the CSEA in the caesarean section, ropivacaine is more recommended for little influence on the hemodynamics, shorter duration of sensory block and motor block and low incidence rate of adverse reactions, which are conducive to the recovery and also safe to the patients.