短暂性缺血对小脑皮质影响的组织化学研究

为了探讨全脑短暂性缺血对小脑皮质蒲肯野细胞的影响 ,实验用组织化学方法对家兔全脑缺血 5分钟 (B组 )、 10分钟 (C组 )及缺血再灌 (D、 E组 )后蒲肯野细胞的酶组织化学变化进行了观察。结果显示 ,缺血 10分钟及缺血再灌后蒲肯野细胞的 SDH、Mg2 + - ATP活性及 PAS反应均降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,L DH增高 (P<0 .0 1)。结果提示家兔全脑缺血 10分钟和缺血再灌可损害小脑皮质蒲肯野细胞的能量代谢酶的活性     

血管性痴呆模型大鼠海马CA3区微管相关蛋白-2的表达及其意义

目的:探讨海马CA3区神经元微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)表达变化与学习记忆功能的关系.方法:采用大白鼠大脑中动脉线栓法(MCAO)缺血再灌模型,分为缺血2h再灌(I/R)1d、7d、14d、30d、90d组和假手术组,免疫组织化学方法观察海马CA3区MAP-2表达,并用图像分析系统作定量分析;同时用Morris水迷宫检测再灌7d、14d、30d、90d组大鼠行为学变化.结果:缺血再灌1d海马CA3区MAP-2呈高表达突起断裂不均匀,再灌7d和14d表达最高,突起出现螺旋样变,再灌30d后MAP-2的表达开始恢复,突起依然断裂,再灌90d后突起形态基本恢复正常.行为学检测发现,大白鼠缺血再灌7d和14d组定位航行试验潜伏期明显延长,空间探索试验中跨平台次数减少,再灌30d开始恢复,再灌90d与假手术组无差别.结论:缺血再灌后,海马CA3区神经元处于高度可塑性状态,可能是神经元新的突触连接形成的结构基础之一,可部分代偿缺血敏感区CA1神经元丧失引起的学习记忆功能的下降.     

培养心肌细胞内的SDH图象分析——大豆磷脂脂质体对缺血再灌心肌膜损伤的影响

琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)的活性在判断心肌缺血,再灌性损伤中起重要作用。本文通过IBAS图象分析系统对缺血再灌的培养心肌细胞内的SDH定量评估,以求探讨大豆磷脂脂质体对心肌缺血再灌性损伤的保护作用。结果表明,在缺血及再灌组的心肌细胞内出现较强的SDH损伤性反应,大豆磷脂脂质体能明显减轻这种反应,提示大豆磷脂脂质体对缺血及缺血/再灌心肌具有明显的保护作用。     

钠泵功能改变及内质网应激在大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用

目的：探讨钠泵活性改变及内质网应激（ERS）在大鼠离体心脏再灌损伤中的作用及其机制。方法：将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6组（n=10）：正常对照组（NC组）、缺血/再灌损伤组（I/R组）、哇巴因-缺血/再灌损伤组（OUA-I/R组）、地高辛抗血清-缺血/再灌损伤组（Anti-Dig-I/R组）、Src抑制剂PP2-哇巴因-缺血/再灌损伤组（PP2-OUA-I/R组）、PLC抑制剂U73122-哇巴因-缺血/再灌损伤组（U73122-OUA-I/R组）。建立全心缺血30 min,再灌注120min的Langendorff大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌损伤模型。检测各组相同时间点心功能恢复率、冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和肌酸激酶（CK）活性,心肌中Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶活性和钙离子水平。流式细胞仪检测心肌细胞凋亡率,Western blot检测心肌钠泵α1亚基、葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）及凋亡蛋白Bcl-2/Bax的表达。结果：与I/R组相比,给予哇巴因预处理可使心功能恢复率明显下降,心肌酶漏出增多,Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶的活性降低,心肌细胞内钙水平升高,细胞凋亡率增多,心肌钠泵α1亚基和Bcl-2表达降低,GRP78、CHOP和Bax表达升高;而Anti-Dig-I/R组与I/R组相比各指标均明显改善;给予Src抑制剂PP2或PLC抑制剂U73122后,哇巴因对心肌的损伤作用被部分阻断,表现为心功能恢复率升高,心肌酶漏出减少,Na⁺-K⁺-ATP酶的活性明显恢复,Ca²⁺水平下降,细胞凋亡率下降,心肌钠泵α₁亚基和Bcl-2表达增多,GRP78和Bax表达减少。结论：钠泵功能改变和内质网应激共同参与大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌损伤,钠泵通路（Src和PLC）介导内质网应激是引起大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌损伤细胞凋亡机制之一。     

黄鼠与大鼠离体心脏预缺血处理对缺血再灌损伤的保护作用

本文用黄鼠和大鼠离体心脏比较了两种预缺血处理方案对随后缺血再灌损伤的作用。用Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆｆ方法灌流秋季未入眠的达乌尔黄鼠和Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠离体心脏,以冠脉流出液中肌酸激酶（ＣＫ）释放活性、心律失常发生率、心功能恢复等为指标,检验不同预缺血处理时间对随后缺血再灌损伤的影响。标本平衡１０ｍｉｎ后对照组的两种动物经受缺灌１５ｍｉｎ再灌１５ｍｉｎ预缺血处理,接着进行两次缺灌１０ｍｉｎ再灌１０ｍｉｎ     

大鼠小脑缺血再灌注损伤的细胞凋亡及尼莫通的保护作用

采用四血管闭塞法制作全脑缺血再灌动物模型, 再灌后４８ 小时取小脑, 石蜡包埋切片。应用末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法原位检测到小脑皮质及小脑核有阳性反应的凋亡细胞, 表明细胞凋亡是迟发性神经元损伤的主要形式。缺血前３０ 分钟给以尼莫通能有效地减少细胞凋亡, 尼莫通对小脑缺血再灌注损伤有显著性保护作用     

缺血再灌后血管内皮空泡的形成与内皮的损伤

目的：在活体上探讨缺血再灌后血灌内上细胞损伤及白细胞、血小板与内皮之间粘附的变化。方法：用失血及与再回输血液造成缺血再灌流模型,在高倍显微镜下观察肠系膜微血管内皮损伤及血细胞粘附的变化。结果：缺血再灌后1－3h细静脉、集合毛细血管内出现白细胞、血小板的粘附,血管内皮水肿、管壁增厚,有的血管内皮细胞的胞浆形成圆丘形的空泡,空泡从血管内皮突入管胺、空泡直径10－30μm多出现的细动脉内,在同一根血管内可同时出现几个空泡,大的空泡几科占据血管腔的2／3。结论：缺血再灌后血管内皮水肿及空泡形成,显示内皮细胞的严重损伤。     

脑缺血损伤时脑片细胞内Ca2+及脂质过氧化物的测定

用插细法制作局灶性脑缺血／再灌损伤模型,激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察活体脑片细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋的分布及脂质过氧化物水平的动态变化,结果表明：缺血１ｈ时只有纹状体Ｃａ＾２＋含量增加,而缺血４ｈ时梗塞侧皮质、纹状体区域的Ｃａ＾２＋与脂质过氧化物含量均进一步增高,且与缺血时间相关,而与再灌持续时间无明显关系;轻度缺血／再灌损伤时细胞内脂质过氧化物增加的发生较增钙反应为早;纹状体对缺血／再灌损伤比皮质敏感。     

肾缺血再灌流损伤过程中肾小管上皮细胞色素氧化酶活性变化及TAD防治作用的研究

本实验选用大鼠一侧肾切除,对侧肾缺血６０ｍｉｎ动物模型,用组织化学方法观察再灌流１５ｍｉｎ,２４ｈ髓质外带肾小管上皮细胞色素氧化酶活性的变化及还原型谷胱甘肽（ＴＡＤ）对它们的影响。结果发现６０ｍｉｎ肾缺血后再灌流可致细胞色素氧化酶活性呈进行性降低。给ＴＡＤ能一定程度地保护细胞色素氧化酶活性。提示氧自由基可能损害细胞色素氧化酶活性,细胞色素氧化酶活性降低在肾缺血再灌流损伤中可能起重要作用。     

CD4^＋T细胞在大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的通过大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的动物模型,分析CD4^＋T细胞在心肌组织损伤中的作用。方法结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支45min,随后恢复再灌的方法,制作缺血再灌损伤的动物模型,随机分为再灌注0、2、6、9、12h组及相应的对照组。II导联心电图及TTC确定模型,组织病理学观察心肌细胞的损伤情况,免疫荧光染色计数浸润的炎性细胞,半定量PCR进一步验证各型T细胞的表达。结果心肌的梗死面积与心肌缺血再灌时间成正相关,至观察结束未出现峰值;组织中浸润的中型粒细胞和T细胞分别在2h和12h有峰值出现,但CD4^＋T/CD3^＋T的比率几乎保持不变;观察所见CD4^＋T细胞是组织中存在最多的T细胞。结论大鼠缺血再灌注损伤中,心肌组织中浸润的CD4^＋T细胞作为主要的效应细胞,参与了持续稳定的心肌损伤过程。     

大鼠局灶性脑皮质缺血/再灌注对脑神经元损伤作用及瘦素受体表达的改变

目的:研究脑缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤后瘦素受体(OB-R)表达的变化情况.方法:雄性成年Wistar大鼠20只,随机分成4组:假手术24 h、72 h对照组及I/R 24 h、72 h实验组.线栓法制备大鼠局灶性脑皮质I/R损伤模型,在脑I/R后相应时间点分别处死大鼠,采用免疫组织化学、免疫电镜方法观察大脑皮质OB-R的表达,在光镜及电镜下观察神经元损伤改变.结果:左顶叶皮质锥体细胞、血管内皮、脉络丛发现有OB-R阳性表达;与假手术对照组相比,I/R 24 h(I/R早期)锥体细胞OB-R免疫反应阳性细胞表达减少(P＜0.05),I/R 72 h(I/R晚期)锥体细胞OB-R免疫反应阳性细胞减少更明显(P＜0.001);光镜及电镜对缺血中心区神经元的观察均显示I/R晚期的神经元损伤明显重于早期.结论:脑I/R损伤后早期神经元损害和迟发性神经元损害均伴随有OB-R的表达减少,且迟发性神经元损害表达减少更明显,因此在脑梗塞的防治中有必要对瘦素及其OB-R的作用进一步研究.     

TLR4 signaling induced TLR2 expression in the process of mimic cerebral ischemia/reperfusion <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

Both TLR4 and TLR2 participated in the mediation of the inflammatory injury in the process of partial cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. However, it still remains unclear whether a crosstalk exists between TLR2 and TLR4 in ischemic cerebral damage. In the present study, we investigated the effect of TLR4 signaling on TLR2 expression during mimic cerebral I/R in vitro. BV-2 cells were cultured and treated with ischemia/reperfusion, then transfected with the plasmid pEGFP-H1/TLR4-siRNA, the plasmid pEGFP-H1/control sequence-siRNA and the blank plasmid, respectively. Interestingly, the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein, NF-κB p65 mRNA and supernatant TNF-α level were significantly higher in ischemia/reperfusion treated cells than those lack of ischemia/reperfusion treatment, and as compared with those in ischemia/reperfusion treated cells without transfection, no significant differences about the above mentioned gene and protein expression were found in the blank plasmid tranfected cells and the plasmid pEGFP-H1/control sequence-siRNA transfected cells respectively, while the expression levels in the plasmid pEGFP-H1/TLR4-siRNA transfected cells were significantly lower. Additionally, in order to determine the effects of pyrrolidinediethyldithiocarbamate (PDTC), an NF-κB inhibitor, on the TLR4-induced TLR2 expression in BV-2 cells treated with ischemia/reperfusion, it was found that TLR4 and TLR2 mRNA expressions in PDTC pretreated cells were significantly lower in comparison with normal saline pretreated cells and non-pretreated cells. The data suggested that TLR2 activation, signaled by TLR4 and regulated by NF-κB, might be directly involved play an important role in ischemia/reperfusion induced brain damage.     

Involvement of glutamate in retinal protection against ischemia/reperfusion damage induced by post-conditioning

Retinal ischemia could provoke blindness and there is no effective treatment against retinal ischemic damage. Brief intermittent ischemia applied during the onset of reperfusion (i.e., post-conditioning) protects the retina from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Multiple evidences support that glutamate is implicated in retinal ischemic damage. We investigated the involvement of glutamate clearance in post-conditioning-induced protection. For this purpose, ischemia was induced by increasing intra-ocular pressure for 40 min, and 5 min after reperfusion, animals underwent seven cycles of 1 min/1 min ischemia/reperfusion. One, three, or seven days after ischemia, animals were subjected to electroretinography and histological analysis. The functional and histological protection induced by post-conditioning was evident at 7 (but not 1 or 3) days post-ischemia. An increase in Müller cell glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels was observed at 1, 3, and 7 days after ischemia, whereas post-conditioning reduced GFAP levels of Müller cells at 3 and 7 days post-ischemia. Three days after ischemia, a significant decrease in glutamate uptake and glutamine synthetase activity was observed, whereas post-conditioning reversed the effect of ischemia. The intravitreal injection of supraphysiological levels of glutamate mimicked electroretinographic and histological alterations provoked by ischemia, which were abrogated by post-conditioning. These results support the involvement of glutamate in retinal protection against ischemia/reperfusion damage induced by post-conditioning.     

Extract EGb 761 Pretreatment Limits Ubiquitin Positive Aggregates in Rabbit Spinal Cord Neurons after Ischemia-Reperfusion

1. Ubiquitin immunohistochemistry was used for investigation of time dependent changes of ubiquitin in the nerve cells reacting to ischemic/reperfusion damage. In the rabbit spinal cord ischemia model a period of 30 min ischemia followed by 24 and 72 h of reperfusion caused neuronal degeneration selectively in the ventral horn motor neurons as well as interneurons of the intermediate zone.2. Ubiquitin aggregates were accumulated in the neurons of lamina IX and the neurons of intermediate zone destined to die 72 h after 30 min of the spinal cord ischemia.3. The activation of ubiquitin hydrolytic system is related to a defective homeostasis and could trigger different degenerative processes. Having in mind this, we used EGb 761 to rescue the motor neurons and interneurons against ischemia/reperfusion damage. Our results show that after 30 min of ischemia and 24 or 72 h of reperfusion with EGb 761 pre-treatment for 7 days the vulnerable neurons in the intermediate zone and lamina IX exhibit marked elevation of ubiquitin–positive granules in the cytoplasm, dendrites and nuclei. Abnormal protein aggregates have not been observed in these cells.4. The rabbits were completely paraplegic after 30 min of ischemia and 24 or 72 h of reperfusion. However, after 7 days EGb 761 pre-treatment, 30 min of ischemia and 24 or 72 h of reperfusion the animals did not show paraplegia.5. Evaluated ubiquitin–positive neurons of the L₅–L₆ segments showed significant decrease in number and significant increase of density after 30 min of ischemia followed by 24 h and mainly 72 h of reperfusion. Ubiquitin immunohistochemistry confirmed the protective effect of EGb 761 against ischemia/reperfusion damage in the rabbit spinal cord.     

Alterations in the localization of calbindin D28K-, calretinin-, and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons of rabbit retinal ganglion cell layer from ischemia and reperfusion

Calcium-binding proteins are thought to play important roles in calcium buffering. The present study investigated the effects of ischemia and reperfusion on calbindin D28K, calretinin, and parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the ganglion cell layer of the rabbit. Rabbits were administered ischemic damage by increasing the intraocular pressure. After 60 and 90 min of ischemia, reperfusion (7 d) was allowed to occur. The b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG) was reduced by more than 50% and almost 80% in retina given ischemia for 60 and 90 min, respectively. The oscillatory potential (OPs) wave was reduced approximately 50% at 60 min ischemia and 70% at 90 min ischemia. In both normal and ischemic-treated retina, calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity was seen in many cells in the ganglion cell layer. In eyes subjected to 60 min ischemia, there was a decrease of the density of calbindin D28K- (8.29%), calretinin- (14.44%), and parvalbumin- (26.83%) immunoreactive (IR) cells compared to the control retina. In eyes subjected to 90 min ischemia, there was a higher decrease of the density of calbindin D28K- (18.48%), calretinin- (33.59%), and parvalbumin- (54.26%) IR cells than at 60 min. Some calcium-binding protein-IR neurons, especially calretinin-IR neurons, showed aggregations that were abnormally packed together in retina subjected to ischemia for 90 min. The results show that calbindin D28K-, calretinin-, and parvalbumin-IR cells in the ganglion cell layer are susceptible to ischemic damage and reperfusion. The degree of reduction varied among different calcium-binding proteins and ischemic damage times. These results suggest that calbindin D28K-containing neurons are less susceptible to ischemic damage than calretinin- and parvalbumin-containing neurons in the ganglion cell layer of rabbit retina.     

Complement-dependent NADPH oxidase enzyme activation in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

NADPH oxidase plays a central role in mediating oxidative stress during heart, liver, and lung ischemia/reperfusion injury, but limited information is available about NADPH oxidase in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our aim was to investigate the activation of NADPH oxidase in a swine model of renal ischemia/reperfusion damage. We induced renal ischemia/reperfusion in 10 pigs, treating 5 of them with human recombinant C1 inhibitor, and we collected kidney biopsies before ischemia and 15, 30, and 60 min after reperfusion. Ischemia/reperfusion induced a significant increase in NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX-4) expression at the tubular level, an upregulation of NOX-2 expression in infiltrating monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine synthesis along with a marked upregulation of NADPH-dependent superoxide generation. This burden of oxidative stress was associated with an increase in tubular and interstitial expression of the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Interestingly, NOX-4 and NOX-2 expression and the overall NADPH oxidase activity as well as α-SMA expression and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine synthesis were strongly reduced in C1-inhibitor-treated animals. In vitro, when we incubated tubular cells with the anaphylotoxin C3a, we observed an enhanced NADPH oxidase activity and α-SMA protein expression, which were both abolished by NOX-4 silencing. In conclusion, our findings suggest that NADPH oxidase is activated during ischemia/reperfusion in a complement-dependent manner and may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of progressive renal damage in this setting.     

Prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat ovarian tissue with the on-off method

Ischemia is defined as cell death caused by insufficient perfusion of the tissue due to reduction in arterial or venous blood flow, depletion of cellular energy storages, and accumulation of toxic metabolites. The positive effects of controlled reperfusion are known and are used clinically. But the positive effects of controlled reperfusion on ovarian tissue have not been seen in the literature yet. The biochemical and histopathological comparative investigation of rat ovaries that were experimentally exposed to ischemia (IG), ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), and ischemia-controlled reperfusion (ICR) was aimed. Forty rats were divided into four groups (10 rats per group). First group: 3 h ischemia by vascular clips on ovarian tissue. Second group: 3 h ischemia + 1 h reperfusion. Third group: 3 h ischemia + 1 h controlled reperfusion (on-off method: controlled reperfusion by opening and closing the clips (on/off) in 10-second intervals, for 5 times for a total of 100 seconds). Fourth group: healthy rats. Biochemical (tGSH, MDA, and DNA damage level and SOD activity) and histopathological analysis were performed. The highest glutathione and superoxide dismutase measurements were found in ischemia/controlled reperfusion group among the ischemia or ischemia/reperfusion groups. Similarly the damage indicators (malondialdehyde, DNA damage level and histopathological damage grade) were the lowest in ischemia/controlled reperfusion group. These results indicate that controlled reperfusion can be helpful in minimizing ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovarian tissue exposed to ischemia for various reasons (ovarian torsion, tumor, etc.).     

缺血对心室浦肯野纤维跨膜电位和起搏离子流的影响

采用细胞内微电极和双微电极电压箝制术观察缺血对绵羊心室浦肯野纤维跨膜电位和起搏离子流（Ｉｆ）的影响。结果：模拟缺血液灌流３０ｍｉｎ,浦肯野纤维最大舒张电位（ＭＤＰ）、动作电位幅度（ＡＰＡ）明显减少;动作电位时程ＡＰＤ５０,ＡＰＤ９０明显缩短（ｎ＝１５Ｐ＜０．０１）;起搏离子流（Ｉｆ）,幅度降低,激活曲线向超极化方向移位,最大激活时间及半最大激活时间延长（ｎ＝１３Ｐ＜０．００１）。上述结果表明：心肌缺血时,心室浦肯野细胞跨膜电位及正常起搏活动不是增强,而是减弱。提示缺血性室性心律失常不是由于正常心室自律活动异常增强引起     

Neurophysiological changes associated with selective neuronal damage in hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia.

Neurophysiological changes of hippocampal neurons were compared before and after transient forebrain ischemia using intracellular recording and staining techniques in vivo. Ischemic depolarization (ID) was used as an indication of severe ischemia. Under halothane anesthesia, approximately 13 min of ID consistently produced severe neuronal damage in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus, while CA3 pyramidal neurons and dentate granule cells remained intact. After such severe ischemia, approximately 60% of the CA1 neurons exhibited a synaptic potentiation. The excitability of these neurons progressively decreased following reperfusion. Approximately 30% of the CA1 neurons showed a synaptic depression following ischemia. The excitability of these neurons transiently decreased following reperfusion. After ischemia of the same severity, both synaptic transmission and excitability of CA3 and granule cells transiently depressed. These data suggest that ischemia-induced synaptic potentiation may be associated with the pathogenesis of neuronal damage following ischemia, and that the synaptic depression may have protective effects on hippocampal neurons after ischemic insult.