氨基酸母液中含盐量的测定方法探讨

本文采用不同氯离子（Ｃｌ－）含量的测定方法（摩尔法、电位滴定法、氯离子选择性电极法）,探讨出适用于猪毛水解提取胱氨酸后的未脱盐氨基酸母液（简称母液Ⅰ）、脱盐氨基酸母液（简称母液Ⅱ）以及由母液Ⅱ经浓缩结晶出的固体氨基酸粉末中的Ｃｌ－含量测定的最佳方法。     

利用RT_PCR、DNA序列分析及原核基因表达对我国大豆花叶病毒进行分子鉴定(英文)

大豆花叶病毒（ＳＭＶ） 在大豆（ Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍａｘ Ｌ．） 上引起严重病害。利用ＲＴ＿ＰＣＲ 扩增并克隆了ＳＭＶ＿ＺＫ（ 一个中国ＳＭＶ 分离株） 基因组中全部蛋白质编码区的ｃＤＮＡ。通过对ＨＣ＿ＰＲＯ、ＮＩｂ 和ＣＰ编码区进行序列测定与分析,发现ＳＭＶ＿ＺＫ 与ＳＭＶ＿Ｇ２ 高度同源,从而在分子水平上证明在我国大豆作物中存在ＳＭＶ＿Ｇ２ 类似株系。将ＳＭＶ＿ＺＫｃＤＮＡ克隆于细菌表达载体,获得并提纯了６ 种ｃＤＮＡ 的表达产物。这项工作将为进一步研究ＳＭＶ 基因组的功能奠定基础。     

解剖和生理死腔变化在高频双向喷射通气中的意义

本实验对９只蒸汽吸入伤犬在高频喷射通气（ＨＦＪＶ）或高频双向喷射通气（ＨＦＴＪＶ）条件下解剖死腔（Ｖ＿（ａｎａｔ））和生理死腔（Ｖ＿（ｐｈｙｓ）的变化进行了观察。结果：①ＨＦＪＶ和ＨＦＴＪＶ的ＣＯ＿２排出量（Ｖｃｏ＿２）（４．９０±０．６５,６．３２±１．３０ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ￣１·ｋｇ￣１）的差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）,②ＨＦＴＪＶ的ＶＶ＿（ａｎａｔ）（７６．６６±１９ｍｌ）和Ｖ＿（ｐｈｙｓ）（８０．８７±２０ｍｌ）比ＨＦＪＶ（分别为８８．１７±２２ｍｌ和９０．６９±２２ｍｌ）的均显著减少（Ｐ＜０．０５）。③ＨＦＪＶ和ＨＦＴＪＶ的功能残气量（ＦＲＣ）（４３３±５６,４４４±５６ｍｌ无显著差异。因此,ＨＦＴＪＶ确有加速ＣＯ＿２排除的效能,其作用应归因于Ｖ＿（ａｎａｔ）,和Ｖ＿（ｐｈｙｓ）的减少,它可能成为解决Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭ＣＯ＿２排除障碍的一种有效途径。     

丙型肝炎病毒E2基因DNA免疫实验动物研究

将编码丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）Ｅ２蛋白４１７～７５０位氨基酸的ＤＮＡ片段　克隆到真核表达载体ｐｃＤＮＡ　３．１（－）中的ＣＭＶ　ＩＥ启动子下游,构建成ＨＣＶ　Ｅ２重组真核表达质粒　ｐｃＥ２。ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ｐｃＥ２　ＤＮＡ免疫兔血清中的Ｅ２抗体变化和维持规律,结果显示免疫２０ｄ已有　抗体产生,３０ｄ后开始进入高峰,４０ｄ时达到最高值,至第９０ｄ抗体水平保持平稳,抗体滴度　达到１∶１６００左右。流式细胞计数仪（ＦＡＣＳ）检测ｐｃＥ２　ＤＮＡ免疫鼠ＣＤ４＋、ＣＤ８＋Ｔ淋巴细胞变　化情况,与注射空载体ｐＣＤＮＡ３．１（－）的阴性鼠相比,ＣＤ４＋淋巴细胞水平略有上升,ＣＤ８＋　细胞水平有较大升高,增幅达３５．４６％。免疫组化检测结果显示注射ｐｃＥ２的小鼠组织中有明显　的阳性着色,而注射ｐｃＤＮＡ３．１（－）的对照组小鼠免疫组化结果为阴性。以上结果表明：ｐｃＥ２　在实验动物内表达出的ＨＣＶ　Ｅ２蛋白可以引起免疫动物的体液免疫应答和细胞免疫应答,尤其　是ＭＨＣ－１限制性杀伤性ＣＤ８＋Ｔ淋巴细胞水平的提高对清除　病毒是十分有利的,因此ＨＣＶ　Ｅ２　ＤＮＡ免疫有可能成为预防和治疗ＨＣＶ感染的一条新途径。     

凤尾鸡冠的营养成分

凤尾鸡冠（ＣｅｌｏｓｉａｃｒｉｓｔａｔａＬ．ｃｖ．Ｐｌｕｍｏｓａ）的营养成分分析表明：干品中花序、茎叶及种子的蛋白质含量分别为１９．４０％,２４．６０％及２７．０４％;氨基酸种类齐全;ＶＢ＿１、ＶＢ＿２、ＶＣ、ＶＥ和β－胡萝卜素等多种维生素含量较高;膳食纤维和无机元素含量丰富;种子脂肪含量为１０．１０％。说明风尾鸡冠富含多种营养成分,是一种值得开发利用的食物资源。     

镉、铁及其复合污染对烟草叶片氨基酸含量的影响

通过大田模拟试验,研究了Ｃｄ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｄ＋ＦｅＦｅ＋Ｃｄ处理下红花大金元烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ ｔａｂａｃｕｍＬ．）叶片１７种蛋白水解氨茯酸和总氨基酸含量的变化情况。结果表明：Ｃｄ、Ｆｅ、Ｃｄ＋Ｆｅ和Ｆｅ＋Ｃｄ处理均不改变氨基酸的种类组成;Ｃｄ对烟草叶片氨基酸含量的影响比Ｆｅ大;Ｆｅ抑制Ｃｄ对氨基酸含量的影响,Ｃｄ也抑制Ｆｅ的作用,Ｃｄ与Ｆｅ相互拮抗,并初步探讨了拮抗机制;建议在Ｃｄ污染地区通过     

普通小麦—提莫菲维小麦白粉病抗性渐渗系中渗入片段的准确鉴定

用小麦（ Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．） 第二部分同源群的３６ 个探针,对携带抗白粉病（ Ｅｒｙｓｉｐｈｅ ｇｒａｍｉｎｉｓｆ．ｓｐ ｔｒｉｔｉｃｉ） 基因Ｐｍ６ 的普通小麦提莫菲维小麦（ Ｔ．ｔｉｍｏｐｈｅｅｖｉ Ｚｈｕｋ ．） 渐渗系进行检测,通过这些渐渗系与受体亲本“Ｐｒｉｎｓ”之间杂交谱带多态性的比较,发现所测出多态性标记位点均位于这５ 个渐渗系的２Ｂ 染色体上,但其渗入片段的位置与大小有明显区别。ＩＧＶ１＿４５６ 和ＩＧＶ１＿４５８ 被鉴定为２Ｂ 染色体从短臂标记Ｘｃｄｏ４０５ 到长臂标记Ｘｂｃｄ１３５ 之间的区域已被提莫菲维２Ｇ 染色体区段所代替;而ＩＧＶ１＿４６３ 则在２Ｂ 染色体长臂Ｘｂｃｄ３０７ 到Ｘｃｄｏ６７８ 标记之间的区域被提莫菲维渗入成分所代替;ＩＧＶ１＿４６４ 、ＩＧＶ１＿４６５ ２ＢＬ染色体上的渗入片段更小,即ＩＧＶ１＿４６４ 在２ＢＬ染色体上标记Ｘｐｓｒ９３４ 与Ｘｂｃｄ１３５ 之间的区域有提莫菲维２Ｇ 染色质成分渗入,ＩＧＶ１＿４６５ 仅在Ｘｂｃｄ１３５ 附近有更小的外源成分渗入。根据５个渐渗系渗入成分重叠区段比较可把Ｐｍ６ 定位于２ＢＬ染色体上Ｘｂｃｄ１３５ ２ＢＬ标记的邻近区域内     

祁白术多糖提取工艺研究

以蒽酮-硫酸比色法测多糖含量,以正交优选工艺条件进行验证提取并加样测定回收率,结果显示：水提最佳条件为料液比1∶10、水浴100℃、恒温3 h,沉淀得率为48.41%,可溶性糖含量为43.83%,可溶性糖得率为21.22%;水提后醇沉条件为药液浓缩为1.5mL药液/g生药、醇沉浓度达到90%、4℃冰箱24h,醇沉得率为31.28%。水提法料液比、水提温度影响有显著性（P〈0.05）、醇沉法醇沉浓度影响有显著性（P〈0.05）。工艺验证实验平均得率31.55%,RSD=1.57%;加样回收率平均98.00%,以优选工艺方法提取、较稳定可行。     

氟化氢熏气对植物影响的防护研究

研究采用开顶式熏气装置,用不同浓度的ＣａＣｌ２、Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２、Ｖｃ和Ｃ６Ｈ６ＣＯＯＮａ（苯甲酸钠）作为小麦的氟污染防护剂。通过实验研究了其防护效果并作了进一步的机理。实验结果表明,０．５‰Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２防护效果极显著,０．１‰Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２、１‰Ｖｃ和１‰ＣａＣｌ２也有显著的防护作用,因此,使用防护剂时掌握其浓度是至关重要的。     

喹诺酮类药物抗乙型肝炎病毒体外实验研究

本文以２．２．１５细胞株为模型,以ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ、ＨＢＶＤＮＡ、细胞存活率为观察指标,综合评价了喹诺酮类药物吡哌酸（ＰｉｐｅｍｉｄｉｃＡｃｉｄ）、氟哌酸（Ｎｏｒｆｌｏｘａｃｉｎ）、环丙氟哌酸（Ｃｉｐｒｏｆｌｏｓｘａｃｉｎ）、氟嗪酸（Ｏｆｌｏｘａｃｉｎ）体外抗ＨＢＶ效果。结果表明：吡哌酸、氟哌酸、环丙氟哌酸、氟嗪酸对ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ５０％抑制浓度（ＩＤ＿（５０））分别为１１μｇ／ｍｌ、６４μｇ／ｍｌ、９３μｇ／ｍｌ、１０５μｇ／ｍｌ和１９９μｇ／ｍｌ、１１１μｇ／ｍｌ、２４μｇ／ｍｌ、２１７μｇ／ｍｌ,细胞存活率为５０％时的药物浓度（ＣＤ＿（５０））分别为２１９μｇ／ｍｌ、９０μｇ／ｍｌ、１８１μｇ／ｍｌ、１６９μｇ／ｍｌ,在所选定的用药浓度范围内不同程度抑制培养上清液及细胞内ＨＢＶＤＮＡ及其复制中间体的产生。尤其对超螺旋结构ＤＮＡ（ｓｃＤＮＡ）有不完全抑制作用。     

Highly efficient galvanotaxis apparatus for cleaning and concentrating rumen ciliates

Galvanotaxis was shown to be an efficient method for cleaning and concentrating rumen ciliate protozoa whose harvesting (centrifugation of large volumes of in vitro cultures followed by repeated washing of the sediment to remove plant debris) is time consuming. We suggested the use of a new galvanotaxis apparatus (a small-capacity two-way glass stopcock) to improve cell yield in concentrating the rumen ciliate protozoa and cleaning them from impurities. Migration of the ciliates (Entodinium caudatum, Entodinium furca monolobum and Diploplastron affine) into the cathode compartment under different electric currents (0, 5, 10, and 15 mA) and intervals (5, 10, 20, and 30 min) was evaluated. The lethal current level was 20 mA. Cell yield was 9-81%, depending on ciliate species, migration time and current. The migration time significantly affected both E. caudatum and D. affine. The electric current-migration time interplay was shown to be significant in both E. caudatum and D. affine. The advantages and disadvantages of the tested apparatus were determined; the two-way glass stopcock was very convenient for both cleaning and concentrating rumen ciliate in vitro cultures by galvanotaxis.     

Fertiliser drawn forward osmosis desalination: the concept, performance and limitations for fertigation

With the world??s population growing rapidly, pressure is increasing on the limited fresh water resources. Membrane technology could play a vital role in solving the water scarcity issues through alternative sources such as saline water sources and wastewater reclamation. The current generation of membrane technologies, particularly reverse osmosis (RO), has significantly improved in performance. However, RO desalination is still energy intensive and any effort to improve energy efficiency increases total cost of the product water. Since energy, environment and climate change issues are all inter-related, desalination for large-scale irrigation requires new novel technologies that address the energy issues. Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane technology. However, FO desalination for potable water is still a challenge because, recovery and regeneration of draw solutes require additional processes and energy. This article focuses on the application of FO desalination for non-potable irrigation where maximum water is required. In this concept of fertiliser drawn FO (FDFO) desalination, fertilisers are used as draw solutions (DS). The diluted draw solution after desalination can be directly applied for fertigation without the need for recovery and regeneration of DS. FDFO desalination can make irrigation water available at comparatively lower energy than the current desalination technologies. As a low energy technology, FDFO can be easily powered by renewable energy sources and therefore suitable for inland and remote applications. This article outlines the concept of FDFO desalination and critically evaluates the scope and limitations of this technology for fertigation, including suggestions on options to overcome some of these limitations.     

高活力5′-磷酸二酯酶制备及水解RNA的研究

目的:获得高活力5′-磷酸二酯酶液,提高核酸RNA酶解效率。方法:采用超滤和盐析技术对从麦芽根浸提液中纯化5′-磷酸二酯酶工艺进行研究,采用单因子试验法优化酶解工艺条件。结果:浸提液依次经过5万Da超滤膜浓缩、40%饱和度硫酸铵盐析、5万Da超滤膜脱盐后,酶活力可达1 500U/ml;第1次超滤膜透过液可作为浸提液循环使用,酶活力是水浸提的1.15倍;第2次超滤膜透过液浓缩5倍后,可回收56.46%硫酸铵,浓缩母液可按1∶2比例循环使用;在底物浓度5.8%、酶用量8%、反应时间2h条件下,RNA酶解率可达95%。结论:初步建立了适合工业化规模的核苷酸生产新工艺。     

A comprehensive review of microbial electrochemical systems as a platform technology

Microbial electrochemical systems (MESs) use microorganisms to covert the chemical energy stored in biodegradable materials to direct electric current and chemicals. Compared to traditional treatment-focused, energy-intensive environmental technologies, this emerging technology offers a new and transformative solution for integrated waste treatment and energy and resource recovery, because it offers a flexible platform for both oxidation and reduction reaction oriented processes. All MESs share one common principle in the anode chamber, in which biodegradable substrates, such as waste materials, are oxidized and generate electrical current. In contrast, a great variety of applications have been developed by utilizing this in situ current, such as direct power generation (microbial fuel cells, MFCs), chemical production (microbial electrolysis cells, MECs; microbial electrosynthesis, MES), or water desalination (microbial desalination cells, MDCs). Different from previous reviews that either focus on one function or a specific application aspect, this article provides a comprehensive and quantitative review of all the different functions or system constructions with different acronyms developed so far from the MES platform and summarizes nearly 50 corresponding systems to date. It also provides discussions on the future development of this promising yet early-stage technology.     

Preparation and Properties of Nanocolloidal Rhenium Sulfide Solution for Lymphoscintigraphic Methods of Micrometastase Examination

A method for the preparation of a nanocolloidal solution of rhenium sulfide is proposed. It includes the following stages: interaction of ammonium perrhenate and sodium thiosulfate in an aqueous solution of gelatin in an acidic medium with heating to 70–80°C; neutralization to pH 7.0; dialysis against saline; desalination and concentrating by ultrafiltration. The resulting colloidal solution contains 85% of particles with an optimal size of 80–100 nm and can be used as a diagnostic tool for lymphoscintigraphy of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with cancer and other diseases.     

A Membrane-Based Electro-Separation Method (MBES) for Sample Clean-Up and Norovirus Concentration

Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne illnesses in the United States. Enhanced methods for detecting noroviruses in food matrices are needed as current methods are complex, labor intensive and insensitive, often resulting in inhibition of downstream molecular detection and inefficient recovery. Membrane-based electro-separation (MBES) is a technique to exchange charged particles through a size-specific dialysis membrane from one solution to another using electric current as the driving force. Norovirus has a net negative surface charge in a neutrally buffered environment, so when placed in an electric field, it moves towards the anode. It can then be separated from the cathodic compartment where the sample is placed and then collected in the anodic compartment for downstream detection. In this study, a MBES-based system was designed, developed and evaluated for concentrating and recovering murine norovirus (MNV-1) from phosphate buffer. As high as 30.8% MNV-1 migrated from the 3.5 ml sample chamber to the 1.5 ml collection chamber across a 1 μm separation membrane when 20 V was applied for 30 min using 20 mM sodium phosphate with 0.01% SDS (pH 7.5) as the electrolyte. In optimization of the method, weak applied voltage (20 V), moderate duration (30 min), and low ionic strength electrolytes with SDS addition were needed to increase virus movement efficacy. The electric field strength of the system was the key factor to enhance virus movement, which could only be improved by shortening the electrodes distance, instead of increasing system applied voltage because of virus stability. This study successfully demonstrated the norovirus mobility in an electric field and migration across a size-specific membrane barrier in sodium phosphate electrolyte. With further modification and validation in food matrixes, a novel, quick, and cost-effective sample clean-up technique might be developed to separate norovirus particles from food matrices by electric force.     

The impact of different boron levels in diet on performance and eggshell quality of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of boron supplementation on the performance and eggshell quality of 162 breeding quails at 7 weeks of age. For this purpose, 9 different diets with addition of 0, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160 and 240 mg/kg B were used. The experiment was designed at 9 different levels of B, as 3 replicates, on 27 subgroups in total. Each cage compartment was accepted as replicate and 4 female and 2 male quails were placed in each cage. Water and feed are provided as ad-libutum to the quails that are housed in battery-type cages and the lighting was applied continuously. The final body weight (FBW) of the quails, body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), egg production (EP%), egg mass (EM), feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg weight (EW), egg specific gravity (ESG), egg surface area (ESA), eggshell weight (ESW%), eggshell breaking strength (ESBS) values were measured. The effect of the addition of different levels of B to the rations on BW, BWG, FI, EP %, EM and FCR was not statically significant, while effects on EW (p < 0.01), ESG (p < 0.01), ESA (p < 0.05), ESR % (p < 0.01) and ESBS (p < 0.01) was found to be significant. As a result, the 20 mg/kg B addition to the rations was sufficient for a good eggshell quality and performance, and it was observed that higher doses had a negative effect on performance and shell quality in general.     

Release of virus from lymphoid tissue affects human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and hepatitis C virus kinetics in the blood

Kinetic parameters of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections have been estimated from plasma virus levels following perturbation of the chronically infected (quasi-) steady state. We extend previous models by also considering the large pool of virus localized in the lymphoid tissue (LT) compartment. The results indicate that the fastest time scale of HIV-1 plasma load decay during therapy probably reflects the clearance rate of LT virus and not, as previously supposed, the clearance rate of virus in plasma. This resolves the discrepancy between the clearance rate estimates during therapy and those based on plasma apheresis experiments. In the extended models plasma apheresis measurements are indeed expected to reflect the plasma decay rate. We can reconcile all current HIV-1 estimates with this model when, on average, the clearance rate of virus in plasma is approximately 20 day(-1), that of LT virus is approximately 3 day(-1), and the death rate of virus-producing cells is approximately 0.5 day(-1). The fast clearance in the LT compartment increases current estimates for total daily virus production. Because HCV is produced in the liver, we let virus be produced into the blood compartment of our model. The results suggest that extending current HCV models with an LT compartment is not likely to affect current estimates for kinetic parameters and virus production. Estimates for treatment efficacy might be affected, however.     

Coat proteins: shaping membrane transport

Coat proteins allow the selective transfer of macromolecules from one membrane-enclosed compartment to another by concentrating macromolecules into specialized membrane patches and then deforming these patches into small coated vesicles. Recent findings indicate that coat proteins might also participate in the differentiation of membrane domains within organelles and large transport carriers, as well as in the association of the carriers with the cytosketelon and with acceptor organelles.     

Procaine effects on the sodium transport in frog skin

A study on the influence of procaine on the sodium transport properties in frog skin was carried out. The application of procaine hydrochloride on either the mucosal or the serosal sides of the isolated frog skin has opposite effects. When added to the mucosal compartment, the procaine (as well as two procaine based drugs: Gerovital H3 and Aslavital) biphasically increase the short-circuit current (Isc) with a noticeable "recline" phenomenon, and decrease the slope resistance, as given by the I-V curves. When applied in the serosal compartment, Isc is decreased and the slope resistance of the epithelium is increased. The procaine effect on the apical membranes shows a pronounced dependence on the external sodium concentration. The shift of the E2 inflection point (which indicates the critical intensity of the electric field at which the epithelial conductance changes), with respect to the transepithelial open-circuit potential, shows a rapid and quasi-exponential increase following the application of 25 mM procaine in addition to the different mucosal Na concentrations.