树脂灌血液灌流在顽固性高血压患者血液透析中的应用

目的:探讨树脂灌血液灌流对血液透析顽固性高血压患者血压及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的影响。方法:选择我院82例,均分为Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组各41例,Ⅰ组患者采用金宝8LR聚酰胺膜透析器进行常规透析,Ⅱ组患者在常规透析的基础上串联树脂血液灌流,检测两组患者治疗前和治疗后3个月血清肌酐、尿素氮变化情况,和患者体内肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮变化情况,并对血压变化值进行比较。结果:两组患者治疗后3个月血肌酐、血尿素氮均明显较治疗前降低,Ⅰ组患者治疗后3个月收缩压和舒张压较治疗前均无明显变化,Ⅱ组治疗后3个月收缩压和舒张压均较治疗前明显降低,Ⅰ组治疗后3个月肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮较治疗前无明显差异,Ⅱ组治疗后3个月肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮较治疗前均明显降低。结论:血液透析联合树脂吸附灌在保证有效清除患者体内代谢物质的同时,能较好的控制患者血压。     

肾素与动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄支架术预后相关性研究

目的:评价下腔静脉肾素活性与动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄支架植入术后血压及肾功能的相关性.方法:选取我院2007年至2011年49例单侧或者双侧动脉硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)患者(狭窄程度＞70％),成功进行血运重建术;记录患者术前动脉粥样硬化相关危险因素;测量并记录术前及术后患者肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮、血压、抗血压药物数量、肌酐,并对患者血压及肌酐进行1、3、12月随访观察,评价肾素水平与支架术后血压及肾功能的相关性.结果:根据患者术前与术后下腔静脉肾素水平下降值分为＞3 ng/ml/h组和＜3 ng/ml/h组,平均随访12个月,观察到肾动脉支架术后患者血压、肾素、血管紧张素、醛固酮均有明显改善,并趋于稳定;两组肌酐肾小球滤过率存在明显差异,分别为第1月随访(52.1+ 17.7 ml/min和38.3+ 17.5 ml/min P＜0.05)第3月随访(53.1+ 21.6 ml/min和41.7+ 16.6 ml/min P＜0.05)第12月随访(51.7+ 19.0 ml/min和41.9±20.7 ml/min P＜0.05);肾素水平下降值＞3 ng/ml/h组较＜3 ng/mi/h组血压及肾功能改善较明显.结论:肾素水平与动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄支架术后血压及肾功能改善有相关性.     

氟比洛芬酯术前预处理对患者术中应激反应的影响

目的:探讨氟比洛芬酯术前预处理对患者术中应激反应的影响。方法:选择我院行全麻下腹式子宫全切术患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。两组均采用相同的麻醉诱导和维持方案,观察组于手术开始前10min缓慢静注氟比洛芬酯脂微球注射液1mg.Kg。记录诱导前、切皮时、探查时和术毕的平均动脉压和心率;放射免疫分析法测定患者血浆中血浆肾素、血管紧张素II、醛固酮、皮质醇的浓度变化。结果:观察组心率、平均动脉压在切皮时、探查时、术毕时均较对照组低,但无显著性差异(P>0.05);观察组切皮时、探查时、术毕时血浆肾素、血管紧张素II、醛固酮、皮质醇浓度均较对照组低,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术中的四种麻药用量均有不同,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:氟比洛芬酯术前预处理能降低腹式子宫全切术中机体的应激反应,值得推广应用。     

苯磺酸氨氯地平对维持性血液透析患者残余肾功能的保护作用

目的:研究苯磺酸氨氯地平对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者残余肾功能的保护作用,为MHD患者降压方案的治疗提供依据。方法:选取2014年4月至2016年2月我院收治的MHD患者90例,按照随机数字表法分为硝苯地平组(A组)、血管紧张素抑制剂或血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂组(B组)、苯磺酸氨氯地平组(C组),每组各30例。各组分别给予相应药物进行治疗12个月,观察治疗前、治疗后6个月、治疗后12个月尿量、血生化指标、尿素清除指数(Kt/V)、残余肾尿素清除率(KRU)及心血管事件发生率。结果:治疗前各组患者尿量、KRU和Kt/V比较无统计学差异(P0.05),治疗后3组患者尿量、KRU均显著降低(P0.05),治疗后6个月、12个月B组和C组尿量、KRU显著高于A组(P0.05),B组C组尿量、KRU比较无统计学差异(P0.05),治疗后6个月、12个月三组Kt/V比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。三组患者治疗中急性心血管事件比较无统计学差异(P0.05),治疗后6个月、12个月A组和C组透析前高血钾发生率显著高于B组(P0.05)。治疗前、治疗后6个月、12个月三组患者平均动脉压、脱水量比较比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:苯磺酸氨氯地平具有维持血液透析患者残余肾功能的作用,相较血管紧张素抑制剂或血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂其高血钾发生率较低,值得临床推广应用。     

肾素 - 血管紧张素 - 醛固酮系统阻滞的研究进展

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统起初被认为是较简单的神经体液调节机制之一。但是,这一想法随着RAAS阻滞剂:肾素阻滞剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)、AT1受体拮抗剂及盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂的深入研究而受到挑战。因此,RAAS的组成、以上药物发挥作用的具体通路及副作用均得到重新定义。在RAAS阻滞剂的应用过程中,机体肾素水平升高,并刺激肾素原受体(即无活性的肾素前体,PRR),进而对机体造成不良影响。同理,在AT1受体拮抗剂的应用过程中,血浆血管紧张素II的水平升高,并与2型血管紧张素II(AT2)受体结合,进而对机体产生有利作用。此外,随着ACEI及ARB的应用,血管紧张素1-7水平升高,其与Mas受体结合,发挥心脏及肾脏保护的作用,还可通过刺激干细胞发挥组织修复作用。     

低钠透析联合血液透析滤过对终末期肾脏病合并顽固性高血压患者血压节律、钙磷代谢的影响

目的:探讨低钠血液透析(hemodialysis,HD)联合血液透析滤过(Hemodiafiltration,HDF)对终末期肾脏病合并顽固性高血压的透析患者血压节律、钙磷代谢的影响。方法:将62例终末期肾脏病合并顽固性高血压患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组应用常规HD治疗,每周3次,每次4 h,治疗组低钠联合HDF治疗,每周1次,3个月后进行效果评价。比较两组治疗前后血压昼夜节律、钙磷代谢变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,治疗组24 h收缩压(systolic blood pressure,24h SBP)、24 h舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,24h DBP)、日间收缩压(day systolic blood pressure,dSBP)、日间舒张压(day diastolic blood pressure,dSBP)、夜间收缩压(night systolic blood pressure,nSBP)、夜间舒张压(night diastolic blood pressure,nSBP)均较治疗前明显下降,且明显低于对照组(P0.05);对照组除nSBP外,其余血压指标治疗前后比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,治疗组血Ca水平较治疗前明显升高,且显著高于对照组,而血P、PTH水平较治疗前明显降低,且均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组和对照组不良反应发生率分别为16.1%、12.9%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:低钠HD联合HDF治疗终末期肾脏病合并顽固性高血压患者可有效改善钙磷代谢并促进血压节律恢复。     

复方α-酮酸联合血液透析和血液灌流治疗慢性肾衰竭的疗效及对钙磷代谢的影响

目的:研究复方α-酮酸联合血液透析和血液灌流治疗慢性肾衰竭(CRF)的临床疗效及对钙磷代谢的影响。方法:选择94例CRF患者为研究对象,按照随机数表法将患者分为联合组与对照组各47例。对照组采用血液透析、血液灌流进行治疗,联合组则在对照组基础之上联合使用复方α-酮酸治疗。比较治疗前及治疗6个月后两组患者肾功能指标[血清胱抑素C(Cys C)、血清肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)]及钙磷代谢(血钙、血磷)变化,并分析治疗6个月后两组患者疗效及治疗6个月内药物不良反应发生情况差异。结果:治疗6个月后,联合组治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05);两组患者Cys C、Scr、BUN及血磷水平均较治疗前显著降低,且联合组明显低于同一时间对照组(P0.05)。两组患者血钙水平均较治疗前显著升高,且联合组明显高于同一时间对照组(P0.05)。治疗6个月内,两组患者药物不良反应总发生率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:复方α-酮酸联合血液透析和血液灌流治疗CRF的疗效显著,且能够改善肾功能与钙磷代谢,对患者疾病转归有利。     

肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统在咸味觉功能及摄钠调控中的作用

咸味觉感受功能对摄钠行为的引导和调控至关重要,体钠平衡失调将引起一系列神经内分泌变化以产生钠欲,并伴有咸味觉感受功能的变化.肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS)的多个成分在体钠平衡失调对咸味觉功能的调控中扮演重要角色.外周及脑源性血管紧张素II(angiotensin II,ANG II)和醛固酮(aldosterone,ALD)可协同作用于中枢相应敏感神经元,调控动物咸味觉喜好及敏感性,进而调控摄钠行为,并帮助机体维持体钠平衡.     

参芎葡萄糖注射液联合贝那普利治疗糖尿病肾病的疗效观察

目的:探讨参芎葡萄糖注射液联合贝那普利治疗糖尿病肾病(DN)的疗效及其治疗DN的机制。方法:将就诊的DN患者100例,按随机数字表法分为2组,每组50例,对照组给予贝那普利10 mg/d治疗,研究组给予参芎葡萄糖注射液联合贝那普利治疗,1次/d,14天为1个疗程,间隔1月开始第2疗程,共治疗3个疗程6个月,治疗前后检测2组肾功能、尿液指标等变化。结果:治疗后,2组血清肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)水平较前无明显变化(P0.05),尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)、尿白蛋白(UAlb)较治疗前均显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组肾素(RA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)均低于自身治疗前及对照组治疗后,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组血栓素A2(TXA2)高于对照组,而一氧化氮(NO)、前列环素I2(PGI2)低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组治疗后丙二醛(MDA)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)较治疗前均均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),然而2组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:贝那普利可改善DN患者氧化应激状态,加予参芎葡萄糖注射液可改善肾脏血流,缓解肾小球微循环障碍,这对改善肾功能有重要意义。     

高通量血液透析对糖尿病肾病血液透析患者心脏功能及结构的影响及预后的影响因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨高通量血液透析对糖尿病肾病（DN）血液透析患者心脏功能及结构的影响,并分析预后的影响因素。方法：选取2017年5月~2018年11月期间我院收治的DN血液透析患者（n=172）,上述DN血液透析患者中普通透析治疗者60例（普通透析组）、高通量血液透析治疗者112例（高通量透析组）。普通透析组采用低通量透析治疗,高通量透析组采用高通量透析治疗,比较两组患者心脏功能及结构以及预后情况,采用单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析预后的影响因素。结果：高通量透析组治疗6个月后左心房内径（LAD）、左心室舒张末内径（LVDd）、左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI）低于治疗前和普通透析组（P<0.05）,高通量透析组治疗6个月后左心室射血分数( LVEF )高于治疗前和普通透析组（P<0.05）。高通量透析组的生存率高于普通透析组（P<0.05）。存活组年龄、上机前舒张压、上机前收缩压、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）均低于死亡组（P<0.05）,存活组透析频率、白蛋白、血红蛋白均高于死亡组（P<0.05）,两组性别、血钙比较无差异（P>0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,上机前舒张压高、上机前收缩压高、血磷高、iPTH高、透析频率少、白蛋白低、血红蛋白低均是DN血液透析患者死亡的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：高通量血液透析能减轻DN患者血液透析所引起的心脏功能及结构损伤,改善患者预后。影响DN血液透析患者预后的因素较多,其中上机前舒张压、上机前收缩压、血磷、iPTH越高,白蛋白、血红蛋白越低,透析频率越少,患者的死亡风险越大。     

Enalapril in the treatment of hypertension with renal artery stenosis.

The converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril, in single daily doses of 10-40 mg, was given to 20 hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. The blood pressure fall six hours after the first dose of enalapril was significantly related to the pretreatment plasma concentrations of active renin and angiotensin II and to the concurrent fall in angiotensin II. Blood pressure fell further with continued treatment; the long term fall was not significantly related to pretreatment plasma renin or angiotensin II concentrations. At three months, 24 hours after the last dose of enalapril, blood pressure, plasma angiotensin II, and converting enzyme activity remained low and active renin and angiotensin I high; six hours after dosing, angiotensin II had, however, fallen further. The rise in active renin during long term treatment was proportionally greater than the rise in angiotensin I; this probably reflects the fall in renin substrate that occurs with converting enzyme inhibition. Enalapril alone caused reduction in exchangeable sodium, with distinct increases in serum potassium, creatinine, and urea. Enalapril was well tolerated and controlled hypertension effectively long term; only two of the 20 patients required concomitant diuretic treatment.     

Changes of Blood Pressure,Renin, and Angiotensin after Bilateral Nephrectomy in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

Circulating levels of renin, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II were increased in six patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension uncontrolled by dialysis and hypotensive drugs. Lower and often normal levels were found in 10 patients whose blood pressure was controlled by dialysis treatment. For a variety of reasons all patients were subjected to bilateral nephrectomy. The logarithm of the decrease in plasma concentrations of renin and angiotensin II was significantly related to the fall of blood pressure after operation. Plasma renin concentration correlated significantly with blood angiotensin I concentration and with plasma angiotensin II in samples taken before and after nephrectomy. Renin, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II were measurable in samples of blood taken 48 hours or more after the operation.     

Comparison of Surgery and Prolonged Spironolactone Therapy in Patients with Hypertension,Aldosterone Excess,and Low Plasma Renin

The effect of prolonged preoperative treatment with spironolactone has been studied in a series of 67 patients with hypertension, aldosterone excess, and low plasma renin. In the series as a whole a highly significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic pressures was achieved, with no evidence of escape from control during therapy lasting several years in some cases. The drug was equally effective in controlling blood pressure in patients with and without adrenocortical adenomata. Occasional unresponsive patients were encountered in both groups; pretreatment blood urea levels in these were significantly higher than in the responsive patients. The hypotensive effect of spironolactone usually predicted the subsequent response to adrenal surgery.Spironolactone in all cases corrected plasma electrolyte abnormalities; significant increases in total exchangeable (or total body) potassium and significant reductions in total exchangeable sodium, total body water, extracellular fluid, and plasma volumes were seen. Plasma urea rose during treatment and there was a slight fall in mean body weight. Significant increases in peripheral venous plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations occurred during treatment.In two patients no increase in aldosterone secretion rate was found during treatment, although plasma aldosterone rose in three of four subjects studied.Severe side effects were rare; in only two of the 67 patients did the drug have to be stopped.In addition to its routine preoperative use, spironolactone can now be advised as long-term therapy in selected patients.     

Ang Ⅱ拮抗剂对慢性肾衰大鼠肾血流量和肾内氧耗的影响

目的观察血管紧张素II(AngⅡ)拮抗剂对5/6(ablation/infarction,A/I)肾切除诱导慢性肾衰竭(CRF)大鼠肾功能、肾血流量及肾内氧耗的影响。方法制备5/6(A/I)肾切除诱导慢性肾衰大鼠模型,设正常组(A组,n=14只),模型组(B组,n=14只),AngⅡ拮抗剂治疗组(氯沙坦钾联合福辛普利钠)(C组,n=14只)。给予相应干预,疗程60 d。分别测量尾动脉收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP),检测大鼠尾静脉血清肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血红蛋白(Hb),计算内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)。干预60 d后,检测肾血流量(RBF)、腹主动脉和肾静脉血气(AABG and RVBG),左肾静脉压(RVpO2),计算残余肾内氧耗(QO2/TNa)及观察残肾组织病理变化。结果 (1)造模后与A组比较,B、C两组的Scr、BUN和尾动脉SBP、DBP显著增加(P0.01),Ccr、Hb显著降低(P0.01),提示造模成功。(2)干预后与B组比较,C组的Scr、尾动脉SBP、DBP、QO2/TNa明显下降(P0.01),BUN降低(P0.05),Hb、Ccr、RVpO2显著升高(P0.01),RBF升高(P0.05)。(3)残肾组织病理形态学变化显示,C组的肾组织病理变化明显减轻,优于B组。结论 AngⅡ拮抗剂可以增加慢性肾衰大鼠肾血流量,降低肾内氧耗,改善肾功能及减轻肾组织病理变化,其肾脏保护作用机制可能与其调节细胞能量代谢,改善肾内氧耗有关。     

硝苯地平与硫酸镁治疗妊娠高血压综合征的临床疗效及对患者血清肌 酐、HSP70 及尿微量白蛋白水平的影响

目的:探讨硝苯地平联合硫酸镁对妊娠高血压综合征患者血清肌酐、HSP70及尿微量白蛋白水平的影响。方法:选取近5年在我院接受治疗的妊娠高血压综合征患者60例,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组30例。对照组患者采用硫酸镁治疗,实验组患者采取硝苯地平联合硫酸镁治疗。观察并比较治疗前后两组患者血清肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血尿酸(UA)热休克蛋白70(HSP70)及24 h尿微量白蛋白水平以及收缩压及舒张压的变化。结果:与治疗前相比,两组患者Scr、BUN、UA、HSP70及24 h尿微量白蛋白水平和收缩压及舒张压均显著降低(P0.05);与对照组相比,实验组患者上述指标均明显降低(P0.05)。结论:硝苯地平联合硫酸镁能够降低妊娠高血压综合征患者血压,保护患者肾功能。     

Effects of ramipril and valsartan on proteinuria and renal function in patients with nondiabetic proteinuria

The renin-angiotensin system is involved in the progression of chronic renal disease of both diabetic and nondiabetic origin. The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers have been demonstrated to reduce urinary protein excretion and attenuate the development of renal injury. This prospective, randomized, 12-month study assessed the effects of ramipril (N = 23) vs. valsartan (N = 22) vs. combination of ramipril and valsartan (N = 26) on proteinuria, renal function and metabolic profile in 71 patients with nondiabetic proteinuria with normal or slightly impaired renal function. Monotherapy with ramipril or valsartan and combination of these two drugs significantly reduced proteinuria, serum creatinine, cholesterol and triglycerides as well as systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure. There was no significant difference among three study groups according to reduction of arterial blood pressure, serum cholesterol and triglycerides. At one year, a significant reduction in serum creatinine was recorded in all three study groups, whereas at 3 and 6 months a statistically significant reduction in serum creatinine was only observed in patients on combination therapy. In addition, at 3 months the reduction of proteinuria was significantly greater in patients on combination therapy than in those on either monotherapy. These results indicated the combination therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers to be more efficacious than either monotherapy in reducing proteinuria and serum creatinine level in the first 3 (proteinuria and serum creatinine) or 6 (serum creatinine) months of treatment.     

Controlled trial of biofeedback-aided behavioural methods in reducing mild hypertension.

Employees of a large industry were screened for the presence of coronary risk factors. A total of 204 employees, aged 35-64 years, with two or more such factors (serum cholesterol concentration greater than or equal to 6.3 mmol/l (243.6 mg/100 ml), blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg, and current cigarette consumption greater than or equal to 10 cigarettes a day) were randomly allocated to a biofeedback group receiving training in relaxation and management of stress or a control group. Both groups received simple health education literature. After eight weeks of training, and again eight months later, the biofeedback group showed a significantly greater fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressures than the control group (p less than 0.001). Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration were measured in a subsample at entry to the study and again at eight weeks and eight months; both showed a greater reduction in the biofeedback compared with the control group at eight weeks'' follow-up. The greater reduction in blood pressure in the subjects in the biofeedback group compared with the control group (11.0 mm Hg systolic and 8.8 mm Hg diastolic), persisting eight months after the training, suggests that relaxation-based behavioural methods might be offered as a first-time treatment to patients with mild hypertension.     

Captopril in renovascular hypertension: long-term use in predicting surgical outcome.

The angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor captopril was used as long-term preoperative treatment in a series of hypertensive patients with unilateral renal arterial disease. There were immediate and sustained falls in plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations, with converse increases in circulating renin and angiotensin I. In patients with sodium and potassium deficiency and secondary aldosterone excess before treatment captopril corrected the sodium and potassium deficits; in these cases the initial hypotensive response was profound but the later effect was less pronounced. When sodium and potassium state was initially normal it remained unchanged during captopril treatment, while the full hypotensive effect took up to three weeks to be attained. The immediate, but not long-term, falls in arterial pressure with captopril were proportional to the immediate decrements of plasma angiotensin II. Nevertheless, while the immediate blood-pressure reduction with captopril variously overestimated and underestimated the eventual surgical response, the absolute blood-pressure values during long-term captopril related well with those after operation. Pretreatment plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations, while closely predicting the immediate captopril response, are fallible guides to surgical prognosis. In contrast, long-term treatment with converting-enzyme inhibitors may provide an accurate indication of surgical outcome.     

氟比洛芬酯术前预处理对患者术中应激反应的影响

目的：探讨氟比洛芬酯术前预处理对患者术中应激反应的影响。方法：选择我院行全麻下腹式子宫全切术患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。两组均采用相同的麻醉诱导和维持方案,观察组于手术开始前10min缓慢静注氟比洛芬酯脂微球注射液1mg·Kg。记录诱导前、切皮时、探查时和术毕的平均动脉压和心率;放射免疫分析法测定患者血浆中血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇的浓度变化。结果：观察组心率、平均动脉压在切皮时、探查时、术毕时均较对照组低,但无显著性差异（p〉0．05）;观察组切皮时、探查时、术毕时血浆肾素、血管肾张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇浓度均较对照组低,且差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组术中的四种麻药用量均有不同,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：氟比洛芬酯术前预处理能降低腹式子宫全切术中机体的应激反应,值得推广应用。