麻竹EST-SSR标记开发及其对慈竹变异类型的分析研究

利用麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus)已有的EST序列,开发了一批EST-SSR分子标记,并用于慈竹(Bambusa emeiensis)栽培变异类型的多态性研究。结果表明,在麻竹9574个EST中找到了331个EST,含有381个SSR位点,SSR出现的频率为3.98%。EST-SSR的重复类型共有59个,其中2个核苷酸的重复最多,占63.8%,其次是3个核苷酸的重复序列。根据含有SSR的EST序列设计出了44对引物,对慈竹及其变异类型进行了扩增效率、多态性及通用性检测,其中37对引物能够扩增出稳定且清晰的条带,且扩增具有多态性,扩增片段长度主要集中在100～1000 bp,引物有效率达84.1%。遗传相似性分析结果显示,所检测样品间遗传距离为0.263～0.840,平均为0.552,其中‘黑笋慈竹’与‘琴丝慈竹’‘、蛇头慈竹’与‘龙头慈竹’之间的遗传距离较近,而‘罗汉慈竹’与其他样品的遗传距离最远。     

不同干扰生境下河口莲座蕨遗传多样性分析

该研究利用 ISSR 分子标记,对不同生境下的6个河口莲座蕨种群进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：从44条ISSR引物中筛选出8条能够扩增出清晰、稳定条带的引物,对6个河口莲座蕨种群进行基因组 DNA扩增,共扩增出144条带,其中多态性条带119个,多态性条带比率为93.7％,Nei’s遗传多样性指数(H)为0.296,Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.457,遗传分化指数(Gst)为0.1520,种群遗传一致度和遗传距离分别为0.9138~0.9548和0.0584~0.0901;UPGMA聚类分析表明,种群间遗传距离与空间距离和生境类型有关。河口莲座蕨在不同干扰程度的生境中,种群具有高水平的遗传多样性,一定强度或频率的干扰生境中,种群遗传多样性较高,与海拔、坡度和坡向无相关性。     

广西地不容种质资源的ISSR分析

采用简单序列重复区间扩增(ISSR)分子标记技术对广西地不容3个野生居群和1个引种居群共92个个体进行了遗传多样性研究。10个引物共扩增出61条带,其中60条具多态性,多态性位点百分率为98.36%。4个居群多态性百分率在73.77%～86.89%。Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)为0.3379,Shannon信息多样性指数(Ⅰ)为0.5055。3个野生居群Nei’s遗传分化系数(Gst)表明:83.87%遗传变异分布在居群内,16.13%的遗传变异分布在居群间。引种居群与3个野生居群间的遗传一致度达0.8846。引种居群有效地保护了广西地不容的遗传多样性。     

甜樱桃品种及其砧木的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术,从130个随机引物中筛选出46个引物,对欧洲甜樱桃、欧洲酸樱桃、马哈利樱桃和野生中国樱桃4个类型樱桃种,以及欧洲甜樱桃与中国樱桃的种间杂交种共15个品种的基因组遗传变异进行分析。结果表明,46个随机引物均得到了稳定可重复的RAPD图谱,扩增出的DNA条带大小在100~2625bp之间,多态性位点数517个,多态性位点百分率为98.85%,每个随机引物扩增出的多态性DNA条带数在4~23条。品种间Nei遗传距离在0.166~0.479之间,平均遗传距离0.329;甜樱桃新品种‘秦樱1号’与‘秦岭玛瑙’、‘CDR-1’等10个樱桃砧木之间的遗传距离在0.248~0.376,并且根据遗传距离可以相互区分,所分析的15个樱桃品种均扩增出了特有的DNA条带,每个樱桃特有标记带在2~17个之间,共扩增出149个特有标记,据此可以进行樱桃品种及砧木的RAPD鉴定。研究认为利用RAPD技术可以在分子水平上对甜樱桃品种及其砧木进行快速鉴定。     

云南木兰科48种野生植物资源的遗传多样性研究

为了解云南省木兰科(Magnoliaceae)野生植物资源的遗传多样性,利用ISSR分子标记技术对48种木兰科野生植物资源进行研究。结果表明,10对引物共扩增出151条带,均为多态性条带,多态性条带百分率为100%。总的观测等位基因数(N_a)为2.000 0,有效等位基因数(N_e)为1.564 5,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H) 0.337 9,Shannon’s信息指数(I)为0.510 1。总的基因多样性指数(H_t)为0.368 0,属间基因多样性指数(D_(st))为0.251 9,占68.4%,基因分化系数(G_(st))为0.684 0,基因流(N_m)为0.231 0。UPGMA聚类分析将48种木兰科植物划分为7个类群,各类群并非按照属聚在一起,而是不同属植物相间分布,长喙厚朴(Magnolia rostrata)、素黄含笑(Michelia flaviflora)和球花含笑(M. sphaerantha)可能为云南省木兰科植物中的原始种。48种木兰科野生植物总体具有较高的遗传多样性,但属间遗传变异较高,基因流较小,存在遗传漂变的风险,聚类结果与刘玉壶的分类系统存在分歧,这从分子水平为木兰科植物间的起源、进化与分类提供了重要依据。     

基于ISSR与RAPD标记分析内蒙古赤芍的遗传多样性

采用ISSR和RAPD分子标记技术对28个赤芍种群进行遗传变异和亲缘关系分析,为准确地评价赤芍种质的遗传特征、资源保护及新品种选育提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)利用分别筛选的14条ISSR和RAPD引物扩增出257条和215条条带,其中多态性条带分别为251条和209条,多态性条带百分率分别为97.8%和97.2%;同时证实野生赤芍种群的遗传多样性高于栽培种群。(2)根据Shannon’s信息指数(I)和Nei’s基因多样性指数(H_e)值,发现内蒙古多伦种群(DL)的遗传多样性水平最高,建议在此地建立野生赤芍资源保护区。(3)根据遗传分化系数(G_(st)),发现野生赤芍种群的遗传分化主要发生在种群内,可能由遗传漂变引起;而栽培赤芍种群的遗传分化主要在种群间,说明栽培赤芍种群间的基因交流较少。(4)两种分子标记的聚类分析结果均将28个赤芍种群聚为5大类,遗传距离变化范围分别为0.115 1～0.343 8和0.095 5～0.286 2。研究表明,互相印证的ISSR和RAPD方法可以在DNA水平上更准确有效地分析赤芍种质资源的遗传结构和遗传多样性。     

基于ISSR标记的福建省钩锥遗传多样性分析

该研究利用ISSR分子标记,对分布于福建省内5个样地(邵武、建阳、建瓯、周宁和屏南)的61个野钩锥(Castanopsis tibetana)单株的遗传多样性进行了分析,并采用聚类分析方法探讨了它们的遗传关系。结果表明:用10条ISSR引物从61个单株的基因组DNA共扩增出158条带,包含145条多态性条带,多态性条带百分率达91.77%,其中引物UBC817、UBC819与UBC842的多态性条带百分率(PPB)为100.0%。各居群的多态性条带百分率(PPB)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei’s基因多样度(H)和Shannon’s多样性指数(I)等各遗传指数差异较大,其中各项遗传指标中最高的为邵武居群,而周宁居群则最低。5个居群的基因分化系数和基因流分别为0.144 0和2.973 0,说明5个居群总遗传变异的14.40%存在于居群间,85.60%存在于居群内。种间总基因多样度分别为0.395 8,种内基因多样度分别为0.338 8,表明钩锥种间遗传多样性较高,且种间变异大于种内变异。各居群间的遗传距离差异较大;其中,邵武与建瓯居群的遗传距离最近,仅为0.081 5;建阳和周宁居群的遗传距离最远,为0.162 9。通过聚类分析可将5个钩锥居群聚为3支,屏南与周宁的居群各自独立聚为2支;来自邵武、建瓯及建阳的居群聚为一支,且可进一步分为两个亚支,建阳居群为1个亚支,邵武和建瓯居群聚为1个亚支。供试的钩锥具有较高的遗传多样性,存在着较为频繁的基因交流。该研究结果较准确地揭示了钩锥种间的遗传多样性。     

分子标记辅助选育抗水稻条纹叶枯病的‘红血糯’种质

为了改良水稻‘红血糯’品种对条纹叶枯病的抗性,将‘秦稻2号’、‘香糯Q33’、‘青香糯’作为抗性的供体亲本配制杂交组合;同时选取了ST10、H21和STS11-43等3对显性分子标记用于亲本和F2群体田间抗病性的分子标记辅助检测。结果显示:(1)不同分子标记在亲本中的多态性不同,标记H21和STS11-43只有在‘红血糯’和‘香糯Q33’之间具有多态性,标记ST10在‘红血糯’与‘秦稻2号’、‘香糯Q33’、‘青香糯’之间都有多态性。(2)各个分子标记在不同杂交组合F2群体的室内分子检测显示,部分F2单株携带抗性基因条带,也有个别单株含有杂合抗病基因条带。(3)田间发病抗性检测显示,含有抗性基因的植株基本不发病,携带抗性基因的单株与田间发病情况调查结果基本相符,但对含有杂合抗病基因条带的抗病单株,其还需2~3代田间观察,纯化抗病基因。研究表明,分子检测结果与田间抗病性检测结果相符,3种分子标记可以用于‘红血糯’杂交后代的分子标记辅助检测,为改良‘红血糯’的条纹叶枯病抗性育种提供了可行的方法。     

基于苹果基因组开发梨的多态性SSR引物

从NCBI网站获取‘金冠’苹果基因组数据,在每条染色体上随机设计4对共68对引物。利用梨品种‘黄冠’和‘莱阳茌梨’及其F1代杂交群体(共94个单株)对这些引物的应用性进行验证,同时分析了该群体遗传多样性。(1)引物扩增结果显示,有40对引物可以扩增出预期目的条带,占设计引物数量的58.82%,其中16对引物能够扩增出多态性条带。(2)群体遗传多样性分析结果显示,有16对多态性引物扩增产物的等位基因数平均为2.312 5,有效等位基因数平均为2.001 4,平均杂合度观测值、期望杂合度和香农指数分别为0.548 3、0.490 5和0.746 2,表明可以在梨上运用。研究证明,SSR位点在苹果与梨之间可以转移应用。     

木薯己糖激酶MeHXK5的催化功能鉴定

该研究利用ISSR分子标记,对分布于福建省内5个样地( 邵武、建阳、建瓯、周宁和屏南)的61个野钩锥(Castanopsis tibetana)单株的遗传多样性进行了分析,并采用聚类分析方法探讨了它们的遗传关系。结果表明： 用10条ISSR引物从61个单株的基因组DNA共扩增出158条带,包含145条多态性条带,多态性条带百分率达91.77%,其中引物 UBC817、UBC819与UBC842的多态性条带百分率（PPB）为100.0%。各居群的多态性条带百分率(PPB)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei’s基因多样度(H)和Shannon’s多样性指数（I）等各遗传指数差异较大,其中各项遗传指标中最高的为邵武居群,而周宁居群则最低。5个居群的基因分化系数和基因流分别为0.144 0和2.973 0,说明5个居群总遗传变异的14.40%存在于居群间,85.60%存在于居群内。种间总基因多样度分别为0.395 8,种内基因多样度分别为0.338 8,表明钩锥种间遗传多样性较高,且种间变异大于种内变异。各居群间的遗传距离差异较大; 其中,邵武与建瓯居群的遗传距离最近,仅为0.081 5; 建阳和周宁居群的遗传距离最远,为0.162 9。通过聚类分析可将5个钩锥居群聚为3支,屏南与周宁的居群各自独立聚为2支;来自邵武、建瓯及建阳的居群聚为一支,且可进一步分为两个亚支,建阳居群为1个亚支,邵武和建瓯居群聚为1个亚支。供试的钩锥具有较高的遗传多样性,存在着较为频繁的基因交流。该研究结果较准确地揭示了钩锥种间的遗传多样性。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.