柑桔爆皮虫羽化孔的空间分布

通过调查柑桔爆皮虫成虫羽化孔的分布,经空间分布型检验和聚集度指标的测定以及Taylor幂法则和m*- m（Iwao）回归分析,结果表明,柑桔爆皮虫的羽化孔在柑桔树树体内和桔园内均呈聚集分布: 在枯树内呈负二项分布,在半枯树内呈负二项分布或奈曼A型分布,在桔园内呈负二项分布,在树体内和桔园内分布的基本成分均为为个体群,个体间相互吸引。树势较差的柑桔树容易受柑桔爆皮虫危害,在树势强的树体内不能完成世代发育。因此,柑桔爆皮虫采用多次聚集攻击的策略攻击寄主。在桔园内聚集危害部分寄主,在树体内聚集危害寄主主枝的中下部,主枝的死亡导致整株树势下降,下一代虫源进而再次攻击寄主,在树势下降的树体内柑桔爆皮虫完成世代发育并羽化出孔,成虫继续为害健康的柑桔树。     

虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾汰选种群生长发育及生殖的影响

研究虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾汰选种群生长发育及生殖的影响。结果显示:经虫酰肼处理后,甜菜夜蛾SS种群和RR种群卵的孵化抑制中浓度分别为179.38和160.71mg/kg,孵化幼虫的存活抑制中浓度分别为18.64和30.53mg/kg,虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾卵的孵化率影响较小,而对孵化后幼虫的存活率影响较大。处理初孵幼虫6d后,2种群幼虫存活率及化蛹率随处理浓度的增加而降低,幼虫历期最高饲毒浓度与最低饲毒浓度相比分别延长了2.71d和6.19d,同一浓度下,RR种群幼虫历期比SS种群缩短了0.94～2.59d。处理甜菜夜蛾3龄幼虫12h后,随虫酰肼浓度的增加,2种群化蛹率逐渐降低,雌雄蛹重均有递减的趋势,雌蛹比例随浓度的增加变化较小,但SS种群雌蛹比例≤50.00%,而RR种群雌蛹比例≥50.00%,雌雄成虫羽化率总体上依次递减,处理浓度大于1.00mg/kg时虫酰肼对甜菜夜蛾成虫羽化的影响较大。     

短时高温对绿豆象各虫态生长发育的影响

【目的】为明确短时高温对绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensis (L.)各虫态及其后虫态生长发育与繁殖能力的影响。【方法】以27℃饲养的绿豆象为对照,在30、33、36、39、42和45℃条件下分别对绿豆象卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫进行3 h的短时高温处理。【结果】短时高温对绿豆象卵的孵化率、幼虫的化蛹率和蛹的羽化率均有显著影响,但对卵和幼虫的后续发育影响不显著;幼虫耐高温的能力最强,经短时高温处理后化蛹率均在90%以上;蛹经45℃短时高温处理后虽表现出较高的羽化率,但羽化后成虫的寿命和产卵量均显著降低。卵期、幼虫期和成虫期绿豆象对短时高温的耐受性均有性别差异,其中,卵期和蛹期雄虫耐热性强于雌虫,成虫期雌虫强于雄虫。短时高温处理对绿豆象成虫的繁殖能力影响显著,经45℃处理后成虫的产卵量为32.30粒/头,显著低于对照。【结论】39℃以上的短时高温对绿豆象处理虫态及雌雄性别比有明显的影响,对其后虫态发育的影响仅见高温处理蛹后导致成虫繁殖能力下降。     

螟黄赤眼蜂的个体发育

螟黄赤眼蜂广泛应用于多种农林害虫的生物防治,常用米蛾卵进行规模化繁育。本文观察了螟黄赤眼蜂在米蛾卵中的个体发育过程。结果发现,在26℃±1℃的条件下,螟黄赤眼蜂从产卵到成虫的个体发育过程历时8 d,其中胚胎期26 h,幼虫期36 h,预蛹期48 h,蛹期84 h,在产卵后的192 h后成虫开始羽化。螟黄赤眼蜂卵为白色透明的棒状,随着胚胎发育时间的增加,其长径和短径逐渐变大,但两者之比逐渐减少;刚进入幼虫期的虫体长径与短径之比较大,虫体上下宽度基本相等,但体积随取食而快速增加;虫体出现梅花斑和米蛾卵卵壳颜色变黑是进入预蛹期的标志;蛹的头、胸和腹部明显分界,梅花斑消失,腹部二条黑带逐渐横贯整个腹背面,复眼随着时间的增加逐渐加深,最后为深红色。经过192 h的发育,螟黄赤眼蜂成虫羽化,咬破米蛾卵壳而出。     

棉铃虫室内饲养技术的改进

在传统人工饲料饲养技术的基础上 ,对棉铃虫的卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的饲养器材和操作方法进行了简化和改进。将产于纱布上的卵经消毒晾干后 ,直接放于塑料保鲜袋中孵化。初孵幼虫用毛笔移入特制的带盖 1 0孔饲养盒 ,每孔 1头 ,孔径和高度为 2 5cm× 1 8cm ,接虫前每孔加人工饲料 4～ 5g ,接虫后加盖 ,直至化蛹。幼虫化蛹后用培养皿收集 ,直接放于成虫饲养笼中 ,任其羽化、交配和产卵。采用这一改进饲养技术 ,幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率等均有显著提高 ,棉铃虫的病害明显减少 ,同时节约饲养成本约 5 0 %。     

夹竹桃天蛾的生物学特性

夹竹桃天蛾Daphnis nerii(Linnaeus)是夹竹桃上的重要害虫,具有间歇性爆发的特点。该虫在湖南省衡阳地区1年发生2～3代,以蛹在寄主附近的枯枝落叶层、表层松土及土壤缝穴中越冬。越冬代成虫于6月上旬出现,6月中下旬产卵。6月下旬第1代幼虫孵化;第1代成虫于7月中旬出现,7月下旬产卵。第2代幼虫8月上旬孵化,8月下旬至9月上旬幼虫危害最历害,9月中旬开始化蛹,化蛹持续到10月中旬。第2代蛹发生分化,一部分成为越冬蛹,另一部分则羽化为成虫。第2代成虫于10月上旬开始产下第3代卵。10月上旬第3代幼虫开始孵化,11月中旬第3代幼虫开始化蛹、越冬。     

柑橘爆皮虫危害特征研究

利用Sony DSC-S85数码照相机和LeicaMZ 16A研究型体视解剖镜(配Leica IM 1000软件系统)进行观察、拍摄和测量,首次以详实的图片资料系统地描述了柑橘爆皮虫(Agrilus auriventrisSaunders)的危害特征。将幼虫危害特征归为幼虫的蛀食、流胶、爆皮和树体死亡;成虫危害特征主要是羽化孔、叶片缺刻等几类症状。将流胶症状分为泡沫状流胶和点状流胶2类;爆皮症状分为小爆皮和大爆皮2类。小爆皮是一个初次被报道的症状,该症状是识别柑橘爆皮虫前期危害的关键特征。     

柑桔爆皮虫卵巢发育动态

本研究利用室内饲养成虫,对柑桔爆皮虫的蛹及正常取食和交配、正常取食但未交配以及正常交配但未取食三种处理的雌成虫的卵巢发育进行了系统观察。结果显示：该虫具有1对卵巢,每侧有5根卵巢管。前两种处理的雌虫卵巢管均能正常发育,成虫寿命在30天左右; 没有取食的雌虫寿命只有7天左右,在其卵巢管的生长区和成熟区均无卵形成。根据卵巢的形状、卵的产生过程、卵巢萼内有无卵粒以及卵黄沉积情况等将卵巢发育程度分为6个级别,即发育初期（0级）、卵黄沉积前期(Ⅰ级)、卵黄沉积期(Ⅱ级)、成熟待产期(Ⅲ级)、产卵盛期(Ⅳ级)和产卵末期(Ⅴ级)。每头雌虫最高怀卵量在140粒左右,根据雌虫怀卵量变化趋势,推测正常取食和交配的柑桔爆皮虫雌虫在出孔后10天左右开始产卵,产卵历期可达22天左右。据此提出该虫卵巢管发育到成熟待产期(Ⅲ级)之前（即羽化出孔后10天之内）为出孔成虫的防治适期。     

中华食蜂郭公虫的生物学特性和行为观察

中华食蜂郭公虫Trichodes sinae Chevrolat是西鄂尔多斯地区重要传粉昆虫火红拟孔蜂Hoplitis pyrrhosoma Wu的寄生性天敌。文章报道中华食蜂郭公虫除成虫外各虫态的形态特征、生活史及幼虫和成虫的行为等生物学特性。该虫在西鄂尔多斯地区1年发生1代,越冬幼虫于4月上旬开始化蛹,5月中旬陆续羽化出巢,成虫取食植物补充营养后,开始交尾、产卵。1龄幼虫能够寻找并钻入火红拟孔蜂的巢室,取食火红拟孔蜂幼虫,直至结茧化蛹。室温条件下,卵期约6~8d,幼虫期约260~280d,蛹期约40~50d;雄虫寿命约28~30d,雌虫寿命约35~40d。     

甘南地区小红珠绢蝶生物学特性研究初报

小红珠绢蝶Parnassius nomion Fischer von Waldheim在甘肃甘南1年发生1代。翌年5月上旬幼虫孵化,6月下旬开始化蛹,7月下旬至8月上旬,成虫开始羽化,8月中旬至9月上旬成虫开始产卵,该虫以卵越冬。     

Egg structure of Zorotypus caudelli Karny (Insecta, Zoraptera, Zorotypidae)

The structural features of eggs of Zorotypus caudelli Karny are described in detail. The egg is elliptic with long and short diameters of 0.6 and 0.3 mm respectively, and creamy white. The egg shows a honeycomb pattern on its surface, without any specialized structures for hatching such as an operculum or a hatching line. The fringe formed by a fibrillar substance secreted after the completion of the chorion encircles the lateral surface. The egg layer is composed of an exochorion, an endochorion, and a vitelline envelope. The exochorion and endochorion are electron-dense and homogeneous in structure. The exochorion shows a perforation of numerous branching aeropyles. The exo- and endochorion are connected by numerous small columnar structures derived from the latter. The vitelline envelope is very thin and more electron-dense than the chorion. A pair of micropyles is present at the equator on the dorsal side of the egg. Originating at the micropyle, the micropylar canal runs through the chorion obliquely. The structural features of the eggs of Zoraptera were compared with those of other polyneopteran and paraneopteran orders.     

贝氏高原鳅胚胎和仔鱼的形态发育

通过人工授精获得受精卵,对贝氏高原鳅胚胎和仔鱼的发育过程进行了观察和描述。结果表明,成熟卵淡黄色,卵径较小(直径0.94－1.10mm),遇水后产生强黏性。在水温9.0－12.8℃下,胚盘在受精后4h20min开始分裂,在19h50min和27h40min时达到囊胚期和原肠期,64h40min胚孔封闭,287h时部分胚胎开始出膜,405h30min全部出膜。初孵仔鱼全长(4.32±0.23)mm,肌节36－38对,眼和躯干部黑色素细胞明显,胸鳍原基发育良好。出膜后第5天仔鱼体侧和头部出现浓密的感觉芽。到第8天时全长(6.05±0.41)mm,卵黄吸收完全。仔鱼鳔一室和鳔二室分别于出膜后第30天和第50天形成。第55天的仔鱼全长(14.05±1.01)mm,肌节52－53对,体侧出现7－8条黑色素带,各鳍鳍条数目与成鱼基本一致,但仍有少量鳍褶存在。仔鱼的卵黄囊体积减小速度为0.027mm3/d,鱼体长度生长、鱼体长度性状间的比例关系并不相同,其中,肛后长／全长比例随胚后发育逐渐增加,由初出膜时的31%增加到最后的42％左右。     

Occurrence and genetics of black‐eyed migratory locusts,Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Black‐eyed Locusta migratoria appeared in albino locusts as a result of crossing between a short‐winged strain originating from Tsushima Island, Japan, and an albino strain originating from Okinawa Island. The black eye trait was recessive to the white eye trait because the crosses between black‐ and white‐eyed albino locusts produced only individuals with white eyes in the F₁ generation. In the F₂ generation, black‐ and white‐eyed individuals appeared in a ratio of 1:3, indicating that the black eye trait was controlled by a simple Mendelian unit. The black eye trait showed no genetic association with other traits including wing morph, adult body dimensions and classical morphometric ratios such as hind femur length / head width and forewing length / hind femur length.     

Impact of a novel species of Nosema on the southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

A study was undertaken to elucidate the impact of an undescribed Nosema sp. on the southwestern corn borer (SWCB; Diatraea grandiosella Dyar). The Nosema sp. (isolate 506) included in the study was isolated from an overwintering SWCB larva in Mississippi. It was highly infectious per os, with a median infective dose of 2.0 x 10(3) spores per larva. Even at the highest dosage tested (10(7) spores per larva), minimal mortality (< or = 3%) was observed in infected larvae, pupae, and adults reared in the laboratory on an artificial diet. However, infected pupae (0- and 7-d-old) were smaller, and the time to adult eclosion from pupation was slightly increased. Furthermore, the number of eggs produced by infected SWCB female moths substantially decreased (32%), and this effect was most pronounced on day 2, when the greatest number of eggs were oviposited by infected and noninfected moths. For eggs produced by infected females mated with infected males, hatch was slightly decreased by 16 and 15% for eggs laid on days 2 and 3, respectively. In addition, egg hatch was reduced in eggs oviposited by noninfected females mated with infected males on day 3. A low prevalence of infection (< 6%) was observed in the F1 generation originating from infected females mating with noninfected males, from noninfected females mating with infected males, and from infected females mating with infected males. Nosema 506 spores were observed in the proximity of reproductive tissues of infected female and male moths. Spores also were detected on the chorion surface and within eggs laid by infected females. Furthermore, 1-11% of larvae hatching from surface-sterilized eggs were infected by Nosema 506 indicating a transovarial mechanism of transmission.     

NS-4 (nervous system antigen-4), a cell surface antigen of developing and adult mouse brain and sperm.

Morphological changes in the chorion of the Medaka, Oryzias latipes, brought about by the hatching enzyme were examined by transmission as well as scanning electron microscopy. The structure of the intact chorion, especially its thick multilamellar inner layer, does not change during development until about 1 hr before the onset of hatching. As choriolysis proceeds, the inner layer of the chorion is digested to yield soluble proteins of relatively high molecular weight. During this process it appears that each lamella is successively solubilized from the inner surface of the chorion. Finally, a thin outer layer with accompanying villi and attaching filaments remains.Under the experimental conditions used, the enzyme was in direct contact with both the inner and outer layers of the chorion. Because of this, the enzyme could penetrate the outer layer and act on some peripheral parts of the underlying inner layer. Based on these morphological changes, a mechanism is proposed to account for the solubilization of the chorion by the hatching enzyme.     

Eclosion and hatching in cockroach first instar larvae: A stereotyped pattern of behaviour

Cockroach pharate first instar larvae (Periplaneta americana) spontaneously initiate eclosion and hatch from the oötheca after 30 days' incubation at 29°C. The caudal-to-rostral peristaltic movements involved in both eclosion and hatching are initiated even when the first instar larvae have been removed from the oötheca and incubated separately in organ culture dishes. Therefore, environmental stimuli and conditions in situ are not necessary for the onset of eclosion. However, environmental factors associated with the cuticle control the termination and/or duration of the eclosion behaviour sequence. Larvae which had cuticles glued to their bodies had longer than normal eclosion episodes while larvae which experienced premature cuticle removal immediately ceased the movements. Cuticle removal immediately ‘switched’ behaviour from that of the larva to that of the adult with the characteristic walking gait. Eclosion in larvae removed from the oötheca could be initiated by tactile stimulation. A rôle for this response in synchronizing the eclosion-hatching movements of the many larvae within an oötheca is suggested.     

Hatching enzyme of the ovoviviparous black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii- environmental adaptation of the hatching enzyme and evolutionary aspects of formation of the pseudogene

The hatching enzyme of oviparous euteleostean fishes consists of two metalloproteases: high choriolytic enzyme (HCE) and low choriolytic enzyme (LCE). They cooperatively digest the egg envelope (chorion) at the time of embryo hatching. In the present study, we investigated the hatching of embryos of the ovoviviparous black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. The chorion-swelling activity, HCE-like activity, was found in the ovarian fluid carrying the embryos immediately before the hatching stage. Two kinds of HCE were partially purified from the fluid, and the relative molecular masses of them matched well with those deduced from two HCE cDNAs, respectively, by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. On the other hand, LCE cDNAs were cloned; however, the ORF was not complete. These results suggest that the hatching enzyme is also present in ovoviviparous fish, but is composed of only HCE, which is different from the situation in other oviparous euteleostean fishes. The expression of the HCE gene was quite weak when compared with that of the other teleostean fishes. Considering that the black rockfish chorion is thin and fragile, such a small amount of enzyme would be enough to digest the chorion. The black rockfish hatching enzyme is considered to be well adapted to the natural hatching environment of black rockfish embryos. In addition, five aberrant spliced LCE cDNAs were cloned. Several nucleotide substitutions were found in the splice site consensus sequences of the LCE gene, suggesting that the products alternatively spliced from the LCE gene are generated by the mutations in intronic regions responsible for splicing.     

Chemical analysis of melanin pigments in feather germs of Japanese quail Bh (black at hatch) mutants.

Bh (black at hatch) is a mutation of Japanese quails which causes darkening or lightening of the plumage in heterozygotes or homozygotes, respectively. We chemically analyzed melanin pigments in feather germs of Bh mutant embryos and in feathers of adult animals. Dark brown dorsal feathers of wild-type adult animals had white barrings, but heterozygous ones lacked clear barrings. The feathers of wild-type and heterozygote animals contained both eumelanins and pheomelanins, the latter being more pheomelanic. On the dorsal skin of 10-day old wild-type embryos, longitudinal stripes from black and yellow rows of feather germs developed; two or three longitudinal rows of black feather germs and then two or three rows of yellow feather germs next to the short central feather germs. Heterozygous embryos appeared black in plumage pigmentation, due to the presence of 'gray' feather germs in rows of dorsal feather germs that corresponded to yellow rows in wild-type embryos. Homozygous dorsal feather germs did not develop the black and yellow longitudinal stripes, but were brown. Chemical analysis showed that embryos of each genotype contained both eumelanins and pheomelanins in the feather germs; however, the eumelanin content in homozygous feather germs was very low. These results suggest that the Bh mutation causes pheomelanic changes in feathers of quails.     

Effects of hatchling body colour and rearing density on body colouration in last-stadium nymphs of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria

Abstract.  The influences of hatchling character and rearing density on body colour at the last-nymphal stadium are investigated for the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria . Hatchlings are divided into five groups based on the darkness of the body colour and reared either under isolated or crowded conditions. Two types of body colour variation at the last-nymphal stadium are separately analysed (i.e. the background colour and black patterns). Under isolated conditions, the background body colour is either greenish or brownish. Most individuals are greenish and the highest percentage of brownish insects is obtained from hatchlings with the darkest body colour. Under crowded conditions, the background colour is yellow or orange and the percentage of yellowish nymphs tends to decrease when they are darker at hatching. The intensity of black patterns differs depending on the body colour at hatching and subsequent rearing density. Most isolated-reared nymphs exhibit few or no black patterns but nymphs with some black patterns also appear, particularly among those that had been dark at hatching. Under crowded conditions, the black patterns become more intense when they are darker at hatching. Therefore, last-stadium nymphs with typical solitarious or gregarious body colouration appear when they have the phase-specific body colouration at hatching as well. The present results demonstrate that both body colour at hatching and rearing density during nymphal development influence body colouration at the last-nymphal stadium.