术中不同速率输注右美托咪定在全凭静脉麻醉中的量效关系研究

目的:以脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)作为麻醉镇静程度指标,探讨不同速率输注右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,DEX)对全凭静脉麻醉中丙泊酚用量,术中重要时点血液动力学及麻醉恢复质量的影响。方法:选择拟于全麻下行妇科腹腔镜手术的患者60例(ASA I~II级),根据DEX输注速率不同随机分为四组,即D1、D2、D3和D4组,每组15例,麻醉诱导前四组均给予负荷剂量DEX0.5μg·kg-1,10 min输注完毕,继而四组分别以0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8μg·kg-1·h-1输注速度持续输注至冲洗腹腔。四组麻醉诱导方法相同,术中以BIS作为麻醉深度指标,根据BIS值调节丙泊酚血浆靶浓度维持麻醉。记录入室用药前(T0)、DEX负荷量输注后(T1)、气腹即刻(T2)、气腹后5 min(T3)、气腹后30 min(T4)、解除气腹后5 min(T5)、拔喉罩即刻(T6)、拔喉罩后1 min(T7)时收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、丙泊酚平均用量、苏醒时间、拔喉罩时间、拔喉罩后15 min OAA/S评分、术中及术后24小时内不良反应的发生情况。结果:①D2、D3、D4组丙泊酚平均用量较D1组明显减少(P0.05),D3、D4组丙泊酚平均用量较D2组明显减少(P0.05),D3、D4组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。②与T0比较,T1~T2时四组SBP、DBP、HR降低(P0.05),T3~T4时D3、D4组SBP、DBP、HR降低(P0.05),D1、D2组SBP、DBP无明显变化(P0.05),T5~T7时四组SBP、DBP、HR降低(P0.05);D3、D4组在T3~T5时SBP、DBP较D1、D2组明显降低(P0.05),D1、D2两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),D3、D4两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。③D4组苏醒时间、拔喉罩时间、较D1~3组明显延长(P0.05),D4组OAA/S评分较D1~3组明显降低(P0.05)。④D4组使用阿托品次数较D1~3组明显增多(P0.05),四组术中使用麻黄碱次数和术后24小时内恶心、呕吐、寒战差异无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:在妇科腹腔镜手术中,DEX作为全身麻醉辅助用药,负荷剂量0.5μg·kg-1,术中持续输注速率0.4μg·kg-1·h-1可以有效降低丙泊酚用量,使围手术期的血流动力学保持平稳,不延长苏醒时间和拔喉罩时间,且不良反应更少,值得临床推广应用。     

右美托咪定对神经外科手术患者围术期血糖、血清TNF-α和IL-6水平的影响

目的:探讨右美托咪定(DEX)对神经外科手术患者围术期血糖、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)水平的影响。方法:选取2016年2月-2016年11月我院神经外科收治的患有脑膜瘤拟择期行开颅手术的患者50例,随机分为研究组和对照组各25例。研究组患者于麻醉诱导前10 min以DEX 1.0μg/kg加入0.9%氯化钠注射液中,配成50 mL溶液静脉输注,10 min内输完,而后以0.5μg/kg/h输注DEX。对照组以等速输注等量0.9%氯化钠注射液。记录并对比两组麻醉诱导前10 min(T1)、诱导后(T2)、开皮时(T3)、手术1 h(T4)、手术结束时(T5)心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)及血糖、血清TNF-α和IL-6水平。结果:两组患者HR在T2、T3时间点均高于T1时间点,而研究组患者HR在T2、T3时间点均低于对照组(均P0.05);研究组患者MAP在T3时间点高于T1时间点,对照组患者在T3、T4时间点高于T1时间点,而研究组患者MAP在T3、T4时间点均低于对照组(均P0.05);两组患者在T2、T3、T4、T5时间点血糖均高于T1时间点,而研究组患者在同时间点均低于对照组(P0.05);对照组患者在T2、T3、T4时间点血清TNF-α及IL-6均高于T1时间点(P0.05),研究组患者不同时间点血清TNF-α及IL-6变化无统计学意义(P0.05),且在T2、T3、T4时间点血清TNF-α及IL-6均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:DEX在神经外科手术中有维持患者血流动力学稳定、抗炎、抑制血糖升高的作用,减轻炎症反应和应激反应,从而促进神经外科手术患者术后的恢复。     

氢化泼尼松联合泵注甲氧明预防老年患者髋关节置换术骨水泥反应的临床效果观察

目的:观察氢化泼尼松联合泵注甲氧明预防老年患者髋关节置换术骨水泥反应的临床效果。方法:将腰硬联合麻醉下行髋关节置换术的60例老年患者随机分为观察组(A组)与对照组(B组),观察组在骨水泥植入前静脉给予氢化泼尼松0.5 mg/kg,并以3μg·kg-1·min-1持续泵注甲氧明,对照组在相同时点给予地塞米松0.1 mg/kg。记录和比较两组患者骨水泥植入前(T0)、植入时(T1)、植入后3分钟(T2)、植入后5分钟(T3)、植入后10分钟(T4)及植入后30分钟(T5)时的动脉收缩压(SBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SPO_2)及中心静脉压(CVP)、动脉血PH值、动脉氧分压(PO_2)、动脉二氧化碳分压(PCO_2)及血乳酸(Lac)水平的变化。结果:与T0时比较,对照组T2、T3时SBP、MAP及PO_2明显下降,HR显著上升,而同时点观察组SBP、MAP及PO_2较对照组明显升高,HR较对照组显著降低(P0.05),观察组各时点SBP、MAP及HR比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与T0时比较,对照组T3、T4时血清Lac水平显著升高(P0.05),同时点观察组与之比较明显降低(P0.05)。观察组各时点pH、PO_2、Lac及PCO_2均无明显变化(P0.05)。结论:老年患者行髋关节置换术在骨水泥植入前预防性给予氢化泼尼松及泵注甲氧明能使患者血流动力学平稳,改善机体微循环及组织氧供。     

右美托咪啶对经尿道前列腺电切阴茎勃起的影响*

目的:探究右美托咪定(DEX)对经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)后阴茎勃起的影响。方法:选取2017年1月至2018年3月于我院确诊为良性前列腺增生并行经TURP的86例患者,按照随机数字表法均分为实验组和对照组,每组43例。其中,实验组于手术初始即使用输液泵持续输注右美托咪定(输注剂量0.5μg/kg)直至手术结束,对照组患者于手术开始时即开始使用输液泵持续输注等量的生理盐水直至手术结束。于麻醉前(T1)、麻醉插管后导尿前(T2)、DEX或生理盐水泵入10 min时(T3)、手术开始后导尿时(T4)四个时间点比较两组患者的平均脉压差(MAP)、心率(HR)、阴茎勃起发生率及术后膀胱刺激征的发生率。结果:T1、T2、T3时刻,两组间HR和MAP水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),T4时,对照组HR和MAP均选择低于实验组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者T1及T2时阴茎勃起率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),对照组T3、T4阴茎勃起率分别为27.91%、74.42%,实验组患者T3、T4阴茎勃起率分别为6.98%、11.63%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组术后膀胱刺激征出现率为9.30%,低于对照组的32.56%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:右美托咪定用于TURP术中可以有效稳定患者术中血流动力学,并降低患者术后阴茎异常勃起率,且术后患者膀胱刺激征发生率显著降低。     

不同浓度的右美托咪定对老年腰椎术患者的镇静效果、氧化应激和血流动力学的影响

目的:探讨不同浓度的右美托咪定对老年腰椎术患者的镇静效果、氧化应激和血流动力学的影响。方法:选取2013年3月-2018年4月期间我院收治的老年腰椎术患者90例为研究对象。根据随机数字表法将患者分为对照组(n=30)、低浓度组(n=30)以及高浓度组(n=30)。低浓度组麻醉诱导前输注0.5μg/kg右美托咪定,高浓度组输注1μg/kg右美托咪定,对照组不输注右美托咪定。比较给药前(T0)、给药后10 min(T1)、给药后30 min(T2)、给药后60 min(T3)的听觉诱发电位指数(AAI)、改良/镇静视觉评分(OAA/S)。比较T0、T3、手术后24h(T4)的三组患者丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平。比较T0-T3时间点三组患者的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)情况。观察三组患者术后不良反应发生情况。结果:与T0时间点比较,三组T1-T3时间点AAI、OAA/S均显著降低(P0.05);与对照组相比,低浓度组与高浓度组T1-T3时间点AAI、OAA/S均较低,且高浓度组低于低浓度组(P0.05)。与T0时间点比较,三组T3、T4时间点MDA均显著升高,T3时间点SOD显著降低(P0.05);与对照组相比,低浓度组与高浓度组T3、T4时间点MDA均降低,且高浓度组低于低浓度组(P0.05);高浓度组T3、T4时间点SOD高于低浓度组和对照组(P0.05)。与T0时间点比较,三组T2、T3时间点HR、MAP均降低(P0.05);与对照组相比,低浓度组、高浓度组T2、T3时间点HR均降低,且高浓度组低于低浓度组(P0.05);与对照组相比,低浓度组、高浓度组T2、T3时间点MAP均降低,但高浓度组高于低浓度组(P0.05)。三组患者术后不良反应总发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:1μg/kg右美托咪定对老年腰椎术患者的镇静效果较好,可有效维持血流动力学稳定,减轻氧化应激反应。     

右美托咪定经鼻滴注对脊柱手术患者围术期血流动力学变化及镇静作用的临床研究

目的:观察右美托咪定经鼻滴注对脊柱手术患者围术期的镇静作用及对血流动力学变化的影响。方法:将90名ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级、18~65岁、拟在全身麻醉下行脊柱手术、且术后须拔除气管导管的患者,随机分为三组:对照组(C组)、右美托咪定1μg/kg组(D1组)和右美托咪定1.5μg/kg组(D2组),n=30。分别记录给药前(T0)、诱导前(T1)、插管前1 min(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)、手术开始即刻(T4)、术毕停全麻药时(T5)、拔管前1 min(T6)、拔管后3 min(T7)和入PACU(T8)时患者的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、氧饱和度(SPO_2),术毕停全麻药至拔除气管导管的时间、患者在术后恢复室停留时间、Ramsay镇静评分。结果:T0时3组患者HR、MAP、SPO_2、Ramsay镇静评分无统计学差异(P≥0.05);与C组相比,D1组和D2组各时间点HR、MAP明显降低,Ramsay镇静评分提高(P≤0.05),SPO_2无明显变化(P≥0.05);与D1组相比,D2组各时间点HR、MAP明显降低、Ramsay镇静评分提高(P≤0.05),SPO_2无明显变化(P≥0.05);D1组各时间点HR、MAP、SPO_2、Ramsay镇静评分无明显差异(P≥0.05);D2组HR、MAP、SPO_2、Ramsay镇静评分明显无差异(P≥0.05)。C组T3、T4、T5、T6、T7、T8各时间点HR、MAP均较T1、T2升高,Ramsay镇静评分均明显提高(P≤0.05),SPO_2无明显变化(P≥0.05)。结论:麻醉诱导前40 min右美托咪定经鼻滴注可有效抑制插管和拔管期反应、使血流动力学变化更加稳定,并显著降低降低患者术后躁动的发生率。     

丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉维持对老年胃癌根治术患者血流动力学 及苏醒质量的影响

目的:探讨丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉维持对老年胃癌根治术患者血流动力学以及术后苏醒质量的影响.方法:ASAI～Ⅱ级行胃癌根治术的60例患者随机分为A组和B组.两组使用靶控输注麻醉诱导,起始血浆靶浓度为1μg·ml-1 1％丙泊酚泵注,A组采用靶控输注丙泊酚维持麻醉,B组采用七氟烷吸入维持麻醉.记录麻醉前(T0)、切皮后5min(T1)、手术开始30 rmin(T2)、手术开始60min(T3)、停药时(T4)、出室时(T5)各时间点的血流动力学指标的变化.记录患者术后睁眼时间、拔管时间、定向力恢复时间.结果:两组血流动力学指标(SBP、DBP、HR)在T1～T3时点迅速下降,与T0比较均有显著性差异(P＜0.05),T4时血流动力学指标(SBP、DBP、HR)开始上升,至T5时基本达到基线水平,与T0比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).血流动力学指标(SBP、DBP、HR)在组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组术后睁眼时间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),A组术后拔管时间、定向力恢复时间均低于B组,相比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉维持对老年胃癌根治术患者血流动力学影响小,患者术后苏醒质量高,是老年胃癌根治术患者理想的麻醉方法.     

丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉复合全麻在老年主动脉夹层介入手术中的麻醉效果研究

目的:探讨老年主动脉夹层介入手术采用丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉复合全麻对患者麻醉效果的影响。方法:选取2015年6月到2018年3月四川省攀枝花市中心医院麻醉科接诊的老年胸、腹主动脉夹层行介入手术治疗的患者76例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组(38例)及对照组(38例),观察组采用丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉复合全麻,对照组采用丙泊酚静脉复合全麻,观察并比较两组患者循环功能指标[血压(DBP、SBP)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)]、肺功能指标[呼吸频率(R)、呼气末二氧化碳(P~(ET)CO_2)、血氧饱和度(SpO_2)、气道压力(PAW)]及麻醉效果[脑电双频指数(BIS)值、苏醒时间(术后自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、定向力恢复时间)、拔管时间的组间差异。结果:观察组术后苏醒时间(自主呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、定向力恢复时间)及拔管时间低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组R在T1～T5时间点均低于对照组(P0.05),在T1时间点,观察组P~(ET)CO_2低于对照组,PAW高于对照组(P0.05),观察组SpO_2在T3、T4高于对照组(P0.05);观察组HR、SBP、DBP、MAP在T1～T3时间点均高于对照组(P0.01)。观察组患者的HR、MAP在不同时间点间比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉复合全麻对于老年主动脉夹层介入手术患者,具有降低患者呼吸及循环功能影响的效果,具有更优的麻醉效果。     

三种不同麻醉方式对产妇血流动力学及新生儿的影响

目的;探讨硬膜外麻醉、蛛网膜下腔-硬膜外麻、气管插管全麻三种不同麻醉方式对剖宫产产妇血流动力学及胎儿的影响。方法:纳入行择期剖宫产产妇152例,采用随机表法将其分为硬膜外组(48例)、腰硬联合麻醉组(52例)、气管内插管全麻组(52例)。观察麻醉前正常状态时(T1)、麻醉成功后5 min(T2)、胎儿娩出时(T3)三个时间点产妇SBP、DBP、HR、SV、CO、SVR及胎儿相关指标,包括出生后1 min、5 min Apgar评分、脐动脉血pH、PCO_2、PO_2。结果:硬膜外麻、腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉、全麻三组间麻醉起效时间有明显统计学差异(P0.05),气管内插管全麻组起效时间最快。三组间在T1时间点SBP、DBP、HR、SV、CO、SVR差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在T2时间点,硬膜外麻、联合麻醉、全麻三组SBP、DBP、HR、SVR水平均较T1时间点明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。T2时间点,全麻组SBP、DBP、HR、SVR水平高于硬膜外、联合麻醉组(P0.05)。T3时间点三组SBP、DBP、HR、SV、CO水平均较T2时间相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。T3时间点,全麻组SBP、DBP、SVR高于其他两组,心率低于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。三组间新生儿出生后1 min Apagr、5 min Apgar评分、脐动脉血学pH、PCO_2无统计学差异(P0.05)。三组间脐动脉血PO_2有明显统计学差异(P0.05),气管内插管全麻组脐动脉血PO_2最高。结论:三种麻醉均可以用于剖宫产术,全麻剖宫产术对产妇血流动力学影响最小,起效快,但对胎儿脐动脉血氧浓度有一定的影响。     

全凭静脉麻醉期间右美托咪定对靶控输注丙泊酚用量及血流动力学的影响

目的：探讨右关托咪定（dexmedetomidine,DEX）对行全凭静脉麻醉患者靶控输注（target controlled infusion,TCI）丙泊酚用量及拔管期间血流动力学的影响。方法：选择拟于全麻下行经鼻蝶窦垂体瘤切除术的患者30例（ASA I～II级）,随机分为两组,每组15例。试验组（D组）给予DEX负荷剂量0．5μg·kg-1,注药时间15rain,继以0．3μg·kg-1·h-1持续输注至修补硬膜时;对照纽（N组）在相同时间给予等容量生理盐水。两组麻醉诱导方法相同,术中以脑电双频指数（bispectral index,BIS）为麻醉深度监测指标,根据BIS值调节丙泊酚血浆靶浓度维持麻醉。记录拔管期间收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）和心率（HR）,并计算心肌氧耗指数（RPP）;记录丙泊酚平均用量、用药前后BIS值、呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间及术中不良反应。结果：①D组给予负荷剂量后,BIS值由（95±3）降至（77±11）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。②与N组相比,D组丙泊酚用量减少28％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。⑧拔管期间SBP、DBP和HR与入室时比较,D组无明显变化,N组HR显著升高（P〈0．05）;D组拔管期间SBP、DBP、HR和RPP明显低于N组（P〈0．05）;④两组患者呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间及拔管时间差异均无统计学意义;⑤两组不良反应（心动过缓、高血压、低血压）的发生率无显著性差异。结论：术中持续静脉输注DEX可减少TCI丙泊酚用量,能使BIS值进一步降低,产生良好镇静效应;同时可有效减轻拔管期间循环变化,降低RPP,减少心肌耗氧量,提高拔管质量。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.