线粒体自噬影响胰岛素抵抗的作用及机制

胰岛素抵抗（IR）是诱发许多代谢疾病的关键因素,包括代谢综合征、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、动脉粥样硬化和2型糖尿病（T2DM）。随着相关代谢疾病日益增多,寻找新的治疗靶点迫在眉睫。线粒体自噬是一种选择性自噬,其通过清除受损和功能失调的线粒体以维持正常线粒体功能和能量代谢。研究发现,线粒体自噬在代谢疾病中有积极作用,线粒体自噬受到各种信号通路与信号分子调控而改善代谢疾病,如AMPK/ULK1、PINK1/Parkin信号通路以及BNIP3/Nix和FUNDC1等信号分子。本文阐述了线粒体自噬在胰岛素抵抗中的作用及调控机制,综述了近年的相关研究进展。     

基于能量限制效应考察中药复方糖耐康干预db/db小鼠胰岛素抵抗作用机制

胰岛素抵抗(IR)是导致2型糖尿病和多种代谢性疾病发生发展的共同病理生理基础,通过模拟能量限制调控能量代谢网络已经成为防治IR相关疾病的研究热点.本课题组前期研究结果提示,中药复方糖耐康可能通过激活SIRT1-AMPK通路模拟能量限制效应改善IR.通过比较糖耐康和能量限制对自发性2型糖尿病db/db小鼠(Mus musculus)糖脂代谢、胰岛功能、线粒体功能和胰岛素敏感性的影响,进一步验证糖耐康是否可在整体和分子水平模拟能量限制效应进而干预IR.与对照组相比,糖耐康和能量限制均可相似地显著改善db/db小鼠口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)、降低空腹血胰岛素(FINS),升高胰岛素敏感指数(ISI).同时糖耐康和能量限制还可相似地升高糖负荷后30 min胰岛素分泌与血糖变化比值(?I30/?G30),降低肌肉TG含量,上调肌肉组织AMPK磷酸化水平以及SIRT1和PGC1?的蛋白表达水平,不同程度提高肌肉组织线粒体质量和数量.以上结果表明,糖耐康可显著改善db/db小鼠的糖代谢、胰岛功能、脂质异位沉积、线粒体功能和IR,激活肌组织AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1?信号通路,上调肌肉脂肪酸氧化相关基因表达,在整体效应和能量代谢转录调控方面具有能量限制拟似效应,进而从新的视角揭示了糖耐康干预IR的药效模式和分子机制.     

LncRNAs对肝脏胰岛素抵抗的调控及其机制

胰岛素抵抗是肥胖、2型糖尿病发生的共同病理生理机制。肝脏是胰岛素介导的葡萄糖摄取、代谢、利用的重要靶器官,也是胰岛素抵抗发生的重要部位。研究表明,肝脏糖异生信号通路、胰岛素信号通路、脂质生成信号通路、自噬及活性氧生成与肝脏胰岛素抵抗密切相关。肝脏可产生多种长链非编码RNAs(lncRNAs),当其表达上调(如Blnc1、Risa、MALAT1、MEG3、SRA、Gm10768、H19和Gomafu)或下调(如lncSHGL)时,它们可调控肝脏糖异生信号通路、胰岛素信号通路、脂质生成信号通路、自噬及活性氧生成,从而参与肝脏胰岛素抵抗的发生与发展。该文对lncRNAs与肝脏胰岛素抵抗关系的阐明,将加深人们对lncRNAs功能及肝脏胰岛素抵抗机制的认知,为糖尿病的防治提供新的方向,lncRNAs有望成为治疗胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病的新靶点。     

mTOR信号通路在疾病中的作用与调控机制

mTOR是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,与不同的蛋白质结合形成mTORC1和mTORC2两种复合物,体现了结构和功能上的差异。mTOR信号通路参与多种生理和病理过程,不仅可以调节细胞生长、代谢、血管生成、内环境稳定、自噬和衰老等生理过程,还与多种恶性肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病、心脑血管疾病等一系列的疾病发生及肿瘤抗药性相关。该文综述了mTOR信号通路在疾病发生中的作用及调控机制,为疾病治疗提供参考。     

mTOR信号通路对脂肪生成的调控作用

脂肪组织是一种主要的能量储存和内分泌器官。脂肪生成是一系列复杂的细胞分化过程,受到细胞营养水平、激素和代谢物等调节。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)复合物包括哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1(mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1,mTORC1)和mTORC2两种蛋白质复合体。mTOR复合物含有的脂质激酶样域奠定了mTOR通路调控脂肪生成的基础。对mTORC1和mTORC2的部分组成蛋白质研究也验证了mTOR调控成脂的功能。基于前期的研究,我们综述了miR-199a-3p、miR-103、miR-188、68 kD有丝分裂中的Src相关底物(Src-associated substrate in mitosis of 68 kD,Sam68)、内皮抑素等物质通过mTORC1和mTORC2蛋白质复合体调控脂肪生成的机制。同时,进一步构建了包括胰岛素/IGF通路、PI3K-AKT通路、氨基酸通路、AMPK通路、cAMP通路、cGMP通路、NOTCH通路以及影响上述通路的bta-miR-150、4-O-甲基蔗糖和多种蛋白质在内的mTOR信号通路调控脂肪生成的网络。本文主要综述了mTOR复合物的特性和mTOR通路调控脂肪生成方面的最新研究进展,指出mTORC2具有调控脂质摄取和脂质分解的作用,调控mTORC1功能的作用,但是有关mTORC2的研究相对mTORC1较少,因此,对脂肪生成和脂质代谢的进一步研究需要集中于mTORC2。     

胰岛素信号传导系统与2型糖尿病关系的研究

2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus T2DM)是一种多基因遗传因素,环境因素综合作用引起的内分泌代谢性疾病,久病可多只多器官受损,例如:糖尿病眼病和肾脏疾病、神经受损、糖尿病心脏并、血管受损等多组织的慢性退行性病理改变,最终引起多器官功能缺陷至衰竭。2型糖尿病病理缺陷主要体现在胰岛素分泌相对不足及胰岛素的抗性,其中胰岛素抵抗(IR)是其核心始动因子[1]。近期有研究报道,造成胰岛素抵抗的重要原因是胰岛素信号传导系统的异常。所以,进一步探讨胰岛素信号传导异常系统在2型糖尿病中的作用及其分子机制,对于2型糖尿病的发生、发展、转归与治疗具有重要意义。     

胰岛素受体底物家族与Ⅱ型糖尿病关系性的研究进展

胰岛素受体底物分子(IRS)是调节胰岛素信号通路的关键物质,在维持细胞生长,分裂和代谢中起着重要作用。目前已发现的家族成员有四个(IRS-1、IRS-2、IRS-3、IRS-4)。目前研究表明,糖尿病的发生与之密切相关:胰岛素信号通路与其他信号通路发生交叉发生干扰,从而导致胰岛素抵抗,引发Ⅱ型糖尿病;IRS蛋白的结构、表达水平异常导致胰岛素信号的中断或减弱,并表现为胰岛素抵抗;四种IRS分子表达的不平衡,致使胰岛素分泌调节的稳态被破坏也可能是糖尿病发病的原因之一。Fox蛋白家族是动物细胞内的一类转录因子,与细胞代谢密切相关。Fox蛋白靶点有可能作为研究治疗糖尿病方法的一种新思路。     

PPARα,γ和δ:胰岛素抵抗治疗的靶点

胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)是指外周组织对胰岛素的反应敏感性降低,是肝脏疾病和心血管病发生的共同基础,常常是高脂血症和2型糖尿病发病的前奏.过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)属于核受体超家族的成员.PPARs激动剂可通过多种途径改善胰岛素敏感性,例如调节糖脂代谢、抗炎作用以及间接地改善氧化应激状态.这篇综述主要是回顾IR的病理机制及其治疗靶点:PPARα,δ和γ,并阐明针对此类靶点的胰岛素增敏药物的信号转导通路.     

AD认知功能障碍的代谢紊乱机制:脑胰岛素抵抗及其介导的PI3K/Akt信号通路受损

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种以进行性痴呆为主要特征的中枢神经系统退行性疾病,其认知功能障碍可能与Ⅱ型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes, T2DM)诱发的胰岛素抵抗所损伤的PI3K/Akt胰岛素信号级联通路相关。胰岛素是调节机体新陈代谢的重要激素,通过与神经细胞表面的胰岛素受体结合激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,以调控葡萄糖、脂质的代谢。任何中间媒介功能紊乱所导致的脑胰岛素水平和胰岛素敏感性的降低都会损坏PI3K/Akt信号通路,诱发脑能量代谢障碍、Aβ沉积、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化,引起并加重AD认知功能障碍。因此,本文以PI3K/Akt胰岛素信号通路为主线,揭示了T2DM中脑胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR)与AD之间的复杂机制,旨在加深对脑IR介导的AD病理过程的系统性理解,借此为延缓或治疗AD的认知功能障碍提供理论基础。     

氧化应激与2型糖尿病的研究进展

氧化应激与2型糖尿病(T2DM)的发生、发展密切相关.胰岛素抵搞(Insulin Resistance,IR)、胰岛β细胞功能受损是2型糖尿病的主要病因.而氧化应激可以直接及间接激活细胞内的一系列应激信号通路,如核因子κ-B(Nuclear factor-KappaB,NF-κB)、c-Jun氨基端激酶(NH-terminal Jun kinase,JNK)、蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)等.这些应激通路的激活可以产生以下结果:(1)阻断胰岛素作用通路,导致胰岛素抵抗;(2)降低胰岛素基因表达水平,致胰岛素合成和分泌减少;(3)促进胰岛β细胞凋亡等.本文针对氧化应激诱导胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能受损等机制加以综述,以便进一步阐明2型糖尿病的发病机制.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).