引起石榴枯萎病和甘薯黑斑病的甘薯长喙壳菌菌株生物学特性的比较研究

采用菌丝生长速率法对引起石榴枯萎病和甘薯黑斑病的甘薯长喙壳菌的形态特征,及其在不同培养基、光照、温度、pH值等基本培养条件下菌丝的生长速率等生物学特性的差异进行了比较研究。结果表明,在不同处理培养条件下,石榴枯萎病菌生长速度均快于甘薯黑斑病菌,其菌落形态存在较大差异。二者在甘薯葡萄糖培养基(SPDA)上生长速率最快。在黑暗条件下的生长速率比12h光暗交替、光照处理显著增大。二者最适生长温度皆为25℃,石榴枯萎病菌菌丝生长温度范围为10-36℃,而甘薯黑斑病菌的菌丝生长温度范围为10-33℃。二者菌丝在pH4-12范围内均能生长,最适pH值为6。石榴枯萎病菌菌丝的致死温度为50℃处理10min或52℃处理5min,甘薯黑斑病菌菌丝的致死温度为48℃处理10min或50℃处理5min。二者在完全培养液中产孢量最大,菌丝生长速率随培养基中葡萄糖浓度的减小而增大。     

桑木层孔菌固体培养条件的研究

为了研究不同碳源、氮源、初始pH及培养温度对桑木层孔菌菌丝生长的影响,采用固体平板培养法研究了桑木层孔菌的培养条件,结果表明,该菌在淀粉为碳源时生长速度最快但长势较弱,在以葡萄糖和麦芽糖为碳源时生长速度比淀粉为碳源时稍慢,但长势最好;最适氮源为酵母浸粉;初始pH在5.5－8.0范围内变化时菌丝生长差异不大;培养温度在28－33℃范围内对菌丝生长有明显的促进作用。     

白车轴草（Trifolium repens）植株抗病性和生长与植物病史的关系

从白车轴草（Trifolium repens）自然种各中采集无白车轴草单孢锈菌病史的无性系（clones）17个,有白车轴草单孢锈菌病史的无性系14个,分别作为抗病型和感受型植物实验材料;采集白车轴草单孢锈菌（Uromyces trifolii-repentis）菌系（strains）10个,作为病菌实验材料,分别设置并进行了两个温室实验、一个田间盆栽实验和一个原生长地移栽实验,实验处理上分对照、单菌系接种和10个菌系接种等3种。实验结果表明,无论是用单菌系接种还是10个菌系接种,植株发病的概率和程度均与其抗病性有关,抗病型植株（无病史）发病的概率和程度显著低于感受型（有病史）植株,在相同处理的实验中（无论是田间实验还是温室实验）,无病史植株和有病史植株的生长无显著差异;不同处理田间实验植株的生长有显著差异,病情愈重,生长愈差,无病史植株的抗病性明显强于有病史植株,但是,原生长地的移栽实验结果表明,在无病原菌存在的情况下,有病史植株的（叶）生长显著好于无病史植株,可以认为,研究生物个体对环境因子反应性差异的实验应当在自然条件下和自然梯度范围内进行。     

百合枯萎病菌Fusarium proliferatum的鉴定、生物学特性及抑菌药剂筛选

为有效防治百合枯萎病,对龙牙百合枯萎病菌进行鉴定、其生物学特性进行研究,并测定了10种杀菌剂对该病菌的室内毒力。经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,龙牙百合枯萎病菌为层出镰孢菌(Fusarium proliferatum)。该菌株菌丝生长的最适碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为牛肉浸膏;有较宽的酸碱度范围(p H4.0~10.0);菌丝生长的最适温度为25℃,致死温度为57℃,10 min;光周期12 L:12 D的环境条件利于菌体生长。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了10种杀菌剂对该菌株的室内毒力,数据显示,10种杀菌剂对层出镰孢菌菌丝的抑制效果有很大的差异。参试药剂中,12.5%烯唑醇WP,1%申嗪霉素SC的抑菌效果较好,EC50值分别为0.255 mg/L,0.731 mg/L;抑菌效果最差是25 g/L咯菌腈SC,EC50为89.294 mg/L。层出镰孢菌能够引发我国百合枯萎病,为国内首次报道。     

芹菜斑枯病菌生物学特性研究

以沈阳地区芹菜斑枯病菌的纯培养菌株为试材,通过对菌丝生长、孢子萌发的营养及环境条件的多因子试验,明确了芹菜斑枯病菌菌丝生长以在CDAMS—VI培养基上最好,其次是CSA、CCSA和PDA,菌丝生长及产孢对碳源、氮源种类有明显的选择性。菌丝生长的最适pH值为4～5,最适温度为21℃,致死温度为39℃（处理40min）,光照明显抑制菌丝生长。病菌分生孢子在水和芹菜汁中不能萌发,在水琼脂上萌发最好;孢子萌发的适宜pH值为4．6～6．6,适温为17—25℃,致死温度为42℃（处理20min）,RH100％最适宜孢子萌发。光照和变温处理可促进分生孢子器的形成,病菌在PDA上从孢子萌发到分生孢子器形成并释放出分生孢子需要16～18d。     

白车轴草(Trifolium repens)植株抗病性和生长与植物病史的关系

从白车轴草(Trifolium repens)自然种群中采集无白车轴草单孢锈菌病史的无性系(clones)17个,有白车轴草单孢锈菌病史的无性系14个,分别作为抗病型和感受型植物实验材料;采集白车轴草单孢锈菌(Uromyces trifolii-repentis)菌系(strains)10个,作为病菌实验材料.分别设置并进行了两个温室实验、一个田间盆栽实验和一个原生长地移栽实验,实验处理上分对照、单菌系接种和10个菌系接种等3种.实验结果表明,无论是用单菌系接种还是10个菌系接种,植株发病的概率和程度均与其抗病性有关,抗病型植株(无病史)发病的概率和程度显著低于感受型(有病史)植株.在相同处理的实验中(无论是田间实验还是温室实验),无病史植株和有病史植株的生长无显著差异;不同处理田间实验植株的生长有显著差异,病情愈重,生长愈差.无病史植株的抗病性明显强于有病史植株.但是,原生长地的移栽实验结果表明,在无病原菌存在的情况下,有病史植株的(叶)生长显著好于无病史植株.可以认为,研究生物个体对环境因子反应性差异的实验应当在自然条件下和自然梯度范围内进行.     

草坪草离蠕孢叶枯病菌生物学特性的研究

对草坪离蠕孢叶枯病病原菌进行分离鉴定,并对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明:该病害由禾草离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)引起。该病原菌的菌丝生长及产孢的最适温度为30℃,孢子萌发最适温度为25℃,菌丝的致死温度为65℃,而孢子的致死温度则为55℃;该菌对酸碱度的适应能力较强,中性偏酸性的条件对菌丝的生长有利,而pH值为8.0时最易产孢;各碳源对菌丝的生长均有促进作用,但不同碳源对产孢量的影响很大,单糖和双糖利于产孢,多糖对产孢的影响不大。氮源对菌丝生长和产孢量非常重要,无机氮效果较好,硝态氮好于氨态氮,有机氮效果最差。花粉、叶面物质和草坪草汁液可促进孢子萌发。     

分离自黄瓜的多主棒孢霉不同表型菌株对杀菌剂的敏感性

【目的】通过对分离自黄瓜的多主棒孢霉不同表型菌株适宜生长温度、产孢量等表型特征和对8种杀菌剂的敏感性研究,为多主棒孢霉侵染引起的黄瓜叶斑病和茎疫病的化学防治提供技术支持。【方法】采用温度梯度法测定病菌适宜生长温度;采用PDA培养基25°C黑暗培养5 d和21 d,计测不同表型菌株单位面积产孢量;采用含药平板法测定不同表型菌株对8种杀菌剂的敏感性。【结果】分离自黄瓜的多主棒孢霉不同表型菌株适宜生长温度为25-30°C;在PDA平板25°C黑暗培养5 d,气生菌丝稀少型菌株cu-4、cu-5即大量产孢,产孢量明显多于气生菌丝丰茂型菌株;在试验浓度下,5个试验菌株对8种杀菌剂的敏感性依次为:代森锰锌氟硅唑戊唑醇苯醚甲环唑速克灵百菌清嘧菌酯多菌灵。【结论】分离自黄瓜的多主棒孢霉不同表型菌株在适宜生长温度、菌丝生长速度、产孢量及对杀菌剂的敏感性等方面均存在差异。在试验浓度下,供试菌株对多菌灵和嘧菌酯的敏感性极低(抑制率40%),这2种杀菌剂已失去对该地区黄瓜褐斑病的防控作用。     

落葵新病害——匍柄霉叶斑病病原菌的生物学特性

为进一步了解落葵上一种新病害的发病规律,文中对其病原菌落葵匍柄霉(Stemphylium basellae)进行了生物学特性研究。结果表明:病原菌菌丝生长的最适培养基为PDA,最适的碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖和硝酸钾,菌丝在15~35℃范围内适宜生长,最适温度25℃,最适p H 5.0,黑暗条件更利于病原菌菌丝生长;病原菌在落葵煎汁培养基上产孢最多,产孢最适碳氮源、最适温度、最适p H和光照条件与菌丝相同。病原菌菌丝和分生孢子的致死条件分别为45℃处理15 min和43℃处理15 min。     

哈茨木霉的培养及其对烟草疫霉生长的抑制研究*

哈茨木霉是一类重要的植病生防因子。哈茨木霉TH-1分别在PDA培养基、麦芽糖培养基、查氏培养基和琼脂培养基上培养均能产孢,其中PDA培养基为最适培养基。PDA培养基上,菌丝生长适宜温度27.5℃~35℃,最适温度32.5℃,产孢最适温度27.5℃。菌丝生长适宜pH值为3~7,产孢适宜pH值为5~9,生长与产孢最适pH值为5。光照对菌丝生长影响不大但明显影响菌株的产孢数量,光照时间越长产孢量越大。对峙培养试验表明TH-1明显抑制疫霉菌的生长速率,其无菌滤液明显抑制烟草疫霉菌游动孢子的萌发,并抑制游动孢子芽管     

亚低温条件下防控番茄南方根结线虫生防菌株的筛选与鉴定

【目的】筛选亚低温条件下抗线虫和促进植物生长发育的菌株。【方法】采用线虫击倒率测定、室内耐低温测定、拮抗测试和盆栽生物测定相结合的方法进行功能菌株的筛选;采用表型特征、生理生化特征、16S r RNA基因序列测定相结合的多相分类技术对筛选的菌株进行鉴定。【结果】从根结线虫多发的设施黄瓜和番茄病土中分离出细菌和放线菌297株;经对根结线虫击倒率的初步筛选,得到校正击倒率大于70%的活性菌株9株;通过复筛获得1株在亚低温条件下同时具有防线虫、防土传病原菌病、促生特性的生防菌株S205;菌株S205被鉴定为抗生素链霉菌(Streptomyces antibioticus)。【结论】获得一株在亚低温条件下同时具有抗线虫活性和促进植物生长发育的生防菌株S205,该研究对解决亚低温条件下根结线虫的防治具有重要意义。     

亚低温与干旱胁迫对番茄植株水分传输和形态解剖结构的影响

为探讨亚低温和干旱对植株水分传输的影响机制,以番茄幼苗为试材,利用人工气候室设置常温(昼25 ℃/夜18 ℃)和亚低温(昼15 ℃/夜8 ℃)环境,采用盆栽进行正常灌水(75%～85%田间持水量)和干旱处理(55%～65%田间持水量),分析了温度和土壤水分对番茄植株水分传输、气孔和木质部导管形态解剖结构的影响。结果表明: 与常温正常灌水处理相比,干旱处理使番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度、茎流速率、气孔长度和叶、茎、根导管直径显著减小,而使叶、茎、根导管细胞壁厚度和抗栓塞能力增强;亚低温处理下番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度和叶、茎、根导管直径显著降低,但气孔变大,叶、根导管细胞壁厚度和叶、茎、根抗栓塞能力显著升高。亚低温条件下土壤水分状况对番茄叶水势、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水力导度、气孔形态、叶、根导管结构均无显著影响。总之,干旱处理下番茄通过协同调控叶、茎、根结构使植株水分关系重新达到稳态;亚低温处理下番茄植株水分关系的调控主要通过改变叶和根导管结构实现,且受土壤水分状况的影响较小。     

SEASONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGES OF GROWTH OF VIRGINIA ALGAE1

One hundred and fifteen clonal, unialgal strains were isolated and tested for their ability to grow over a range of temperatures from 2 to 40° C. Responses of 63 strains isolated from habitats that were 6° C when sampled and 52 strains isolated from habitats that were 20° C when sampled showed trends toward increasing adaptation to cold or warm temperatures commensurate with their seasonal in situ temperatures. Based on temperature-growth responses alone, 24% of the plankton isolates and 17% of the periphyton isolates could be perennial within the natural habitats. At 5° C, 56% of the warm water plankton isolates and 48% of the warm water periphyton isolates were incapable of growth and, therefore, probably could not be important components of the winter algal community. Likewise at 25° C, 25% of the cold water plankton isolates and 13% of the cold water periphyton isolates were incapable of growth. Thus, temperature alone probably is an important variable regulating seasonal changes in algal community structure. Pollution of these habitats by a thermal enrichment averaging + 5° C year-round could effect a pronounced change in algal species composition because many more taxa could be perennial and more taxa would be incapable of growth during naturally warm periods.     

GROWTH OF COLPOMENIA PEREGRINA (PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN CULTURE: EFFECTS OF SALINITY,TEMPERATURE AND DAYLENGTH1

Increases in size of Colpomenia peregrina (Sauv.) Hamel microthalli were determined at six different combinations of salinity and temperature under laboratory conditions. Microthalli grown at low salinity (15%) did not have a growth rate significantly different from microthalli grown at high salinity (30%). However, more macrothalli were produced in higher salinity media. Fewer macrothalli were produced at lower temperatures. Growth of C. peregrina microthalli was also determined at six different combinations of daylength and temperature. Microthalli under 15:9 h (LD cycle) did not have a growth rate significantly different from microthalli under 9:15 h LD. However, more macrothalli were produced under long day conditions. Of the three different temperatures utilized (5, 13 and 20° C) only 5° C produced significantly different growth rates. Low temperature reduced growth to such an extent that macrothalli of a size that could be recognized in the field took approximately two months to produce in culture. These results may explain the seasonal presence/absence of the delophycean phase of C. peregrina in the field. Zoospore survivorship and macrothallus production of C. peregrina in culture indicated that both PES and an artificial medium were suitable for the laboratory cultivation of this plant.     

COMBINED EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND IRON ON THE GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MARINE DIATOM PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)

Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin (Bacillariophyceae) was maintained in exponential growth under Fe‐replete and stressed conditions over a range of temperatures from 5 to 30° C. The maximum growth rate (GR) was observed at 20° C (optimal temperature) for Fe‐replete and ‐stressed cells. There was a gradual decrease in the GR decreasing temperatures below the optimum temperature; however, the growth rate dropped sharply as temperature increased above the optimum temperature. Fe‐stressed cells grew at half the growth rate of Fe‐replete cells at 20° C, whereas this difference became larger at lower temperatures. The change in metabolic activities showed a similar pattern to the change in growth rate temperature aside from their optimum temperature. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and respiratory electron transport system activity (ETS) per cell were maximal between 15 and 20° C, whereas cell‐specific photosynthetic rate (P_cell) was maximal at 20° C for Fe‐replete cells. These metabolic activities were influenced by Fe deficiency, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction that these activities should have an Fe dependency. The degree of influence of Fe deficiency, however, was different for the four metabolic activities studied: NRA > P_cell > ETS = GR. NRA in Fe‐stressed cells was only 10% of that in Fe‐replete cells at the same temperature. These results suggest that cells would have different Fe requirements for each metabolic pathway or that the priority of Fe supply to each metabolic reaction is related to Fe nutrition. In contrast, the order of influence of decreasing the temperature from the optimum temperature was ETS > P_cell > NRA > GR. For NRA, the observed temperature dependency could not be accounted for by the temperature dependency of the enzyme reaction rate itself that was almost constant with temperature, suggesting that production of the enzyme would be temperature dependent. For ETS, both the enzyme reactivity and the amount of enzyme accounted for the dependency. This is the first report to demonstrate the combined effects of Fe and temperature on three important metabolic activities (NRA, P_cell, and ETS) and to determine which activity is affected the most by a shortage of Fe. Cellular composition was also influenced by Fe deficiency, showing lower chl a content in the Fe‐stressed cells. Chl a per cell volume decreased by 30% as temperature decreased from 20 to 10° C under Fe‐replete conditions, but chl a decreased by 50% from Fe‐replete to Fe‐stressed conditions.     

TEMPERATURE-GROWTH RESPONSES OF ALGAL ISOLATES FROM ANTARCTIC OASES1

Thirty-five taxa (128 clonal cultures) of Antarctic algae isolated from various habitats were assayed for growth over a range of 2–34°C. Isolates, all unialgal and two axenic, varied markedly in their temperature-growth responses. Only four taxa belonging to either the Chlamydomonadaceae or Ulotrichaceae were obligately cold-adapted and incapable of growth at ≥20°C. All isolates grew at temperatures ranging from 7.5 to 18°C, and a few were incapable of growth at ≤5°C. Over one-third of the isolates grew at 30°C, but none grew at 34°C. Percentages of cold-adapted clones correlated well with the more stable low temperature habitats. Four chlamydomonad isolates displayed optimum temperatures for growth near their maximum temperatures for growth, both temperatures being well above those of the native habitats. This temperature-growth response suggests a closer relationship to algae from more moderate thermal regions than one might have supposed. However, the ability to grow at low temperatures and the inability to grow at 34°C suggest that these Antarctic algae are cold temperature adapted. Growth capability at low in situ temperatures is considered more useful ecologically than physiologically-defined categories for algae based on their maximum temperature for growth.     

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF BEMISIA TABACI B BIOTYPE (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)

Abstract The development, survivorship and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci B biotype on eggplant at seven constant temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 and 35°C) were studied. The developmental periods from egg to adult varied from 48.7 days at 17°C to 13.9 days at 29°C and the developmental threshold estimated for a generation by linear regression was 12.4°C. The optimum temperature for B. tabaci population growth was 26°C, both extremely low (< 17°C) and high temperature (> 32°C) delayed the development. Survivorships from egg to adult was 67.3% at 26°C, 27.6% and 29.0% at 35°C and 17°C respectively. The average longevity of females ranged from 39.6 days at 20°C to 12.8 days at 35°C. Oviposition per female varied from 164.8 eggs at 20°C to 78.5 eggs at 32°C. Both the longevity and oviposition of B. tabaci females at different temperatures were significantly different ( P < 0.05), and the intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r _m) for B. tabaci at 29°C was the highest.     

海水盐度、温度对文蛤稚贝生长及存活的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了不同盐度（19个梯度）、温度（17个梯度）对文蛤稚贝生长和存活的影响.结果表明：文蛤稚贝的适宜生存盐度在6.5～39.5,最适生存盐度在9.0～31.0,适宜生长盐度在7.3～38.7,最适生长盐度在15.0～23.0;其适宜生存温度在4.0 ℃～36.1 ℃,适宜生长温度在7.0 ℃～35.4 ℃,较适宜生长温度在17 ℃～33.5 ℃,最适生长温度在24 ℃～27 ℃.文蛤稚贝对高温度、低盐度有较强的适应性.     

温度对新菠萝灰粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响

新菠萝灰粉蚧是近年在我国新发现的一种重要外来入侵害虫,温度是决定新菠萝灰粉蚧能否建立稳定种群的最基本因素.本研究以南瓜作为寄主,探索恒温条件对新菠萝灰粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响.在17、20、23、26、29和32 ℃,光周期14L∶10D,相对湿度(75±5)%的实验室条件下,测定了新菠萝灰粉蚧各虫态的发育历期、发育速率、存活率和繁殖力,组建了新菠萝灰粉蚧的实验种群生命表.结果表明: 在20～29 ℃,各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短,在20 ℃下雌、雄若虫期的发育历期最长,分别为46.95和50.26 d;29 ℃时雌虫若虫期的发育历期最短,为20.28 d;而雄虫若虫期在32 ℃时最短,为20.70 d.各虫态的温度与发育速率的关系均符合二次回归关系.此外,温度显著影响新菠萝灰粉蚧的存活率,在29 ℃时雌、雄若虫期的存活率均最高,分别为70.3%和69.3%;雌虫世代的发育起点温度为13.80 ℃,有效积温为491.50日·度;雄虫世代的发育起点温度为11.61 ℃,有效积温为388.85日·度.新菠萝灰粉蚧的产卵前期和成虫寿命随着温度的升高而缩短;成虫产卵量在29 ℃时最高,达每雌442.2粒;最小为20 ℃,仅为每雌111.8粒;29和20 ℃下种群趋势指数分别为168.2和19.1,且在17和32 ℃时,新菠萝灰粉蚧1龄若虫和3龄若虫均表现为生长停滞.说明温度过高或过低均不利于其生长发育.温度对新菠萝灰粉蚧的生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长有显著的影响,23～29 ℃是最适宜新菠萝灰粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的温度范围.     

亚热带森林四种建群树种叶片叶肉导度对适度高温的响应

利用CO2气体交换和叶绿素荧光法,研究了适度高温(38℃)下亚热带森林4种建群树种叶片叶肉导度(gm).结果表明:阳生或早期演替树种荷木叶片gm较中后期演替的中生性或耐荫树种红椎、藜蒴和黄果厚壳桂高(P<0·05).生长在全日光下的叶片gm亦较遮荫的高(P<0·05).温度从25℃升至38℃,4个树种的平均叶肉导度Q10值为(1·59±0·27).gm对温度的响应依赖于植物种类和光环境.由于CO2在水中扩散的Q10值为1·25,gm除受温度影响外,还受到蛋白质的调控.适度高温可引起gm上升,导致叶绿体羧化部位的CO2浓度和羧化速率增高.无论是全日照还是遮荫处理,与荷木相比,适度增温可显著提高红椎、藜蒴和黄果厚壳桂叶绿体羧化速率,说明适度高温对演替中后期树种的演替进程有利.