漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群生态位

为了解漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群的生态位特征,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度、Schoener生态位相似性和Pianka生态位重叠指数对漓江河岸带枫杨群落乔木层、灌木层主要种群生态位进行定量分析.结果表明: 乔木层的枫杨、灌木层的石榕树和桑的生态位宽度较大;重要值较大的物种,其生态位宽度一般较大,但两者排名顺序并不完全一致.乔木层主要种群生态位相似性普遍小于灌木层,平均值分别为0.151和0.236,主要种群间的生态位相似性较小,各种群对资源利用的相似程度不高;乔木层主要种群生态位重叠普遍小于灌木层,它们的平均值分别为0.217和0.273,主要种群间的生态位重叠程度较低;生态位宽度与生态位相似性之间无显著相关关系,生态位宽度大的物种与其他物种发生重叠的概率更大,但生态位重叠值不一定大,生态位相似性大的物种,其生态位重叠值一般较大.漓江河岸带枫杨群落属于地带性顶极群落,种间关系相对稳定,种群更新缓慢,在发展中有衰退趋势.     

秦岭冷杉群落主要种群生态位研究

基于对秦岭山区濒危植物秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)分布群落的样地调查,采用定量分析的方法,研究了秦岭冷杉群落中主要种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠,结果表明：（1）分别用Levins和Shannon-weiner两指数测得的主要种群的生态位宽度结果基本一致,即乔木、灌木和草本层中生态位宽度最大的依次为秦岭冷杉、箭竹（Sinarundinaria nitida）和苔草（Carex lanceolata）,秦岭冷杉与生态位宽度值大的种群易形成混交林;（2）生态位宽度较高的两个种群,种对相似性比例一般较高;（3）秦岭冷杉群落中各主要种群之间的生态位重叠程度较低,表明种群对群落环境资源的分享比较充分,群落处于相对稳定状态。     

宝天曼落叶阔叶林种群生态位特征

利用Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ、Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度公式和Ｐｉａｎｋａ生态位重叠公式测定了宝天曼落叶阔叶林１４种主要乔木和２２种主要灌木种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并对生态位宽度、生态位重叠以及种间联结性的关系进行了初步探讨．结果表明,群落中主要优势种群的生态位宽度较大,乔木层主要优势种锐齿栎和漆树的Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ和Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度分别为１８．５２７、７．４８８和０．８８９、０．６８０,灌木层主要优势种哥兰叶、山葡萄和胡枝子的Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ和Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度分别为１８．９６４、１４．４７９、１３．２５１和０．９０８、０．７９９、０．７８５．具有相同或相似环境要求的物种间生态位重叠较大,生态位宽度较大的物种与其它种群间的生态位重叠较大．种间正联结性越强,其生态位重叠值越大,种间负联结性越强,其生态位重叠值越小．     

秦岭山地天然油松群落主要植物种群生态位特征

应用Levins、Hurlbert生态位宽度及Pianka生态位重叠研究方法,对秦岭山地天然油松群落内20种主要乔木及26种主要灌木的种群生态位特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)油松、锐齿槲栎、华山松、漆树为乔木层的优势种群,而榛子、卫矛、忍冬、荚蒾为灌木层的优势种群。(2)乔木层中上述优势种群具有较大的生态位宽度,构成了该群落的主体;灌木层中荚蒾、胡颓子、卫矛、榛子等种群的生态位宽度较大。(3)乔木层主要种群间生态位重叠相对较少,其中冬瓜杨-尖叶四照花、盐肤木-山杨、小叶杨-白桦、小叶杨-少脉椴等种对生态位重叠值较高;灌木层主要种群间生态位重叠较多,其中卫矛-陕西卫矛、绣线菊-忍冬、粉背黄栌-黑刺菝葜、高山杜鹃-中华柳等种对生态位重叠较高。(4)群落内优势种群生态位宽度较大,与其他种群间的生态位重叠值相对较高,但生态位重叠与生态位宽度之间没有绝对的正相关关系。     

太白红杉群落优势种的生态位研究

应用Levins和Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,研究了太白红杉群落12个优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明,乔木层中太白红杉的生态位宽度最大,对高海拔地区的环境适应能力较强,巴山冷杉对的低海拔地区的环境适应能力较强;灌木层中香柏的生态位宽度最大,华西忍冬、华西银腊梅、太白忍冬次之,头花杜鹃的生态位宽度最小。乔木层中太白红杉与巴山冷杉的生态位重叠较大,但二者只在低海拔分布范围有重叠;灌木层头花杜鹃的分布范围较大,与其它3个种的生态位重叠也最大,另外3个种的生态位重叠较小;草本层中毛状苔草、羊茅和嵩草的生态位重叠较大,而大叶碎米荠和太白银莲花的生态位重叠较小。     

洮河自然保护区大峪沟林区紫果云杉群落木本植物种群生态位特征

基于群落调查数据,以样地代表多种资源的综合状态,物种重要值作为生态位的计测指标,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度,Schoener生态位相似和Pianka生态位重叠对洮河自然保护区大峪沟林区的紫果云杉群落木本植物种群生态位进行定量研究。结果表明：紫果云杉群落乔木层共有树种8种,隶属于4科6属,紫果云杉占绝对优势,岷江冷杉为次优势种;灌木层共有植物50种,隶属于16科25属,忍冬科的蓝靛果、葱皮忍冬和唐古特忍冬等以及蔷薇科的峨眉蔷薇和银露梅等构成了灌木层的主体,紫果云杉幼苗优势不明显,但生态位宽度最大。本研究表明,生态位宽度受物种生态特性及其分布和生境共同影响,重要值大的物种生态位宽度一般较大,生态位宽度大的物种之间生态位相似性和重叠性一般较大,并与其它物种重叠的概率高、重叠程度大,生态位宽度小的物种集中出现时也会出现较大的生态位重叠,同科或同属的物种间常有较大生态位相似和重叠。生态位宽度反映着种群的扩散潜力,生态位相似反映着群落的稳定性,生态位重叠反映着物种间存在或潜在的竞争程度。紫果云杉在乔、灌木层均有最大的生态位宽度,生态适应性最强,群落结构稳定,具有进一步扩散的可能。     

濒危植物单性木兰群落优势种群生态位研究

以分布样地类型作为一维资源位,应用Levins、Hurlbert生态位宽度公式和Pianka生态位重叠以及生态位相似比例公式对单性木兰乔木层14个群落优势种群的生态位特征分析。结果表明:(1)单性木兰具有最大位宽度,对环境资源的利用具有明显优势,是群落中的建群种;(2)生态位宽的种群可能产生较小的生态位重叠,生态位较窄的种群间也会产生较大的生态位重叠,这主要取决于物种的生物学特性和对环境资源的需求;(3)单性木兰分布地的坡向、基岩裸露度、坡度等因子是影响单性木兰分布的重要因子。     

黄土高原马栏林区主要植物种的生态位研究

应用L ev ins、Shannon-W iener生态位宽度公式和P ianka生态位重叠公式,定量研究了黄土高原马栏林区主要植物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠特征,同时对主要种在演替系列上的生态位变化规律进行了分析.结果表明,在该地区森林群落演替系列中,乔木种生态位宽度的平均水平小于灌木种,建群种的生态位宽度小于主要伴生种;生态位宽度较大的种与其它各物种间生态位重叠的平均值较大,生态位宽度较小的种则相反,甚至没有重叠.由于物种生物生态学特性的不同和环境的异质性,具较宽生态位的物种间的生态位重叠也可能较小,生态位宽度较窄的物种间也可能有较大的生态位重叠,同属植物种对间也存在生态位重叠较大的情况.主要乔木和灌木种的生态位特征反映了森林群落演替的变化规律,该地区呈现出以自然恢复为主,同时又伴随着人为干扰的森林群落次生演替系列.     

关帝山神尾沟优势种生态位分析

采用Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度公式和Petraitis生态位重叠指数测定了关帝山神尾沟8种主要乔木、18种主要灌木和42种主要草本种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并对生态位定度和生态位重叠的关系进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,种群生态位定度越大,对环境的适应能力越强;具有相同或相似环境要求的物种间生态位重叠较大,生态位宽度较大的物种与其它种间生态位重叠较大。     

黄龙山林区封育天然油松群落种群生态位特征

选择黄土高原气候交错带的典型地段,将封育年限作为一维资源状态,以物种的重要值作为资源位上的表征特征,对6个封育年限内的油松群落乔木层、灌木层的主要种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了分析,结果表明:多数种群的生态位宽度较窄,生态位宽度较大的种群,生态位宽度排序与其重要值排序并非一致;种群间的生态位重叠较为普遍,这些结果与群落封育过程中物种对光等生态因子要求不同直接相关。研究结果有助于理解天然林封育过程中种群的生态适应性变化规律。     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。