漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群生态位

为了解漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群的生态位特征,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度、Schoener生态位相似性和Pianka生态位重叠指数对漓江河岸带枫杨群落乔木层、灌木层主要种群生态位进行定量分析.结果表明: 乔木层的枫杨、灌木层的石榕树和桑的生态位宽度较大;重要值较大的物种,其生态位宽度一般较大,但两者排名顺序并不完全一致.乔木层主要种群生态位相似性普遍小于灌木层,平均值分别为0.151和0.236,主要种群间的生态位相似性较小,各种群对资源利用的相似程度不高;乔木层主要种群生态位重叠普遍小于灌木层,它们的平均值分别为0.217和0.273,主要种群间的生态位重叠程度较低;生态位宽度与生态位相似性之间无显著相关关系,生态位宽度大的物种与其他物种发生重叠的概率更大,但生态位重叠值不一定大,生态位相似性大的物种,其生态位重叠值一般较大.漓江河岸带枫杨群落属于地带性顶极群落,种间关系相对稳定,种群更新缓慢,在发展中有衰退趋势.     

戴云山罗浮栲林主要乔木树种营养生态位研究

通过生态位空间分割,应用多维生态位宽度和生态位重叠分析戴云山罗浮栲(Castanopsis fabri)群落主要乔木树种在不同资源空间中的营养利用情况。结果表明,各物种在不同资源空间的营养利用情况存在差异。同一物种不同龄级生态位宽度不同,同一龄级不同物种生态位宽度也存在差异。罗浮栲天然林主要种群生态位重叠值介于0.2~0.3的有33对,占27.5%;大于0.3的有51对,占42.5%,群落中优势种种群生态位具有较大程度重叠,对资源的利用能力相似且竞争格局明显。乔木层中,个体多度分布较大的罗浮栲与其它树种生态位重叠在0.042~0.424,罗浮栲与其它物种在资源利用上所受到的竞争相对较弱,在一定程度上决定了该种群在群落中的优势地位。按照经典的分层频度分析,罗浮栲种群属于典型的衰退种,与群落演替的实际情况相一致。     

陕北典型退耕还林区林下草本物种生态位研究

基于样方法进行不同资源位的群落调查,并用群落物种多样性、生态位宽度、生态位重叠和生态位相似性比例分析了安塞县典型退耕区16种不同退耕模式及年限群落林下草本物种生态位特征。结果表明:乔木林下草本群落物种多样性高于灌木林。生态位宽度以达乌里胡枝子和阿尔泰狗娃花最大,它们的Shannon-Wiener(Bs-w,i)和Levins(Bl,i)指数分别为0.89、0.83和0.64、0.58。生态位宽度较大的种间生态位重叠程度大,如阿尔泰狗娃花、铁杆蒿、长芒草等。生态位宽度与生态位相似比例值并不一致。生态位相似性比例小于0.5的种对有174对,约占种群总对数的91.6%,说明种群对环境需求有较大的差异,各种群能较好地共生于群落中。     

仙湖苏铁群落优势种群的生态位特征

采用生态位宽度和生态位重叠探讨仙湖苏铁群落优势种群的生态位特征。结果表明,群落中生态位宽度大的优势种群,对其它种群的生态位重叠大,而生态位宽度小的种群对生态位宽度大的种群的生态位重叠不一定大;如果2个种群生态位宽度相近,则存在着较大的生态位重叠。优势种之间生态位重叠大,由于存在资源竞争,导致群落组成和结构发生变化从而影响群落的演替发展。相同的物种对在不同层次其生态位重叠水平不一致,从林下层到立木层,物种对的生态位重叠程度降低。仙湖苏铁种群与立木层中生性树种的生态位重叠大,由于植株高度的差异,它们之间可能存在着促进而非竞争关系,因此调整群落林分组成,使群落向着以中生性树种为优势种的方向发展,也许是促进仙湖苏铁种群恢复和发展的有利措施。     

洮河自然保护区大峪沟林区紫果云杉群落木本植物种群生态位特征

基于群落调查数据,以样地代表多种资源的综合状态,物种重要值作为生态位的计测指标,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度,Schoener生态位相似和Pianka生态位重叠对洮河自然保护区大峪沟林区的紫果云杉群落木本植物种群生态位进行定量研究。结果表明：紫果云杉群落乔木层共有树种8种,隶属于4科6属,紫果云杉占绝对优势,岷江冷杉为次优势种;灌木层共有植物50种,隶属于16科25属,忍冬科的蓝靛果、葱皮忍冬和唐古特忍冬等以及蔷薇科的峨眉蔷薇和银露梅等构成了灌木层的主体,紫果云杉幼苗优势不明显,但生态位宽度最大。本研究表明,生态位宽度受物种生态特性及其分布和生境共同影响,重要值大的物种生态位宽度一般较大,生态位宽度大的物种之间生态位相似性和重叠性一般较大,并与其它物种重叠的概率高、重叠程度大,生态位宽度小的物种集中出现时也会出现较大的生态位重叠,同科或同属的物种间常有较大生态位相似和重叠。生态位宽度反映着种群的扩散潜力,生态位相似反映着群落的稳定性,生态位重叠反映着物种间存在或潜在的竞争程度。紫果云杉在乔、灌木层均有最大的生态位宽度,生态适应性最强,群落结构稳定,具有进一步扩散的可能。     

退化红壤区植被恢复过程中灌木层主要种群的生态位特征

选择闽西典型退化红壤地区,对6个不同恢复阶段的封育马尾松群落灌木层主要种群的生态位特征进行了分析,结果表明,多数种群的生态位宽度较窄,对资源的利用不充分,生态位宽度较大的种群顺序与其重要值大小顺序存在一致性,同时种群间生态位重叠较为普遍,对资源的利用方式相对一致。这些结果与退化红壤区植被恢复过程中生境条件的变化密切相关,有助于理解植被恢复动态规律,指导运用人工措施以加快恢复进程。     

武陵山大木山自然保护区红豆杉群落优势乔木种群生态位和种间联结

应用Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验。对武陵山大木山自然保护区红豆杉群落内13个优势乔木种群的种间关联（或相关）性进行研究,并对13个优势乔木种群生态位宽度、生态位重叠进行分析。结果表明,红豆杉种群对资源的利用能力较强,生态位宽度值较大：红豆杉与其他物种生态特性差异较大,生态位重叠值较低;群落内各种群间关系的相对独立性较弱,红豆杉种群与其他物种大多呈正相关关系。生态位宽度值大的物种,与其他物种的生态位重叠值一般较大;生态位重叠值较大的物种对,其种间联结一般也较显著。     

山西太岳山辽东栎群落优势种生态位研究

采用样方法对山西太岳山七里峪林区辽东栎群落进行群落调查, 利用生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠公式对其10 种乔木, 10 种灌木和11 种草本的种群生态位特征进行研究。结果表明: 1)Levins 和Hurlbert 两种公式在乔、灌、草各层中的总体趋势基本保持一致。群落中辽东栎、土庄绣线菊和披针叶苔草在各层中的重要值和生态位宽度值最大, 对资源环境有较强的适应能力, 在群落中具有重要的地位。而棘皮桦、接骨木、水金凤等种群数量相对较少, 生态位宽度较小, 对资源的利用能力较弱; 2)从乔、灌、草整体的生态位相似性分配格局和重叠格局看, 辽东栎林各种群间生态位相似性比例和重叠程度较小, 群落内种间竞争不激烈, 有利于群落实现长期稳定共存; 3)从对辽东栎群落物种频度、重要值、生态位宽度和平均生态位重叠值的相关性分析可知, 除重要值和平均生态位重叠值相关性不显著外, 其余的都呈显著性正相关。研究发现七里峪辽东栎林是七里峪地区的地带性顶极群落, 多数优势种的生态位重叠值较小, 但仍有少数优势种重叠值较大, 表明在辽东栎群落发展过程中种群间对环境资源的利用性竞争不可避免, 所以维持群落的物种多样性使群落处于动态的稳定状态有利于辽东栎群落的保护和发展。     

太行山中段植物群落优势种生态位研究

运用TWINSPAN把样方分为8个群落类型,用Levins、Shannon-wiener生态位宽度公式和Petraitis生态位特定重叠指数公式测定群落中主要种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并分析各种群生态位的生态学意义。在总群落中,披针苔草和草地早熟禾的生态位宽度最大,说明它们对群落环境的适应能力最强,对资源的利用能力也最强;在不同的群落里（群落Ⅰ到群落Ⅷ）,相同种群生态位宽度有极大差别,草地早熟禾在群落Ⅱ中,B1为 2.753,B2为 15.561,在群落Ⅷ中,B1为0,B2为1;总群落中,各种群的生态位宽度明显大于其在其他群落里的生态位宽度。两个种群的生态位重叠值越大,说明它们占据越相似的资源空间,珠芽蓼和火绒草的生态位重叠值高达0.892（群落Ⅰ中）,说明它们利用资源的相似性程度很高;在总群落中,各种群之间生态位重叠值都很低。     

陕北黄龙山辽东栎群落优势种群生态位研究

经实地踏查,在陕北黄龙林区选择有辽东栎林分布的环境类型6个,设置20 m×20 m的样地共30个,并通过各样地组成种类重要值的计算和排序,确定辽东栎群落中的优势种群,其中乔木层14种、灌木层27种、草本层11种。依此作为统计分析对象,对黄龙山林区辽东栎群落优势种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠状况进行研究,以揭示森林群落内种间竞争的机理。结果显示:乔木层中,辽东栎、白桦、油松种群的生态位宽度较大,LNB值分别为1.4611、1.4132、1.2588,且两两之间生态位重叠值亦较大(Oik>0.7);灌木层中,土庄绣线菊、虎榛子、铁杆蒿和黄蔷薇等的生态位宽度大(LNB>1),是辽东栎林下常见的灌木种类;草本层中,披针叶苔草、华北风毛菊、草地早熟禾和大油芒具有较宽的生态位,LNB值分别为1.4456、1.2841、1.0603、1.0573,是草本层的优势种。结果表明,乔、灌、草三层的优势种群对当地环境具有较高的适应性和环境资源的利用能力;同层之间的生态位重叠表明在辽东栎群落发展过程中种群间对环境资源的利用性竞争不可避免。     

林窗对格氏栲天然林更新层物种生态位的影响

采用改进更新生态位宽度和更新生态位重叠模型分析林窗干扰对福建三明市格氏栲天然林更新层物种生态位的影响。结果表明:林窗中格氏栲更新生态宽度值大于林下,林窗在促进格氏栲更新过程中具有重要作用。林窗和林下更新生态位宽度最大的为桂北木姜子,其与格氏栲更新生态位重叠值也较大。林窗中的格氏栲与其它物种更新生态位重叠值低于0.6,林窗微生境的异质性导致格氏栲与其它树种间对资源的利用存在明显的共享趋势,促进了物种间共存。林下的格氏栲与木荷、木荚红豆和短尾越桔的更新生态位重叠值均高于0.6,格氏栲与这些物种相互争夺资源与空间,种间竞争较强。格氏栲天然林未来树种组成中,主要由桂北木姜子、木荷、矩圆叶鼠刺与格氏栲等组成的混交群落,整个群落正向物种组成多样化的方向演变。     

乌鲁木齐达坂城山区地衣生态位特征的研究

为揭示达坂城山区地衣对生境资源的利用状况及竞争程度,该研究在野外设置30个样方并调查其物种盖度数据,利用生态位宽度、生态位重叠指数及排序分析,探讨达坂城山区地衣的生态位特征及环境影响因子。结果表明:(1)达坂城山区生态位最宽的为丽黄鳞衣(Rusavskia elegans)和内卷野粮衣(Circinaria contorta),对不同环境具有较强的适应性,其他地衣物种生态位宽度较窄,对环境资源利用程度低。(2)物种间生态位重叠值整体偏低,生态位重叠值较高的物种对极少,地衣物种生态位分化程度高,物种间竞争不激烈。(3)生态位较宽的物种与多数物种之间都存在生态位重叠,但重叠值较低; 一些生态位较窄的物种与其他物种之间的生态位重叠值较高; 生态位重叠和生态位宽度之间并无直接的线性关系。(4)地衣物种沿海拔梯度分布具有差异,海拔、光照强度、湿度、风速和人为干扰是本地区地衣群落物种生态位特征差异的主导环境因子。综上所述,达坂城山区地衣物种由于生境资源的竞争占据各自独特的生态位,形成了生态位的分化,群落较为稳定,沿海拔梯度的生境条件差异是物种差异分布的重要原因。该研究可为地衣群落构建研究提供理论依据,并对该地区地衣物种的多样性和生境保护具有重要意义。     

豇豆田生态系统中主要害虫及天敌的生态位研究

对武汉地区春播和夏播豇豆田生态系统中主要害虫、天敌的种类及空间、时间生态位进行了调查研究。结果表明,春播和夏播豇豆中,瓢虫、蜘蛛和捕食蝽同主要害虫的生态位重叠较大,跟随作用强,具保护利用价值;害虫生态位宽度以蚜虫LipaahiserysimiKaltenbach、蓟马ThripspalmiKarny、豆野螟MarucatestulalisGeyer较宽,天敌生态位春播田中瓢虫较宽,夏播田中蜘蛛较宽。     

Invasions and niche width: does niche width of an introduced crayfish differ from a native crayfish?

1. Human activities have promoted the spread of species worldwide. Several crayfish species have been introduced into new areas, posing a threat to native crayfish and other biota. Invader success may depend on the ability to utilise a wide variety of habitats and resources. Successful invaders are generally expected to have broader niches and to be more plastic than non-invasive species.
2. Using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen we compared the niche widths of native noble crayfish and introduced signal crayfish, a successful invader of Swedish streams. The calculation of niche width took account of between-site differences in basal resource isotope signature ranges. We also assessed whether population density, prey biomass or prey diversity affected niche width.
3. At the species level, signal crayfish had twice the niche width of noble crayfish. However, individual populations of noble crayfish and signal crayfish in Swedish streams had similar niche widths. This suggests that signal crayfish has greater plasticity with respect to habitat utilisation and feeding than noble crayfish. Niche width in both species correlated positively with benthic invertebrate biomass and diversity, indicating that animal food sources are important for crayfish.
4. We find that assessing niche width in relation to invader success can be a useful tool trying to predict the impact of invasions on different scales. The findings in this study suggest that invaders and natives will have a similar impact on the stream scale whereas the invader will have a larger impact on the regional scale due to the ability to utilise a wider range of streams.     

北部湾北部生态系统结构与功能——浮游动物空间生态位及其分化

根据2006—2007年北部湾北部海域4个航次调查资料,采用K-优势度曲线法对浮游动物种(类)群进行排序分析,运用Levins公式和Pianka指数分析了主要优势种(类)群的生态位宽度值和生态位重叠程度,并通过除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)研究生态位分化状况。结果表明,该海区浮游动物优势种(类)群按生态位宽度值可划分为广生态位、中生态位和窄生态位三大类型。其中,广生态位的种(类)群如肥胖软箭虫、亚强次真哲水蚤、长尾类幼体等具有较强的生态适应性,生活范围较广;窄生态位的种(类)群,对环境的适应性较差,对海流和水团等环境因素的变化具有指示意义。生态位宽度能够反映种(类)群丰度季节变化,但不能反映具体丰度大小。北部湾北部全年主要优势种(类)群的生态位宽度值介于0.08—0.77之间,并且各优势种(类)群的生态位宽度差异较大,种对间生态位重叠值介于0.02—0.89之间,平均生态位重叠指数为0.45,种(类)群之间利用资源环境的互补性较强,这与海域内生境多样化并且各优势种对环境适应能力的差异存在一定联系。DCCA分析表明,影响浮游动物分布的主要因子是水深、温度和盐度,其次是叶绿素a和溶解氧。     

Climatic niche divergence explains angiosperm diversification across clades in China

Diversification rates are critically important for understanding patterns of species richness among clades. However, the effects of climatic niche width on plant diversification rates remain to be elucidated. Based on the phylogenetic, climatic, and distributional information of angiosperms in China, a total of 26 906 species from 182 families were included in this study. We aimed to test relationships between diversification rate and climatic niche width and climatic niche width related variables (including climatic niche divergence, climatic niche position, geographic extent, and climatic niche evolutionary rate) using phylogenetic methods. We found that climatic niche divergence had the largest unique contribution to the diversification rate, while the unique effects of climatic niche width, climatic niche position, geographic extent, and climatic niche evolutionary rate on the diversification rate were negligible. We also observed that the relationship between diversification rate and climatic niche divergence was significantly stronger than the null assumption (artefactual relationship between diversification and clade-level climatic niche width by sampling more species). Our study supports the hypothesis that wider family climatic niche widths explain faster diversification rates through a higher climatic niche divergence rather than through higher geographic extent, higher climatic niche evolutionary rate, or separated climatic niche position. Hence, the results provide a potential explanation for large-scale diversity patterns within families of plants.     

Niche width of above‐ and below‐ground organisms varied in predicting biodiversity profiling along a latitudinal gradient

Biodiversity is the foundation of all ecosystems across the planet, and having a better understanding of its global distribution mechanism could be important for biodiversity conservation under global change. A niche width model, combined with metabolic theory, has successfully predicted the increase of α‐diversity and decrease of β‐diversity in the below‐ground microbial community along an altitudinal mountain gradient. In this study, we evaluated this niche width model of above‐ground plants (mainly trees and shrubs) and below‐ground bulk soil microbial communities (i.e., bacteria and archaea) along a latitudinal gradient of forests in China. The niche widths of both plants and microbes increased with increasing temperature and precipitation, and with proximity to circumneutral pH. However, the α‐ and β‐diversities (observed richness and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity, respectively) could not be accurately predicted by a single niche width model alone, either temperature, precipitation or pH. Considering the interactions among different niche width models, all three niche width models were combined to predict biodiversity at the community level using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the niche width model of circumneutral pH was most important in predicting diversity profiling (i.e., α‐ and β‐diversity) for both plants and microbes, while niche width of precipitation and temperature showed both direct and indirect importance for microbe and plant biodiversity, respectively. Because the current niche width model neglects several scenarios related to taxon and environmental attributes, it still needs to be treated with caution in predicting biodiversity trends.     

砒砂岩区不同立地类型人工油松林下草本种群生态位特征及其环境解释

黄土高原砒砂岩区是我国水土流失最为严重的地区之一,油松(Pinus tabuliformis)是该区水土保持与水源涵养的优势乔木。以几种不同立地类型人工油松林为对象,应用Levins生态位宽度指数、Pianka生态位重叠指数和冗余度分析(RDA),研究林下草本群落生态位特征及其与环境的相互响应。结果表明:所调查的150个油松林下草本样方中,共发现31种草本植物,隶属于11科24属,阳性旱生植物居多。不同立地类型人工油松林下草本群落生态位特征不同,生态位宽度指数及生态位重叠指数均表现阳坡大于阴坡,平坡好于斜缓坡,但整体指数均较小,表明物种对环境资源利用程度较低,种间竞争度不大,群落处于相对稳定状态。通过对比典范对应分析(CCA)及冗余度分析(RDA),RDA排序更能较好揭示生态位特征与环境因素的关系,得出乔灌层郁闭度、土壤有机质、土壤含水率和坡度是林下草本群落生态位特征各异的主导环境因子。     

Evolution of niche width and adaptive diversification

Theoretical models suggest that resource competition can lead to the adaptive splitting of consumer populations into diverging lineages, that is, to adaptive diversification. In general, diversification is likely if consumers use only a narrow range of resources and thus have a small niche width. Here we use analytical and numerical methods to study the consequences for diversification if the niche width itself evolves. We found that the evolutionary outcome depends on the inherent costs or benefits of widening the niche. If widening the niche did not have costs in terms of overall resource uptake, then the consumer evolved a niche that was wide enough for disruptive selection on the niche position to vanish; adaptive diversification was no longer observed. However, if widening the niche was costly, then the niche widths remained relatively narrow, allowing for adaptive diversification in niche position. Adaptive diversification and speciation resulting from competition for a broadly distributed resource is thus likely if the niche width is fixed and relatively narrow or free to evolve but subject to costs. These results refine the conditions for adaptive diversification due to competition and formulate them in a way that might be more amenable for experimental investigations.