五鹿山国家级自然保护区油松群落优势种生态位研究

根据五鹿山国家级自然保护区油松群落57个样地调查资料,通过TWINSPIN聚类分析对该群落类型进行了划分,将划分群丛类型作为资源轴,计算了乔木和灌木树种Shannon-Wiener和Hurbert生态位宽度及Morisita重叠指数。结果表明：油松群落共划分为7个群丛。乔木层油松、辽东栎、茶条槭的生态位宽度（Shannon-Wiener和Hurbert生态位宽度）较大,LB和HB分别是1.656、1.404、1.047和0.948、0.735、0.386。灌木层水栒子、土庄绣线菊、陕西荚蒾的生态位宽度较大,LB和HB分别是1.562、1.401、1.300和0.512、0.447、0.389。乔木层生态位高度重叠的占6%(>0.8),中度重叠的占10%(0.6~0.8),小于0.6的低度重叠的占84%,灌木层高度重叠者占7%(>0.8),中度重叠者占10.39%(0.6~0.8),小于0.6的低度重叠者占82.25%。说明油松群落组成植物对当地环境具有较高的适应性和资源环境利用能力,种间竞争较小,有些物种的生态位明显趋于特化,群落处于共摊阶段。     

漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群生态位

为了解漓江河岸带枫杨群落主要木本植物种群的生态位特征,在对其进行群落调查的基础上,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度、Schoener生态位相似性和Pianka生态位重叠指数对漓江河岸带枫杨群落乔木层、灌木层主要种群生态位进行定量分析.结果表明: 乔木层的枫杨、灌木层的石榕树和桑的生态位宽度较大;重要值较大的物种,其生态位宽度一般较大,但两者排名顺序并不完全一致.乔木层主要种群生态位相似性普遍小于灌木层,平均值分别为0.151和0.236,主要种群间的生态位相似性较小,各种群对资源利用的相似程度不高;乔木层主要种群生态位重叠普遍小于灌木层,它们的平均值分别为0.217和0.273,主要种群间的生态位重叠程度较低;生态位宽度与生态位相似性之间无显著相关关系,生态位宽度大的物种与其他物种发生重叠的概率更大,但生态位重叠值不一定大,生态位相似性大的物种,其生态位重叠值一般较大.漓江河岸带枫杨群落属于地带性顶极群落,种间关系相对稳定,种群更新缓慢,在发展中有衰退趋势.     

陕北黄龙山辽东栎群落优势种群生态位研究

经实地踏查,在陕北黄龙林区选择有辽东栎林分布的环境类型6个,设置20 m×20 m的样地共30个,并通过各样地组成种类重要值的计算和排序,确定辽东栎群落中的优势种群,其中乔木层14种、灌木层27种、草本层11种。依此作为统计分析对象,对黄龙山林区辽东栎群落优势种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠状况进行研究,以揭示森林群落内种间竞争的机理。结果显示:乔木层中,辽东栎、白桦、油松种群的生态位宽度较大,LNB值分别为1.4611、1.4132、1.2588,且两两之间生态位重叠值亦较大(Oik>0.7);灌木层中,土庄绣线菊、虎榛子、铁杆蒿和黄蔷薇等的生态位宽度大(LNB>1),是辽东栎林下常见的灌木种类;草本层中,披针叶苔草、华北风毛菊、草地早熟禾和大油芒具有较宽的生态位,LNB值分别为1.4456、1.2841、1.0603、1.0573,是草本层的优势种。结果表明,乔、灌、草三层的优势种群对当地环境具有较高的适应性和环境资源的利用能力;同层之间的生态位重叠表明在辽东栎群落发展过程中种群间对环境资源的利用性竞争不可避免。     

长白山云冷杉群落主要种群生态位特征

应用TWINSPAN将23块长白山云冷杉林样方划分为8个群落类型,以此作为一维资源位,应用Levins、Hurlbert生态位宽度公式和Pianka生态位重叠公式对长白山云冷杉林群落12种主要乔木、13种主要灌木和18种主要草本植物的生态位特征进行分析.结果 表明:(1)乔木层中,臭冷杉、鱼鳞云杉具有最大的生态位宽度,它们是该区森林群落的主要建群种.灌木层中,瘤枝卫矛与几种械树的生态位宽度较大.草本层中,粗茎鳞毛蕨、山酢浆草、二叶舞鹤草具有较大的生态位宽度.表明它们广布于云冷杉林郁闭的林冠下,对环境适应能力强.(2)生态位宽的种群可能产生较小的生态位重叠,生态位较窄的种群间也会产生较大的生态位重叠,这主要取决于物种的生物学特性和对环境资源的需求.(3)从生态位重叠分布格局来看,主要植物种群的生态位重叠较为普遍,但主要集中在较低水平,表明群落内因利用相同资源或占有同一资源而产生的种间竞争并不激烈,对环境资源的共享比较充分,长白山云冷杉群落处于相对稳定阶段.     

宝天曼落叶阔叶林种群生态位特征

利用Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ、Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度公式和Ｐｉａｎｋａ生态位重叠公式测定了宝天曼落叶阔叶林１４种主要乔木和２２种主要灌木种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并对生态位宽度、生态位重叠以及种间联结性的关系进行了初步探讨．结果表明,群落中主要优势种群的生态位宽度较大,乔木层主要优势种锐齿栎和漆树的Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ和Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度分别为１８．５２７、７．４８８和０．８８９、０．６８０,灌木层主要优势种哥兰叶、山葡萄和胡枝子的Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ和Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度分别为１８．９６４、１４．４７９、１３．２５１和０．９０８、０．７９９、０．７８５．具有相同或相似环境要求的物种间生态位重叠较大,生态位宽度较大的物种与其它种群间的生态位重叠较大．种间正联结性越强,其生态位重叠值越大,种间负联结性越强,其生态位重叠值越小．     

黄龙山林区封育天然油松群落种群生态位特征

选择黄土高原气候交错带的典型地段,将封育年限作为一维资源状态,以物种的重要值作为资源位上的表征特征,对6个封育年限内的油松群落乔木层、灌木层的主要种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了分析,结果表明:多数种群的生态位宽度较窄,生态位宽度较大的种群,生态位宽度排序与其重要值排序并非一致;种群间的生态位重叠较为普遍,这些结果与群落封育过程中物种对光等生态因子要求不同直接相关。研究结果有助于理解天然林封育过程中种群的生态适应性变化规律。     

洮河自然保护区大峪沟林区紫果云杉群落木本植物种群生态位特征

基于群落调查数据,以样地代表多种资源的综合状态,物种重要值作为生态位的计测指标,利用Levins和Shannon生态位宽度,Schoener生态位相似和Pianka生态位重叠对洮河自然保护区大峪沟林区的紫果云杉群落木本植物种群生态位进行定量研究。结果表明：紫果云杉群落乔木层共有树种8种,隶属于4科6属,紫果云杉占绝对优势,岷江冷杉为次优势种;灌木层共有植物50种,隶属于16科25属,忍冬科的蓝靛果、葱皮忍冬和唐古特忍冬等以及蔷薇科的峨眉蔷薇和银露梅等构成了灌木层的主体,紫果云杉幼苗优势不明显,但生态位宽度最大。本研究表明,生态位宽度受物种生态特性及其分布和生境共同影响,重要值大的物种生态位宽度一般较大,生态位宽度大的物种之间生态位相似性和重叠性一般较大,并与其它物种重叠的概率高、重叠程度大,生态位宽度小的物种集中出现时也会出现较大的生态位重叠,同科或同属的物种间常有较大生态位相似和重叠。生态位宽度反映着种群的扩散潜力,生态位相似反映着群落的稳定性,生态位重叠反映着物种间存在或潜在的竞争程度。紫果云杉在乔、灌木层均有最大的生态位宽度,生态适应性最强,群落结构稳定,具有进一步扩散的可能。     

秦岭锐齿栎林种群生态位特征研究

基于秦岭林区锐齿栎群落31块400m^2的样地调查数据,以物种的重要值为生态位计算的资源状态指标,应用Levins、Hurlbert公式和Pianka公式对该林区锐齿栎群落24种主要乔木和29种灌木进行了生态位宽度和生态位重叠计算与分析．结果表明,该群落中主要优势种群的生态位宽度较大,乔木层的主要优势种群锐齿栎、华山松、漆树、山杨、油松等的Levins、Hurlbert生态位宽度值分别为3．695、1．695、1．325、O．840、0．702和0．036、0．299、0．568、1．721、2．701,灌木层的主要优势种群榛子、美丽胡枝子、鞘柄菝葜等的Levins、Hurlbert生态位宽度值分别为1．833、1．466、0．984和0．111、0．300、0．594．生态位宽度较大的物种对资源利用能力较强,与其它种群间的生态位重叠一般较大;对相似环境要求的物种间生态位重叠较大．     

漓江流域岩溶区檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要共有种生态位变化

以空间代替时间的方法选取典型样地,采用群落学调查对漓江流域岩溶区立地条件基本一致的檵木群落不同恢复阶段主要共有种的Levins生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠进行研究,揭示檵木群落恢复过程物种的环境资源利用状况和种间关系、种群动态及群落稳定性,为漓江流域岩溶石漠化生态系统的植被恢复和重建提供依据。结果表明:(1)檵木群落不同恢复阶段乔木层主要共有种为檵木、小巴豆,灌木层主要共有种为檵木、红背山麻杆、龙须藤、火棘、白饭树、白马骨、扁片海桐、皱叶雀梅藤、亮叶崖豆藤。(2)乔木层主要共有种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠随着檵木群落的恢复呈现增大的趋势,而灌木层主要共有种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠变化趋势则相反。(3)在乔灌阶段的乔木层和乔林阶段的灌木层主要共有种的生态位宽度均小于1.0,灌木层中主要共有种对间的低生态位重叠值(0～0.6)的种对数随着群落恢复增多,而高生态位重叠值(0.8～0.9)的种对数减少。(4)乔木层中的主要共有种檵木和小巴豆协同发展,在相当长的时间内将共同主导群落的整体恢复方向;灌木层中的主要共有种随着群落的恢复对环境资源需求进一步分化或者生态位进一步分离,檵木的优势地位进一步削弱。     

山西蟒河国家级自然保护区人工油松林生态位特征

采用Levins生态位宽度、Pianka生态位重叠及生态位相似性指数,对山西蟒河国家级自然保护区人工油松林群落8种乔木、12种灌木和10种草本的种群生态位特征进行了分析。结果表明:乔木树种中油松(1.673)的生态位宽度值较大,其次为华山松(0.737)和侧柏(0.570);灌木树种中荆条(1.150)和黄刺玫(1.020)的生态位宽度值较大;而草本层生态位宽度最大的是苔草(1.520)和华北米蒿(1.200)。乔木、灌木和草本层各种群间均有不同程度的重叠,重叠指数依乔木、灌木、草本层逐渐增大。在乔木层中有2对物种的生态位重叠值0.5,占总数的7.14%;灌木层中有9对物种的重叠值0.5,占总数的13.64%;草本层中重叠值0.5的物种对有7对,占总数的15.56%。总体上表现为生态位宽度大的物种,对资源的利用能力较强,与其他物种间的生态位相似性较高,生态位重叠较大。     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。