蚂蚁筑巢对西双版纳热带森林土壤有机氮矿化的影响

蚂蚁作为生态系统工程师能够调节土壤微生物及理化环境,进而对热带森林土壤有机氮矿化速率及其时间动态产生显著影响。以西双版纳白背桐热带森林群落为研究对象,采用室内需氧培养法测定土壤有机氮矿化速率,比较蚁巢和非蚁巢土壤有机氮矿化速率的时间动态,揭示蚂蚁筑巢活动引起土壤无机氮库、微生物生物量碳及化学性质改变对有机氮矿化速率时间动态的影响。结果表明：（1）蚂蚁筑巢显著影响土壤有机氮矿化速率（P<0.01）,相较于非蚁巢,蚁巢土壤有机氮矿化速率提高了261%;（2）土壤有机氮矿化速率随月份推移呈明显的单峰型变化趋势,即6月最大（蚁巢1.22 mg kg^-1 d^-1、非蚁巢0.41 mg kg^-1 d^-1）,12月最小（蚁巢0.82 mg kg^-1 d^-1、非蚁巢0.18 mg kg^-1 d^-1）;（3）两因素方差分析表明,不同月份及不同处理对土壤有机氮矿化速率、NH₄-N及NO₃-N产生显著影响（P<0.05）,但对NO₃-N的交互作用不显著;（4）蚂蚁筑巢显著提高了无机氮库（NH₄-N与NO₃-N）、微生物生物量碳、有机质、水解氮、全氮及易氧化有机碳等土壤养分含量,而降低了土壤pH值;（5）回归分析表明,铵态氮和硝态氮对土壤有机氮矿化速率产生显著影响,分别解释87.89%、61.84%的有机氮矿化速率变化;（6）主成份分析表明NH₄-N、微生物生物量碳及有机质是影响有机氮矿化速率时间动态的主要因素,而全氮、NO₃-N、易氧化有机碳、水解氮及pH对土壤有机氮矿化速率的影响次之,且pH与土壤有机氮矿化速率呈显著负相关。总之,蚂蚁筑巢活动主要通过影响土壤NH₄-N、微生物生物量碳及有机质的状况,进而调控西双版纳热带森林土壤有机氮矿化速率的时间动态。研究结果将有助于进一步提高对土壤氮矿化生物调控机制的认识。     

华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林不同深度土壤氮矿化及酶活性对模拟氮沉降的响应

在森林土壤中，无机氮的垂直移动速率较快，因此大气氮沉降极有可能对下层森林土壤造成较大影响，且表层土壤往往与下层土壤的物理化学特性和所处环境差异较大，因此土壤剖面中不同深度的土壤对大气氮沉降的响应可能存在较大差异。以往研究表明，"华西雨屏"区的年均氮湿沉降量高达95 kg N hm^-2 a^-1，处于中国最高水平，该森林生态系统出现一定氮饱和特征。基于以上背景，研究华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林不同深度土壤氮矿化及相关酶活性对模拟氮沉降的响应，从2014年1月起进行野外定位模拟氮沉降试验，分别设置对照（CK，+0 g N hm^-2 a^-1）、低氮（LN，+5 g N hm^-2 a^-1）和高氮（HN，+15 g N hm^-2 a^-1）3个氮添加水平。在氮沉降进行5年后进行土壤采样，测定不同深度土壤（上层0-15 cm、中层15-30 cm、下层30-45 cm）全氮（TN）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量及氮矿化相关酶活性。结果表明：（1）该常绿阔叶次生林不同深度土壤TN有显著差异；（2）模拟氮沉降对该系统土壤氮矿化总体表现出极显著抑制作用，其中中层土壤抑制作用最为强烈，净氮矿化速率主要受硝化过程的影响；（3）氮矿化相关酶活性均随土壤深度的加深而降低，模拟氮沉降对土壤脲酶活性有极显著促进作用，对土壤硝酸还原酶活性有显著抑制作用。由于无机氮在土壤剖面中的高度可移动性，深层土壤氮循环和特征对氮沉降的响应需要更加密切的关注。     

增加水分对古尔班通古特沙漠4种短命植物生物量及氮素形态吸收的影响

为明确土壤水分含量对荒漠生态系统短命植物生长及氮素吸收偏好性的影响,该研究以古尔班通古特沙漠4种优势短命植物东方旱麦草(Eremopyrum orientale)、尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrhinchum)、琉苞菊(Centaurea pulchella)和卵果鹤虱(Lappula patula)为研究对象,通过盆栽控水实验,设定3个水分梯度分别为：干旱处理(W₁,土壤含水量2％)、正常水分处理(W₂,土壤含水量8％)和湿润处理(W₃,土壤含水量14％),利用¹⁵N同位素示踪法研究水分对4种植物生物量及不同形态氮素的吸收策略的影响。结果表明：(1)随着土壤含水量的增加,4种短命植物的地上、地下、总生物量呈递增趋势,在正常水分处理时增速最快,且同一生活型不同物种之间的生物量累积速率不同;而4种短命植物的根冠比随土壤水分含量的增加呈显著下降趋势。(2)在不同水分处理下,4种短命植物对不同形态的¹⁵N吸收速率表现为：硝态氮＞铵态氮＞甘氨酸,对3种形态氮素以及总氮的吸收速率均随着水分梯度的增加呈增大趋势。(3)在干旱处理时,硝态氮是4种短命植物最偏好吸收的氮形态,随着土壤含水量的增加东方旱麦草、琉苞菊的氮素形态偏好性不会改变,而在水分持续增大至湿润处理时,铵态氮对尖喙牻牛儿苗和卵果鹤虱的氮素吸收的贡献率超过硝态氮,成为这2种植物最偏好吸收的氮形态。     

中国西北典型冰川区大气氮素沉降量的估算——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

高寒冰川区氮素沉降量的变化会对区域生态系统产生显著影响,定量评估冰川区的氮沉降状况可以为修正相关模型提供重要的原始数据。通过2004年1月至2006年12月在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川连续采样,分析了中国西北典型冰川区大气氮素的沉降特征,并估算了该区域的年均氮素沉降量。研究结果表明,1号冰川湿沉降中的硝态氮 (NO₃^--N)、铵态氮 (NH₄⁺-N) 与总无机氮 (TIN) 存在着明显的季节变化特征:夏季沉降量最大,冬季最少,且与降水量表现出较好的对应关系。1号冰川氮素湿沉降的硝铵比 (NO₃^--N / NH₄⁺-N) 月平均值在0.3-1间波动。1号冰川TIN湿沉降量年平均值为1.51 kg/hm² (其中NH₄⁺-N沉降量占总量的69%,而NO₃^--N沉降量仅占31%),干湿沉降总量年均值为1.56 kg/hm²,总氮 (TN) 的干湿沉降总量年均值为3.85 kg/hm²。得到的冰川区氮素沉降量符合中国西部高寒区的一般水平,代表了该区域的本底值。     

氮添加对戴云山黄山松林土壤有机氮解聚酶活性的影响及其调控因素

解聚作用是控制土壤有机氮矿化和氮素有效性供应的关键,然而氮沉降对亚热带森林土壤有机氮解聚作用的影响机制尚不明确。以福建戴云山黄山松林为研究对象,设置对照（CT）、低氮（LN）和高氮（HN）3个氮添加水平,进行为期2年的氮沉降模拟试验。通过分析土壤化学性质、微生物生物量和土壤8种有机氮解聚酶活性的变化,探究土壤有机氮解聚作用响应氮沉降的机理过程。结果表明：短期氮添加显著增加0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层矿质氮含量,并显著增加了10-20 cm土层微生物生物量碳（MBC）的含量。同时,0-10 cm土壤锰过氧化物酶活性随氮添加量增加而显著提高,HN处理下土壤漆酶活性显著高于LN和CT;10-20 cm土壤的酸性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和漆酶活性均随氮添加量增加而显著提高,但是谷氨酰胺酶活性变化相反。冗余分析表明两个土层有机氮解聚酶活性影响因素不同,土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）是0-10 cm土层有机氮解聚酶活性的主要影响因素,而10-20 cm土层有机氮解聚酶活性由NO₃^--N和MBC共同影响。综上所述,亚热带黄山松林土壤不同有机氮解聚酶对氮添加的响应不一致,主要受土壤NO₃^--N和MBC调节。该研究有助于拓宽土壤氮循环对氮沉降的响应机理,同时对维持土壤有效氮含量和提高黄山松生态系统生产力具有重要意义。     

硝态和铵态氮配比对水培油麦菜苗期生长及生理特性的影响

采用水培技术,以油麦菜幼苗为材料,研究不同硝铵态氮配比（NO₃^-∶NH₄⁺）对油麦菜苗期地上部和根系生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明：（1）油麦菜地上部和根系硝酸盐含量皆与营养液中NO₃^--N比例呈正相关关系,且各处理均达到无公害蔬菜的标准。（2）随着营养液中NH₄⁺-N比例的增加,油麦菜地上部有机酸含量先降低后升高,且在硝铵态氮配比为5∶5时最低,可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,而可溶性蛋白质含量先升高后降低,在硝铵态氮配比为5∶5时最高;油麦菜根系有机酸和可溶性糖含量先升高后降低,两者分别在硝铵态氮配比为5∶5和7.5∶2.5时最高,而可溶性蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,在全NO₃^--N时最高。（3）随着营养液中NH₄⁺-N比例的增加,油麦菜地上部和根系中SOD活性先升后降,并分别在硝铵态氮配比为5∶5和7.5∶2.5时最高,而地上部和根系中MDA、脯氨酸含量和POD、CAT活性的变化趋势则与其相反。（4）随着营养液中NH₄⁺-N比例的增加,油麦菜地上部和根系干重皆先升后降,根冠比则逐渐减小;在硝铵态氮配比为7.5∶2.5时干重最大,根冠比适宜且稳定。研究表明,水培油麦菜苗期地上部和根系生长及生理特性受到氮素形态配比的显著影响,且根系的生理响应更敏感;营养液中硝铵态氮配比为7.5∶2.5时,油麦菜受胁迫程度最低,地上部和根系生长较协调,油麦菜生长和生理状况最佳。     

攀枝花不同海拔高度烤烟农田红壤中氨氧化细菌与氨氧化古菌的群落结构分析

为探究攀枝花干热河谷区农田土壤氨氧化古菌（Ammonia oxidizing archaea,AOA）与氨氧化细菌（Ammonia oxidizing bacteria,AOB）群落对海拔高度的响应特征,深入认识该区域的氮素循环过程。以攀枝花米易县不同海拔（1600 m、1800 m和2000 m）农田红壤为研究对象,运用化学分析和末端限制性片段长度多态性（Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP）分别测定土壤理化性质、AOA和AOB群落组成及多样性,研究不同海拔农田土壤中AOA和AOB群落变异及其驱动因子。研究结果显示,不同海拔农田土壤pH均小于7,土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、速效钾（AK）和铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）含量随海拔升高而降低,碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量随海拔升高先增加后降低;随海拔升高,AOA群落多样性指数增加,而AOB群落多样性指数先增加后降低;AOA以亚硝基球菌属（Nitrososphaera）为优势菌群,AOB以亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）为优势菌群;土壤有机碳（SOC）、速效钾（AK）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）是影响该区域农田土壤AOA和AOB群落发育的主要因子。总体而言,攀枝花干热河谷区不同海拔农田土壤AOA和AOB群落结构变化明显,土壤硝态氮、速效钾和有机碳是影响AOA和AOB群落结构变异的主要因子;研究结果可为揭示干热河谷区农田红壤氮循环相关微生物的海拔分布格局提供理论依据。     

青藏高原高寒草甸土壤CO2排放对模拟氮沉降的早期响应

研究大气氮沉降输入对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤-大气界面CO₂交换通量的影响,对于准确评价全球变化背景下区域碳平衡至关重要。通过构建多形态、低剂量的增氮控制试验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤CO₂排放通量,同时测定相关土壤变量和地上生物量,分析高寒草甸土壤CO₂排放特征及其主要驱动因子。研究结果表明:低、高剂量氮输入倾向于消耗土壤水分,而中剂量氮输入有利于土壤水分的保持;施氮初期总体上增加了土壤无机氮含量,铵态氮累积效应更为显著;施氮显著增加地上生物量和土壤CO₂排放通量,铵态氮的促进效应显著高于硝态氮。另外,土壤CO₂排放通量主要受土壤温度驱动,其次为地上生物量和铵态氮储量。上述结果反映了氮沉降输入短期内可能刺激了植物生长和土壤微生物活性,加剧了土壤-大气界面CO₂排放。     

内蒙古不同类型草地土壤氮矿化及其温度敏感性

土壤氮矿化(Nitrogen mineralization)是土壤氮循环的重要环节,对土壤氮素供应以及植物生产力的维持具有十分重要的意义。沿中国东北草地样带(Northeastern China Transect, NECT)分别在典型草地、过渡草地及荒漠草地设置了3个实验样地,利用不同温度(5、10、15、20 ℃和25 ℃)和不同水分(30%、60%和90%土壤饱和含水量,Saturated soil moisture, SSM)的室内培养途径,探讨了不同类型草地的土壤氮矿化速率、土壤氮矿化的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)及其主要影响因素。实验结果表明:从典型草地至荒漠草地,土壤全碳、全氮、全磷、微生物生物量碳氮含量均表现为逐渐下降的趋势;类似地,土壤净氮矿化速率、硝化速率也逐渐降低。在20 ℃和60% SSM时,土壤净氮矿化速率表现为典型草地 (0.715 mg N kg^-1 d^-1) > 过渡草地 (0.507 mg N kg^-1 d^-1) > 荒漠草地 (0.134 mg N kg^-1 d^-1);相反,温度敏感性却逐渐升高,温度敏感性与基质质量指数呈负相关。草地类型和水分对于土壤净氮矿化速率、硝化速率具有显著影响,且二者间具有显著的交互效应。包含温度和水分的双因素模型可很好地拟合土壤氮矿化速率的变化趋势(P < 0.0001),二者可共同解释土壤硝化速率92%-96%的变异。土壤氮矿化沿着草地演替呈现出很好的空间格局、并与温度和水分具有密切关系,为解释内蒙古草地空间分布格局提供了理论基础。     

氮添加对马尾松人工林土壤团聚体氮矿化及土壤酶活性的影响

土壤氮库是生态系统氮素重要的源和汇。以三峡库区马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林为研究对象,从团聚体视角出发分析土壤养分和酶活性对氮添加的响应规律,以及相应的变化对氮矿化的影响,为预测该地区在大气氮沉降持续增加的背景下土壤氮动态提供参考。设置4种量的氮添加处理（N₀：0 kg N hm^-2 a^-1;N₃₀：30 kg N hm^-2 a^-1;N₆₀：60 kg N hm^-2 a^-1;N₉₀：90 kg N hm^-2 a^-1）,将土壤按粒径分为>2000 μm （大团聚体）、250-2000 μm （小团聚体）和<250 μm （微团聚体）3个组分的团聚体,观察团聚体氮矿化特征。结果表明：（1）与对照相比,N₃₀和N₆₀处理提高了有机质（SOM）含量,但土壤SOM和全氮（TN）含量在N₉₀下开始出现下降;氮添加降低了土壤速效磷（aP）含量,在小团聚体中表现最为显著。除微团聚体中的POD和NAG以外,其余3种酶的活性均在N₃₀和N₆₀处理之下被提高。（2）土壤平均净硝化速率整体高于土壤平均净氨化速率;大团聚体和小团聚体中净氨化速率在氮添加处理后显著降低,大团聚体净硝化速率低于其他两个粒径;土壤净氮转化速率在N₉₀处理下最高。（3）土壤养分和无机氮含量与土壤酸性磷酸酶（AP）、N-乙酰-β-D-葡糖苷酶（NAG）、过氧化物酶（POD）、硝酸还原酶（NR）和脲酶（UE）的活性呈显著相关,酶活性变化是多因子综合作用的结果;RDA分析显示,UE与土壤净氨化速率存在显著正相关,NAG和POD是与净氮转化速率分别存在显著正相关和显著负相关的关键土壤酶。综上所述,硝化作用是土壤净氮转化的主要贡献者,微团聚体在土壤氮矿化中发挥主要作用,NAG和POD是改变土壤净氮转化的主要生物酶。此外,氮添加会引起土壤氮素的流失,引起土壤的磷限制,并对土壤养分循环产生显著影响。     

放牧对滇西北高原纳帕海沼泽化草甸湿地土壤氮转化的影响

选择位于滇西北高原纳帕海国际重要湿地内的典型沼泽化草甸湿地为研究对象,采用原位土柱室内控制实验法研究了放牧干扰(猪翻拱扰动和牲畜践踏)对沼泽化草甸湿地土壤氮转化的影响。研究结果表明,放牧活动显著提高了沼泽化草甸湿地表层土壤的容重和pH值,降低了土壤含水率、TOC、TN和NH_4~+-N含量,而对NO_3~--N含量影响不显著。放牧干扰下沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的矿化速率和硝化速率均表现为猪翻拱扰动样地(ZG)牲畜践踏样地(JT)对照样地(CK);表现为ZGJTCK。放牧干扰促进了沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的矿化和硝化作用,猪的翻拱活动比牲畜践踏活动对土壤氮矿化和硝化作用的促进作用更显著。放牧干扰下沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的反硝化速率表现为ZGCKJT,猪的翻拱活动促进了土壤N_2O气体的排放,而牲畜践踏活动抑制了土壤N_2O气体的排放。相关性分析表明,受放牧干扰的沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的矿化和硝化速率均与土壤容重、pH呈显著正相关,与土壤含水率、NH_4~+-N、TOC、TN含量呈显著负相关;反硝化速率与TOC含量呈显著负相关。     

晋西北不同年限小叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤氮矿化和硝化作用

利用PVC管顶盖埋管法研究了晋西北黄土高原区小叶锦鸡儿人工灌丛不同定植年限(5,10,20,30,40a)土壤氮矿化与硝化速率的动态和净矿化与硝化总量。结果表明,⑴小叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤无机氮主要以NO_-~3-N形式存在,不同生长年限相同月份的土壤硝态氮(NO-3-N)含量分别是铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量的1.5—15.4倍;⑵土壤氮素硝化速率和矿化速率随生长年限延长而加快,30年生时达到高峰,数值达40.2,44.1 mg m~(-2)d~(-1)。从季节性变化看,7—8月份是硝化速率和矿化速率快速增长期,30年生小叶锦鸡儿灌丛土壤硝化速率和矿化速率分别达到86.9,93.1 mg m~(-2)d~(-1),显著高于其它生长年限(P0.05);(3)土壤氮素硝化与矿化总量同样随小叶锦鸡儿生长年限延长而增加,30年生时达到最高,与5年生相比,分别增加了3.7和3.1倍。(4)5—10月份小叶锦鸡儿生长期内,各年限土壤全氮量的2.3%被矿化成无机氮,其中87%最终被转化成NO-3-N形式存在于土体中。     

In situ soil net nitrogen mineralization in coastal salt marshes (Suaeda salsa) with different flooding periods in a Chinese estuary

Flooding periods can be one of the most important factors influencing nitrogen (N) biogeochemical processes in wetlands ecosystem. We conducted a field study using in situ incubation method to investigate the seasonal dynamics of soil net N mineralization in three coastal salt marshes (Suaeda salsa) with different flooding periods (i.e., short-term (STF), seasonal (SF), and tidal (TF) flooding wetland) in the Yellow River Delta. Selected soil inorganic N pools (ammonium, nitrate and inorganic N) and N transformation (mineralization, nitrification and ammonification) rates in the top 0–10 cm soils were repeatedly quantified from April to October. Clear seasonal patterns in inorganic N pools and transformation rates were observed in accord with the seasonal variations of temperature and moisture. Generally, higher levels of soil inorganic nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^－-N) occurred in the early-growing season (April), and NH₄⁺-N contents got a small accumulative peak in midsummer (September). The lower rates (negative) of net mineralization (R_min), nitrification (R_nit) and ammonification (R_amm) were observed in the early-growing season (April–June) and fall (September–October), whereas higher values (positive) in midsummer (August–September). Flooding had a significant influence on inorganic N pools (except for NH₄⁺-N) and transformation rates (p < 0.05). R_min values in SF wetland were significantly higher in the August-September period than those in other incubation periods. R_nit values in TF wetland exhibited a small variation and the highest value occured in the June–August period. The results of principal component analysis showed that soil samples were clearly divided into two groups before and after flow-sediment regulation. After flooding events, the R_min and R_amm values generally increased in the three wetlands, whereas a significant decrease in R_nit values was observed in SF wetland (p < 0.05), thus the differences in NO₃^－-N among these wetlands were eliminated. These results suggested that seasonal variations in temperature and moisture are important factors influencing inorganic N pools and transformation rates.     

Net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification rates in soils following deforestation for pasture across the southwestern Brazilian Amazon Basin landscape

Previous studies of the effect of tropical forest conversion to cattle pasture on soil N dynamics showed that rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification were lower in pastures compared with the original forest. In this study, we sought to determine the generality of these patterns by examining soil inorganic N concentrations, net mineralization and nitrification rates in 6 forests and 11 pastures 3 years old or older on ultisols and oxisols that encompassed a wide variety of soil textures and spanned a 700-km geographical range in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon Basin state of Rondônia. We sampled each site during October-November and April-May. Forest soils had higher extractable NO₃ ^?-N and total inorganic N concentrations than pasture soils, but substantial NO₃ ^?-N occurred in both forest and pasture soils. Rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification were higher in forest soils. Greater concentrations of soil organic matter in finer textured soils were associated with greater rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification, but this relationship was true only under native forest vegetation; rates were uniformly low in pastures, regardless of soil type or texture. Net N mineralization and net nitrification rates per unit of total soil organic matter showed no pattern across the different forest sites, suggesting that controls of net N mineralization may be broadly similar across a wide range of soil types. Similar reductions in rates of net N transformations in pastures 3 years old or older across a range of textures on these soils suggest that changes to soil N cycling caused by deforestation for pasture may be Basin-wide in extent. Lower net N mineralization and net nitrification rates in established pastures suggest that annual N losses from largely deforested landscapes may be lower than losses from the original forest. Total ecosystem N losses since deforestation are likely to depend on the balance between lower N loss rates from established pastures and the magnitude and duration of N losses that occur in the years immediately following forest clearing.     

The role of monoterpenes in soil nitrogen cycling processes in ponderosa pine

The effects of select monoterpenes on nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification potentials were determined in four separate laboratory bioassays. The effect of increasing monoterpene addition was an initial reduction in NO₃ ^–-N production (nitrification inhibition), followed by a reduction in the sum of NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^–-N (inhibition of net N mineralization and net immobilization at high monoterpene additions. Monoterpenes could produce this pattern by inhibiting nitrification, reducing net N mineralization, enhancing immobilization of NO₃ ^–-N relative to NH₄ ⁺-N, and/or stimulating overall net immobilization of N by carbon-rich material.Initial monoterpene concentrations in the assay soils were about 5% of the added amount and were below detection after incubation in most samples.Potential N mineralization-immobilization, nitrification, and soil monoterpene concentrations were determined by soil horizon for four collections from a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stand in New Mexico. Concentrations of monoterpenes declined exponentially with soil depth and varied greatly within a horizon. Monoterpene content of the forest floor was not correlated with forest floor biomass. Net N mineralization was inversely correlated with total monoterpene content of all sampled horizons. Nitrification was greatest in the mineral soil, intermediate in the F-H horizon, and never occurred in the L horizon. Nitrification in the mineral soil was inversely correlated with the amount of monoterpenes in the L horizon that contain terminal unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds (r ² = 0.37, P 0.01). This pattern in the field corresponded to the pattern shown in the laboratory assays with increasing monoterpene additions.     

植被类型与坡位对喀斯特土壤氮转化速率的影响

土壤氮素转化对于植物氮素营养具有重要作用,尤其是对于受氮素限制的喀斯特退化生态系统。选取植被恢复过程中4种典型喀斯特植被类型(草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林)和3个坡位(上、中、下坡位)表层土壤(0—15cm)为对象,利用室内培养的方法,研究不同植被类型和坡位下土壤氮素养分与氮转化速率(氮净矿化率、净硝化率和净氨化率)的特征及其影响因素。结果表明,植被类型对土壤硝态氮含量、无机氮含量、氮净矿化率、净硝化率和净氨化率均有显著影响(P0.01),即随着植被的正向演替(草丛—灌丛—次生林—原生林),土壤硝态氮含量、无机氮含量、土壤氮净矿化速率和净硝化速率整体上呈增加趋势,而坡位以及坡位与植被类型的交互作用对上述土壤氮素指标无显著影响(P0.05)。冗余分析结果表明凋落物氮含量、凋落物C∶N比和硝态氮含量对土壤氮转化速率有显著影响,其中凋落物氮含量是影响土壤氮转化速率的主要因子(F=35.634,P=0.002)。可见,尽管坡位影响喀斯特水土再分配过程,但植被类型决定的凋落物质量(如凋落物氮含量等)对喀斯特土壤氮素转化速率的作用更为重要。因此,在喀斯特退化生态系统植被恢复初期,应注重植被群落的优化配置(如引入豆科植物)和土壤质量的改善(如降低土壤C∶N),促进土壤氮素转化及氮素的有效供给。     

Nitrogen dynamics in alpine ecosystems of the northern Caucasus

Net N mineralization, nitrification, microbial biomass N and ¹⁵N natural abundance were studied in a toposequence of representative soils and plant communities in the alpine zone of the northern Caucasus. The toposequence was represented by (1) low-productive alpine lichen heath (ALH) of wind-exposed ridge and upper slope; (2) more productive Festuca varia grassland (FG) of middle slope; (3) most productive Geranium gymnocaulon/Hedusarum caucasicummeadow (GHM) of lower slope; (4) low-productive snowbed community (SBC) of the slope bottom. N availability, net N mineralization and nitrification were higher in soils of alpine grassland and meadow of the middle part of the toposequence compared with soils of lichen heath and snowbed community of extreme habitats in the alpine zone. There was no correlation between intensities of N transformation processes and favorable (low soil acidity, low C/N ratio, long vegetation period, relatively high temperature, absence of hydromorphic features) and unfavorable (opposite) factors, indicating that the intensity of N mineralization and nitrification in the alpine soils is controlled by a complex combination of these factors. Potential net N mineralization and nitrification in alpine soils determined in the short-term laboratory incubation were considerably higher than those determined in the long-term field incubation. The differences of potential nitrification between soils of various plant communities did not correspond to the field determined pattern indicating the importance of on-site climatic conditions for control of nitrification in high mountains. The result of comparison of N transformation potentials in incubated and native soils indicated that nitrification potential was significantly increased after long-term soil incubation. It means that net nitrification determined in the field was probably overestimated, especially in the meadow soils. A soil translocation experiment indicated that low temperature was an important factor limiting net N mineralization and nitrification in alpine soils: net N mineralization and especially nitrification increased when alpine soils were translocated into the subalpine zone and mean annual temperature increased by about 3°C. Additional N input increased N availability (NH₄ ⁺-N) and potential nitrification in soils of the lower part of the toposequense (GHM and SBC), and potential net N mineralization in two soils of extreme habitats (ALH and SBC). A positive correlation was found between soil ¹⁵N and net N mineralization and nitrification; the relative ¹⁵N enrichment was characteristic of grassland and meadow ecosystems. ¹⁵N of total soil N pool increased during the field mineralization experiment; there was a positive tendency between the change in ¹⁵N and net N mineralization and nitrification, however the relationship was not significant. Foliar ¹⁵N of dominant plant species varied widely within community, however, a tendency of higher foliar ¹⁵N for species growing on the soils with higher net N mineralization, nitrification and ¹⁵N was observed.     

Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization: impacts of nitrogen species and land use type

Background and aims

Climate warming, nitrogen (N) deposition and land use change are some of the drivers affecting ecosystem processes such as soil carbon (C) and N dynamics, yet the interactive effects of those drivers on ecosystem processes are poorly understood. This study aimed to understand mechanisms of interactive effects of temperature, form of N deposition and land use type on soil C and N mineralization.

Methods

We studied, in a laboratory incubation experiment, the effects of temperature (15 vs. 25 °C) and species of N deposition (NH₄ ⁺-N vs. NO₃ ^?-N) on soil CO₂ efflux, dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON), NH₄ ⁺-N, and NO₃ ^?-N concentrations using intact soil columns collected from adjacent forest and grassland ecosystems in north-central Alberta.

Results

Temperature and land use type interacted to affect soil CO₂ efflux, concentrations of DON, NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^?-N in most measurement times, with the higher incubation temperature resulted in the higher CO₂ efflux and NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations in forest soils and higher DON and NO₃ ^?-N concentrations in grassland soils. Temperature and land use type affected the cumulative soil CO₂ efflux, and DOC, DON, NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^?-N concentrations. The form of N added or its interaction with the other two factors did not affect any of the C and N cycling parameters.

Conclusions

Temperature and land use type were dominant factors affecting soil C loss, with the soil C in grassland soils more stable and resistant to temperature changes. The lack of short-term effects of the deposition of different N species on soil C and N mineralization suggest that maybe there was a threshold for the N effect to kick in and long-term experiments should be conducted to further elucidate the species of N deposition effects on soil C and N cycling in the studied systems.     

Occurrence and intensity of wild boar disturbances, effects on the physical and chemical soil properties of alpine grasslands

Background and aims

Physical and chemical soil properties determine local plant conditions and resources, affecting plants’ ability to respond to disturbances. In alpine grasslands, wild boar disturbances occur at different intensities, what may affect differently their soil properties. Alpine soils from five contrasted plant communities were explored within and outside disturbances, accounting for an overall and community scale effect. Additionally, we analysed the effect of disturbance intensity on soil NO₃ ^--N and NH₄ ⁺-N.

Methods

Soils were analyzed for physical (bulk density, moisture content and electrical conductivity), and chemical properties (pH, total N and C, oxidizable C, C:N ratio, available K, P, Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺). Resin bags were used to compare the effect of the disturbance occurrence and intensity on soil NO₃ ^--N and NH₄ ⁺-N.

Results

Bulk density, total N and NO₃ ^--N concentration were significantly higher in disturbed areas, while soil moisture, C:N, NH₄ ⁺-N, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentrations were significantly lower. However, low disturbance intensity reduced NO₃ ^--N and increased NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations.

Conclusions

Wild boar occurrence and intensity strongly alter physical and chemical conditions of alpine soils, increasing soil compaction, and altering the availability of N forms. These changes may affect most plant species, thus affecting the structure and dynamics of alpine plant communities.     

天山林区不同类型群落土壤氮素对冻融过程的动态响应

季节性冻融过程对北方温带森林土壤氮素的转化与流失具有重要影响,但不同类型群落对冻融过程响应的差异尚不明确。通过在林地、草地、灌丛上设置系列监测样地,采用原位培养的方法,利用林冠遮挡形成的自然雪被厚度差异,监测分析了冻融期天山林区不同群落表层土壤(0—15 cm)的氮素动态及净氮矿化速率间的差异。结果表明:(1)不同类型群落土壤的铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量、微生物量氮(MBN)含量基本与土壤(5 cm)温度呈正相关,深冻期林地土壤铵态氮含量低于其他群落类型而硝态氮含量高于其他群落类型;(2)硝态氮(NO-3-N)为天山林区季节性冻融期间土壤矿质氮的主体,占比达78.4%。灌丛土壤硝态氮流失风险较大,融化末期较融化初期灌丛土壤硝态氮含量下降了64.6%;(3)冻融时期对整体氮素矿化速率影响显著,群落类型对氨化速率影响显著;(4)天山林区土壤氮素在冻结期主要以氮固持为主。通过揭示不同类型群落土壤氮素对冻融格局的响应,能够助益于对北方林区冬季土壤氮素循环的认识。