箭叶锦鸡儿群落加速亚高山草甸-箭叶锦鸡儿-硕桦林演替系列的演替进程(英文)

利用PVC管顶盖埋管原位培育法测定了东灵山顶亚高山草甸 (紫苞风毛菊 (SaussureaiodostegiaHonce) 丝柄苔草 (CarexcapillarisL .)_箭叶锦鸡儿 (Caraganajubata (Pall.Poir.) )灌丛_硕桦林 (BetulacostataTrautv .)演替序列中土壤有机N的年度净矿化与硝化作用 ,并以之作为土壤供氮能力的指标 ,比较了锦鸡儿灌丛与硕桦林和草甸土壤的供氮能力和维持氮素的能力。结果表明 ,3个生态系统土壤无机氮库 (包括NH 4 N和NO-3 _N)及净N矿化与硝化速率都存在明显的季节变化 ;除 1996年 6月硕桦林 (P <0 .0 1)和草甸NH 4_N显著高于锦鸡儿灌丛 (P <0 .0 1) ,1996年 8月锦鸡儿灌丛NO-3 _N显著高于草甸 (P <0 .0 5 )外 ,在不同取样时期无机氮库大小在 3个生态系统之间都不存在显著差异 ;锦鸡儿灌丛每公顷的年度总矿化量 (16 .0 1kg·hm-2 )高于硕桦林 (12 .0 5kg·hm-2 )和草甸 (1.6 4kg·hm-2 ) ;净硝化量 (11.37kg·hm-2 )略高于草甸 (10 .90kg·hm-2 ) ,低于硕桦林 (14.36kg·hm-2 )。尽管锦鸡儿灌丛土壤无机氮含量 ,矿化、硝化速率并不明显高于硕桦林和草甸 ,但其总年度净矿化量最高 ,所以锦鸡儿灌丛土壤的供氮能力在 3个群落中最强。此外 ,由于锦鸡儿灌丛的总年度硝化量低于硕桦林 ,略高于草甸 ,因此 ,锦鸡儿灌     

三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤氮素净矿化与硝化作用

2004年6月—2005年7月,利用PVC顶盖原位培育法研究了三江平原典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤(0~15cm)无机氮库、净矿化/硝化速率动态、影响因素及年净矿化/硝化量.结果表明:两种湿地土壤的无机氮均呈明显的动态变化特征,其NH4 -N、NO3-N含量均表现为典型草甸小叶章湿地>沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地.两种湿地土壤的净矿化/硝化速率均呈明显的波动变化,生物固持作用、反硝化作用以及雨季较多降水是导致净矿化/硝化速率出现负值的主要原因.温度、降水、土壤有机质含量、C/N和pH是引起二者土壤无机氮库、净矿化/硝化速率存在明显差异的重要原因.典型草甸小叶章湿地的年净矿化量(19.41kg·hm-2)、年净硝化量(4.27kg·hm-2)以及净硝化量占净矿化量的百分比(22.00%)明显高于沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地(5.51kg·hm-2、0.28kg·hm-2和5.08%),说明前者的氮有效性以及维持可利用氮的能力明显高于后者.     

植被类型与坡位对喀斯特土壤氮转化速率的影响

土壤氮素转化对于植物氮素营养具有重要作用,尤其是对于受氮素限制的喀斯特退化生态系统。选取植被恢复过程中4种典型喀斯特植被类型(草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林)和3个坡位(上、中、下坡位)表层土壤(0—15cm)为对象,利用室内培养的方法,研究不同植被类型和坡位下土壤氮素养分与氮转化速率(氮净矿化率、净硝化率和净氨化率)的特征及其影响因素。结果表明,植被类型对土壤硝态氮含量、无机氮含量、氮净矿化率、净硝化率和净氨化率均有显著影响(P0.01),即随着植被的正向演替(草丛—灌丛—次生林—原生林),土壤硝态氮含量、无机氮含量、土壤氮净矿化速率和净硝化速率整体上呈增加趋势,而坡位以及坡位与植被类型的交互作用对上述土壤氮素指标无显著影响(P0.05)。冗余分析结果表明凋落物氮含量、凋落物C∶N比和硝态氮含量对土壤氮转化速率有显著影响,其中凋落物氮含量是影响土壤氮转化速率的主要因子(F=35.634,P=0.002)。可见,尽管坡位影响喀斯特水土再分配过程,但植被类型决定的凋落物质量(如凋落物氮含量等)对喀斯特土壤氮素转化速率的作用更为重要。因此,在喀斯特退化生态系统植被恢复初期,应注重植被群落的优化配置(如引入豆科植物)和土壤质量的改善(如降低土壤C∶N),促进土壤氮素转化及氮素的有效供给。     

大兴安岭北部天然针叶林土壤氮矿化特征

采用顶盖埋管法对大兴安岭地区天然针叶林(樟子松林、樟子松-兴安落叶松混交林和兴安落叶松林)土壤铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)、净氮矿化速率进行研究,并探索土壤理化性质与氮矿化之间的相关性,为大兴安岭地区森林生态系统土壤养分管理及森林经营提供帮助。结果表明:观测期内(5—10月)3种林型土壤无机氮变化范围为31.51—70.42 mg/kg,以NH~+_4-N形式存在为主,占比达90%以上,且与纯林相比混交林土壤无机氮含量较高。3种林型土壤净氮矿化、净氨化、净硝化速率月变化趋势呈V型,7、8月表现为负值,其他月份为正值。净氮矿化速率变化范围樟子松林为-0.54—1.28 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)、樟子松-兴安落叶松混交林为-0.13—0.55 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)、兴安落叶松林为-0.80—1.05 mg kg~(-1) d~(-1)。土壤净氨化过程在土壤氮矿化中占主要地位,占比达60%以上。3种林型土壤净氮矿化、净氨化及净硝化速率垂直差异显著,0—10 cm土层矿化作用明显高于10—20 cm土层(P0.05)。土壤氮矿化速率与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤C/N、枯落物全氮含量和枯落物C/N均存在显著相关性。不同类型的森林土壤及枯落物的质量也存在差异,进而影响土壤氮矿化特征。     

科尔沁沙地典型人工固沙植物群落土壤硝化活性

远取26年生的小叶锦码儿、山竹岩黄蓍、差巴嘎蒿、小黄柳和樟子松5种典型人工固沙群落及不同生长年限的小叶锦鸡儿群落为研究对象,对群落土壤养分、酶活性和硝化活性进行了对比研究.结果表明:26年生的小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量均明显高于其他4种植物群落;小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤脲酶、蛋白酶活性和硝化活性最高,小黄柳群落土壤硝酸还原酶活性最高.土壤脲酶和蛋白酶分别与有机质呈显著正相关.随着生长年限的增加,小叶锦鸡儿群落土壤养分、酶活性和硝化活性逐渐升高,其中有机质、脲酶和蛋白酶活性与生长年限之间均存在显著正相关关系.     

天山林区不同类型群落土壤氮素对冻融过程的动态响应

季节性冻融过程对北方温带森林土壤氮素的转化与流失具有重要影响,但不同类型群落对冻融过程响应的差异尚不明确。通过在林地、草地、灌丛上设置系列监测样地,采用原位培养的方法,利用林冠遮挡形成的自然雪被厚度差异,监测分析了冻融期天山林区不同群落表层土壤(0—15 cm)的氮素动态及净氮矿化速率间的差异。结果表明:(1)不同类型群落土壤的铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量、微生物量氮(MBN)含量基本与土壤(5 cm)温度呈正相关,深冻期林地土壤铵态氮含量低于其他群落类型而硝态氮含量高于其他群落类型;(2)硝态氮(NO-3-N)为天山林区季节性冻融期间土壤矿质氮的主体,占比达78.4%。灌丛土壤硝态氮流失风险较大,融化末期较融化初期灌丛土壤硝态氮含量下降了64.6%;(3)冻融时期对整体氮素矿化速率影响显著,群落类型对氨化速率影响显著;(4)天山林区土壤氮素在冻结期主要以氮固持为主。通过揭示不同类型群落土壤氮素对冻融格局的响应,能够助益于对北方林区冬季土壤氮素循环的认识。     

全球森林土壤氮素总转化速率的调控因素及空间分布

土壤氮素总转化速率及其相对强弱决定了土壤保氮、供氮能力。分析森林土壤氮素总转化速率调控因素,对于了解森林生态系统的生产力、氮素循环及环境变化有重要的意义。本文利用随机森林模型分析了全球范围内36篇关于森林土壤氮转化的文献,结果发现,影响森林土壤氮素总矿化速率的关键因素为:全氮砂粒含量年均温凋萎系数;影响森林土壤总硝化速率的关键因素为:全氮全碳砂粒含量阳离子交换量;影响森林土壤硝酸盐异化还原为铵(DNRA)速率的关键因素为:黏粒含量土壤有效含水量凋萎系数阳离子交换量。据此,建立了全球森林土壤氮素总转化速率随机森林模型,并给出了全球尺度森林土壤总矿化速率、总硝化速率和DNRA速率的空间分布。结果发现,氮素总矿化速率的变化范围为1.672～64.016 mg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);总硝化速率的变化范围为0.866～16.984 mg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);DNRA速率的变化范围为0.030～2.045 mg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)。土壤氮素总转化速率具有较大的空间异质性,具体表现在:全球大部分地区3种转化速率水平均很低;而最大转化速率的空间分布有重叠,出现在北美洲西北部地区、欧洲西北部地区以及欧亚大陆连接处地区。     

天山林区不同类型群落土壤氮素对冻融过程的动态响应

季节性冻融过程对北方温带森林土壤氮素的转化与流失具有重要影响,但不同类型群落对冻融过程响应的差异尚不明确。通过在林地、草地、灌丛上设置系列监测样地,采用原位培养的方法,利用林冠遮挡形成的自然雪被厚度差异,监测分析了冻融期天山林区不同群落表层土壤(0—15 cm)的氮素动态及净氮矿化速率间的差异。结果表明:(1)不同类型群落土壤的铵态氮(NH+4-N)含量、微生物量氮(MBN)含量基本与土壤(5 cm)温度呈正相关,深冻期林地土壤铵态氮含量低于其他群落类型而硝态氮含量高于其他群落类型;(2)硝态氮(NO-3-N)为天山林区季节性冻融期间土壤矿质氮的主体,占比达78.4%。灌丛土壤硝态氮流失风险较大,融化末期较融化初期灌丛土壤硝态氮含量下降了64.6%;(3)冻融时期对整体氮素矿化速率影响显著,群落类型对氨化速率影响显著;(4)天山林区土壤氮素在冻结期主要以氮固持为主。通过揭示不同类型群落土壤氮素对冻融格局的响应,能够助益于对北方林区冬季土壤氮素循环的认识。     

赣中亚热带森林转换对土壤氮素矿化及有效性的影响

采用原位培养法和时空替代法,对江西中部亚热带常绿阔叶林、天然马尾松林、人工杉木林、人工马褂木林的土壤氮素矿化速率及其有效性进行了比较研究,以探讨森林转换对土壤氮素矿化作用的影响。结果表明：转换前后各森林土壤无机氮库（NH4 -N、NO3--N）及氮素矿化速率(氨化速率、硝化速率)均呈现明显的季节动态,NH4 -N库冬春较大,NO3--N库夏秋较大,氨化速率与硝化速率均以夏秋强烈。森林转换改变了土壤氮素矿化格局,常绿阔叶林转变成马尾松林、杉木林、马褂木林后,土壤年均氨化速率分别降低了110.67%、100.76%、96.20%,而硝化速率提高了54.92%、24.19%、 24.46%;马尾松林年均总净矿化速率与常绿阔叶林相近,杉木林、马褂木林分别降低了24.68%、26.01%;另外,除常绿阔叶林外,马尾松林、杉木林、马褂木林的土壤氮素矿化量都小于植被吸收量。这些研究结果说明亚热带地区常绿阔叶林转换成其它次生林会增加氮素流失的危险性,氮素缺乏会成为这些森林生长的限制因子。     

东灵山油松纯林和油松-辽东栎针阔混交林土壤氮素矿化/硝化作用研究

利用PVC顶盖埋管原位培育法测定了北京东灵山地区一个油松纯林和一个油松-辽东栎落叶阔叶混交林生态系统土壤无机氮库、氮素净矿化/硝化速率的季节动态以及年度净矿化/硝化量。结果发现：1）两个生态系统的土壤无机氮库和氮素净矿化/硝化速率都存在比较明显且比较一致的季节动态,但个别时期也存在较大差异;2）纯林与混交林土壤NH+4-N浓度在各月都没有显著差异,而NO-3-N浓度,除了1995年11月和1996年8月纯林显著高于混交林外,其它月份也都差异不显著;3）无论是年度净矿化总量（纯林,22.7kg.hm-2;混交林,55.5kg.hm-2）及其占总全N量的百分比（纯林,0.694%;混交林,2.128%）,还是年度净硝化总量（纯林,26.7kg.hm-2;混交林,44.6kg.hm-2）及其占总全N量（纯林,0.815%;混交林,1.707%）的百分比,油松针阔混交林生态系统均显著大于油松纯林,高达后者的两倍左右,而净硝化氮占净矿化氮的百分比则相反,油松纯林（100%）显著高于油松-辽东栎混交林（80.2%）。上述结果表明：油松-辽东栎针阔混交林生态系统土壤的氮素有效性（即土壤的供氮能力）以及维持土壤中植物可利用氮素的能力都显著高于油松纯林。物种构成及在其影响下所产生的林下微生境和人为干扰活动可能是造成这种差异的主要原因。     

滇西北高原纳帕海湿地土壤氮矿化特征

采用树脂芯原位培育法,研究了纳帕海沼泽、沼泽化草甸和草甸土壤氮的矿化特征。结果表明,铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）为沼泽、沼泽化草甸土壤中无机氮的主要存在形式,分别占无机氮含量的96.76%和75.24%,而硝态氮（NO₃^--N）为草甸土壤中无机氮的主要存在形式,占无机氮含量的58.77%。植物生长期内,纳帕海湿地土壤的净氮矿化速率表现为沼泽化草甸 > 草甸 > 沼泽,表明干湿交替的土壤环境更利于土壤氮矿化作用的进行,土壤中氮素有效性和维持植物可利用氮素的能力更强。整个生长季,沼泽和草甸土壤氮矿化为硝化作用,而沼泽化草甸土壤氮矿化为氨化作用。土壤硝态氮含量、有机质含量、碳氮比和含水量均对纳帕海沼泽、沼泽化草甸和草甸土壤的氮矿化产生显著影响。     

The role of monoterpenes in soil nitrogen cycling processes in ponderosa pine

The effects of select monoterpenes on nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification potentials were determined in four separate laboratory bioassays. The effect of increasing monoterpene addition was an initial reduction in NO₃ ^–-N production (nitrification inhibition), followed by a reduction in the sum of NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^–-N (inhibition of net N mineralization and net immobilization at high monoterpene additions. Monoterpenes could produce this pattern by inhibiting nitrification, reducing net N mineralization, enhancing immobilization of NO₃ ^–-N relative to NH₄ ⁺-N, and/or stimulating overall net immobilization of N by carbon-rich material.Initial monoterpene concentrations in the assay soils were about 5% of the added amount and were below detection after incubation in most samples.Potential N mineralization-immobilization, nitrification, and soil monoterpene concentrations were determined by soil horizon for four collections from a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stand in New Mexico. Concentrations of monoterpenes declined exponentially with soil depth and varied greatly within a horizon. Monoterpene content of the forest floor was not correlated with forest floor biomass. Net N mineralization was inversely correlated with total monoterpene content of all sampled horizons. Nitrification was greatest in the mineral soil, intermediate in the F-H horizon, and never occurred in the L horizon. Nitrification in the mineral soil was inversely correlated with the amount of monoterpenes in the L horizon that contain terminal unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds (r ² = 0.37, P 0.01). This pattern in the field corresponded to the pattern shown in the laboratory assays with increasing monoterpene additions.     

Inorganic N turnover and availability in annual- and perennial-dominated soils in a northern Utah shrub-steppe ecosystem

The exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum has replaced thousands of hectares of native perennial vegetation in semi-arid ecosystems of the western United States. Inorganic N availability and production were compared in soil from monodominant patches of Bromus tectorum, the perennial bunchgrass Elymus elymoides, and the shrub Artemisia tridentata, in Curlew Valley, a salt-desert shrub site in Northern Utah. Bromus-dominated soil had greater %N in the top 10 cm than Artemisia or Elymus-dominated soils. As determined by spring isotope-dilution assays, gross mineralization and nitrification rates were higher in Bromus-dominated than Artemisia-dominated soils, but gross rates of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^– consumption were also higher. Litterbags had greater mass loss and N mineralization when buried in Bromus stands than in Artemisia stands, indicating the soil environment under the annual grass promotes decomposition. As determined by nitrification potential assays, nitrifier populations were higher under Bromus than under Artemisia and Elymus. Soil inorganic N concentrations were similar among vegetation types in the spring, but NO₃ ^– accumulated under Bromus once it had senesced. An in situ net mineralization assay conducted in autumn indicated that germinating Bromus seedlings are a strong sink for soil NO₃ ^–, and that net nitrification is inherently low in soils under Artemisia and Elymus. Results of the study suggest that differences in plant uptake and the soil environment promote greater inorganic N availability under Bromus than under perennial species at the site.     

Net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification rates in soils following deforestation for pasture across the southwestern Brazilian Amazon Basin landscape

Previous studies of the effect of tropical forest conversion to cattle pasture on soil N dynamics showed that rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification were lower in pastures compared with the original forest. In this study, we sought to determine the generality of these patterns by examining soil inorganic N concentrations, net mineralization and nitrification rates in 6 forests and 11 pastures 3 years old or older on ultisols and oxisols that encompassed a wide variety of soil textures and spanned a 700-km geographical range in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon Basin state of Rondônia. We sampled each site during October-November and April-May. Forest soils had higher extractable NO₃ ^?-N and total inorganic N concentrations than pasture soils, but substantial NO₃ ^?-N occurred in both forest and pasture soils. Rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification were higher in forest soils. Greater concentrations of soil organic matter in finer textured soils were associated with greater rates of net N mineralization and net nitrification, but this relationship was true only under native forest vegetation; rates were uniformly low in pastures, regardless of soil type or texture. Net N mineralization and net nitrification rates per unit of total soil organic matter showed no pattern across the different forest sites, suggesting that controls of net N mineralization may be broadly similar across a wide range of soil types. Similar reductions in rates of net N transformations in pastures 3 years old or older across a range of textures on these soils suggest that changes to soil N cycling caused by deforestation for pasture may be Basin-wide in extent. Lower net N mineralization and net nitrification rates in established pastures suggest that annual N losses from largely deforested landscapes may be lower than losses from the original forest. Total ecosystem N losses since deforestation are likely to depend on the balance between lower N loss rates from established pastures and the magnitude and duration of N losses that occur in the years immediately following forest clearing.     

Nitrification in Dutch heathland soils

A survey was conducted over a range of 17 Dutch heathland locations, subdivided into 41 sites dominated by either dwarf-shrubs (Calluna vulgaris or Erica tetralix) or grass species (Deschampsia flexuosa or Molinia caerulea). Among the habitats of the dominant plant species relatively little differences in general soil properties were observed. The P status of Deschampsia sites was relatively high as well as the NO₃ ^–-N concentrations in the 0–10 cm layer (FH included) at the grass-dominated sites. At sites with a dead or degenerating dwarf-shrub vegetation, NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations reached very high levels.Net production of nitrate was observed during incubation of intact 0–10 cm soil cores (FH-layer included) in the laboratory for all sites, even though in some instances, particularly at Calluna and Erica sites, no nitrate was initially measured. Generally, a higher nitrification rate was found for the grass-dominated sites, and for Deschampsia in particular. The net production of nitrate was highly significantly correlated with net N mineralization, being a reasonable predictor of nitrification in a simple regression model (R²=0.47; P<0.001). Net nitrification was also significantly correlated with the NO₃ ^–-N initially present at the start of the growing season (R=0.65; P<0.001) and with the labile organic P content of the soil (R=0.65; P<0.001). By including initial NO₃ ^–-N and labile organic P, together with net N mineralization and pH, in a multiple regression model, net nitrate production could be predicted with a much higher precision (R²=0.75; P<0.001). Although apparent nitrification was not significantly correlated with pH, the latter contributed significantly to the multiple regression equation for the prediction of the former.The influence of the labile organic P pool may act via its positive correlation with microbial biomass, thus more or less reflecting the potential mineralization/nitrifying capacity of a particular site.     

Nitrate-use traits of understory plants as potential regulators of vegetation distribution on a slope in a Japanese cedar plantation

Background and aims

Plant physiological traits and their relation to soil N availability was investigated as regulators of the distribution of understory shrub species along a slope in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation in central Japan.

Methods

At the study site, previous studies demonstrated that both net and gross soil nitrification rates are high on the lower slope and there are dramatic declines in different sections of the slope gradient. We examined the distributions of understory plant species and their nitrate (NO ₃ ^? -N) use traits, and compared the results with the soil traits.

Results

Our results show that boundaries between different dominant understory species correspond to boundaries between different soil types. Leucosceptrum stellipilum occurs on soil with high net and gross nitrification rates. Hydrangea hirta is dominant on soil with high net and low gross nitrification rates. Pieris japonica occurs on soil with very low net and gross nitrification rates. Dominant understory species have species-specific physiological traits in their use of NO ₃ ^? -N. Pieris japonica lacks the capacity to use NO ₃ ^? -N as a N source, but other species do use NO ₃ ^? -N. Lindera triloba, whose distribution is unrelated to soil NO ₃ ^? -N availability, changes the extent to which it uses NO ₃ ^? -N in response to soil NO ₃ ^? -N availability.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that differences in the physiological capabilities and adaptabilities of plant species in using NO ₃ ^? -N as a N source regulate their distribution ranges. The identity of the major form of available soil N is therefore an environmental factor that influences plant distributions.     

Comparison of soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in a mixed grassland and forested ecosystem in central Taiwan

We used the buried bag incubation method to study temporal patterns of net N mineralization and net nitrification in soils at Ta-Ta-Chia forest in central Taiwan. The site included a grassland zone, (dominant vegetation consists of Yushania niitakayamensis and Miscanthus transmorrisonensis Hayata) and a forest zone (Tsuga chinensis var. formosana and Yushania niitakamensis). In the grassland, soil concentration NH₄ ⁺ in the organic horizon (0.1–0.2 m) ranged from 1.0 to 12.4 mg N kg^–1 soil and that of NO₃ ^– varied from 0.2 to 2.1 mg N kg^–1 soil. In the forest zone, NH₄ ⁺ concentration was between 2.8 and 25.0 mg N kg^–1 soil and NO₃ ^–varied from 0.2 to 1.3 mg N kg^–1 soil. There were lower soil NH₄ ⁺ concentrations during the summer than other seasons. Net N mineralization was higher during the summer while net nitrification rates did not show a distinct seasonal pattern. In the grassland, net N mineralization and net nitrification rates were between –0.1 and 0.24 and from –0.04 to 0.04 mg N kg^–1 soil day^–1, respectively. In the forest zone, net N mineralization rates were between –0.03 and 0.45 mg N kg^–1 soil day^–1 and net nitrification rates were between –0.01 and 0.03 mg N kg^–1 soil day^–1. These differences likely result from differing vegetation communities (C₃ versus C₄ plant type) and soil characteristics.