γ射线对小鼠调节性T细胞功能及相关细胞因子的影响及其意义

调节性T细胞（regulatory T cells,Tregs）及相关细胞因子在机体免疫平衡的调节中发挥重要作用,而其在放射免疫损伤中的作用尚不明确.本实验以6Gyγ射线照射C57BL/6小鼠,于照射后1～28d不同时间,检测外周血、胸腺和脾脏Treg细胞亚群及血清中细胞因子IL-2,IL-10及TGF-γ含量的变化,以探讨其在放射免疫损伤中的作用机制.结果显示,小鼠经6Gyγ射线照射后各组织CD4＋CD25＋Treg细胞比例明显增加（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,胸腺CD4＋CD25＋Foxp3＋Treg细胞比例于照后1d即明显增高（P〈0.01）,而在照后7d明显低于未照射组（P〈0.01）;血清抑制性细胞因子IL-10（7d）,TGF-γ（3d）含量明显增高（P〈0.05）,而IL-2浓度持续降低.本文揭示了Treg细胞及其相关细胞因子与辐射所致免疫功能受抑和免疫调节功能失衡密切相关,为进一步的辐射损伤机制研究奠定基础.     

阿魏菇增强免疫机制的研究进展

阿魏菇又称为阿魏侧耳,是一种具有药用价值的珍稀食用菌.其主要通过增大免疫器官指数、激活巨噬细胞和T、B淋巴细胞、增强红细胞免疫功能、诱生细胞因子等途径,在提高机体免疫功能方面发挥重要作用.本文主要从阿魏菇对机体免疫增强作用及其机理上作一综述.     

关于抗瘤免疫RNA诱生IL—2,细胞毒因子活性的研究

应用抗瘤免疫RNA致敏诱生家兔产生IL-2及细胞毒因子。通过MTT比色法和结晶紫染色法测其IL-2活性和细胞毒因子对靶细胞的杀伤作用,结果是免疫RNA能提高家兔IL-2水平,并且诱生杀伤作用较强的细胞毒因子。     

白细胞介素-2受体结构及信号传导

白细胞介素-2（interleukin-2,IL-2）又称T细胞生长因子（cell growth factor,TCGF）,Morgan于1976年在诱生培育外周血单核细胞（peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC）时首先发现,其空间结构由反向平行的α螺旋核心和小β片段组成,分子量约15.KDa,具有多种生物学功能。     

白细胞介素22的研究进展

白细胞介素-22（IL-22）起初系在鼠T淋巴细胞中经IL-9诱生而获得的,并因此被命名为IL-TIF（IL-10-related -derived inducible factor);鉴于其与IL-10的结构相似性,其受体是一个巳建立的细胞因子受体家族的新成员,以及其在白细胞内的产物和作用的确认,2000年由Xie等提出将其命名为一个新的人类细胞因子白细胞介素-22（IL-22）。实验证明IL-22上调肝细胞急性期产物,参与炎症反应。借助IL-9或CD3抗体和刀豆蛋白A的激活,T细胞、肥大细胞、胸腺和脑均可表达IL-22,表明这个因子在免疫系统内外可能显示多效的活性,在抗体免疫应答中,其对来自TH2T细胞的IL-4产物有适当的抑制作用,对于哮喘有潜在的治疗作用。在信号转导途径中,IL-22能介导STAT1、STAT3和STAT5的激活。     

慢性丙型肝炎患者特异性CD4^＋细胞丧失分泌白细胞介素2的功能

丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）易引起持续感染，确切机制尚不清楚。为研究HCV慢性感染者的特异性CD4^＋T细胞免疫应答状况，作者以γ干扰素（IFN-γ）和白细胞介素2（IL-2）酶联免疫斑点法（ELISpot），分析了在HCV抗原刺激下，23名未接受治疗的慢性丙肝炎患者（PCR^＋），11名HCV感染自然清除者（PCR^-）及13名健康对照者的CD4^＋T细胞分泌IFN-γ和IL-2功能.     

干扰素与白细胞介素之间的相互关系

<正> 干扰素与各种白介素(IL-1～6)是由免疫活性细胞诱生的细胞因子(CytoRines),它们作为细胞间相互作用的内源性信号,可以继发地诱导产生其他细胞因子和引起免疫活性细胞间的相互作用(包括正相和负相作用),并对局部和整体的免疫应答都起着重要的调节作用。本文就干扰素与白介素1～6的产生及免疫功能的相互关系综述如下,试图对这些重要的细胞因子的性质、作用及相互关系的最新研究进展有一概括了解。     

类球红细菌的免疫活性评价

目的 :评价类球红细菌的免疫活性。方法 :巨噬细胞吞噬试验、淋巴细胞转化试验、IL- 2的诱生和检测试验。结果 :类球红细菌 1号株具有调节和增强巨噬细胞吞噬功能 ,表现在免疫抑制组小鼠用光合细胞灌胃数周后 ,腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬百分率提高 6 1% ,吞噬指数提高 5 9% (P<0 .0 1)。在体外实验中 ,光合细菌三种不同抗原 (Ag1 、Ag2 、Ag3 )在一定程度上都有刺激脾淋巴细胞转化功能 ,特别是 Ag3 作用更为明显 ;在正常组 ,刺激指数提高了 6 5 % ;免疫抑制组 ,提高了 38% (P<0 .0 5 )。不管在正常组或免疫抑制组 ,Ag1 、Ag2 、Ag3 都具有诱生脾淋巴细胞产生 IL- 2的活性 ,其中 Ag2 的活性较明显 .结论 :类球红细菌 1号株对机体有一定的免疫活性。     

白介素21及其对肿瘤的抑制作用

白介素21(interleukin-21, IL-21)是新近发现的具有多效免疫调节活性的细胞因子.遗传学和生化分析证实,IL-21是IL-2细胞因子家族的新成员.IL-21受体复合物包含γc-受体亚单位,活化后可引起JAK/STAT信号转导级联放大效应.IL-21由活化的CD4 T细胞合成,调节B细胞、T细胞、NK细胞和树突状细胞的增殖和分化.IL-21通过增强IgG抗体应答反应,抑制IgE合成而调节正常的体液免疫.IL-21也是重要的细胞免疫调节子,通过调节CD8 T细胞和NK细胞的活性清除鼠的肿瘤.     

贺斯-平衡液为稀释剂的急性等容血液稀释对家兔IL-1、TNF-α等细胞因子的影响

目的：评价贺斯-平衡液为稀释剂的急性等容血液稀释（ANH）对家兔血清IL-1、IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α等细胞因子含量的影响,为临床应用提供理论依据。方法：选择20只健康成年家兔,随机分为两组（n=10）：C组为对照组、H组为贺斯组;实验家兔麻醉后行气管切开、高频喷射通气,游离股动脉、股静脉;C组不进行血液稀释;H组在股动脉放血的同时经股静脉输入2倍放血量的稀释液：6％贺斯＋复方乳酸钠溶液,晶／胶为2：1,放血量V=TBV×（HoHf）／Hav,所放血液于放血后60～120min回输。分别在放血前（T0）,放血后30min（T1）、60min（t2）、120min（T3）和24h（T4）取静脉血检测Hb、Hct和血清IL-1、IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α的浓度。结果：H组在ANH后从一时点开始血清IL-1、IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α均有增加,T3达高峰,T4开始回落;T1、T2、T3和T4时点与C组间比较差别显著（P〈0．01）;与ANH前自身对照差别显著（P〈0．01）;C组在各时间点的血清IL-1、IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α含量变化差别不显著。结论：贺斯-平衡液为稀释剂的急性等容血液稀释（ANH）对家兔血清IL-1、IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α等免疫性细胞因子浓度有上调作用;可引起机体强度不大、作用时间较短的良性应激反应,对机体免疫功能有增强作用。     

Lower Selenoprotein T Expression and Immune Response in the Immune Organs of Broilers with Exudative Diathesis Due to Selenium Deficiency

The objective of the present study was to investigate whether dietary selenium (Se) deficiency would affect the expression of selenoprotein T (SelT) and immune response in the immune organs of broilers. Changes in expression of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress response caused by Se deficiency can lead to organism damage, which in turn leads to immune response. Sixty (1-day-old) broilers were divided into the control group and Se-deficiency group. Animal models with exudative diathesis were duplicated in the broilers by feeding them Se-deficient diet for 20 days. After the Se-deficient group exhibited symptoms of exudative diathesis, all the broilers were euthanized, and their immune organs were taken for analysis. The tissues including spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus were treated to determine the pathological changes (including microscopic and ultramicroscopic), the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of SelT and its synthetase (SecS and SPS1), cytokine mRNA expression levels, and antioxidant status. The microscopic and ultramicroscopic analyses showed that immune tissues were obviously injured in the Se-deficient group. The mRNA expression of SelT was decreased compared with that in the control group. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression levels of SecS and SPS1 were downregulated. In the Se-deficient group, the mRNA expression levels of IL-1R and IL-1β were higher than those of three control organs. Additionally, the IL-2 and INF-γ mRNA expression levels were lower than those of the control group. The activity of CAT was decreased, and the contents of H₂O₂ and •OH were increased due to Se deficiency. Pearson method analysis showed that the expression of SelT had a positive correlation with IL-2, INF-γ, SecS, and SPS1 and a negative correlation with IL-1R and IL-1β. In summary, these data indicated that Se-deficient diet decreased the SelT expression and its regulation of oxidative stress, and it inhibited a pleiotropic mechanism of the immune response.

     

Kjellmaniella crassifolia Miyabe (Gagome) Extract Modulates Intestinal and Systemic Immune Responses

Kjellmaniella crassifolia Miyabe (gagome) is a brown alga. Oral gagome administration (oral gagome) resulted in significant upregulation of IL-10 and IFNγ production by Peyer’s patch cells. To assess the adjuvant activity of oral gagome, treated mice were subcutaneously injected with ovalbumin (OVA). The production of cytokines from antigen (Ag)-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes (dLN) and their proliferative response were significantly increased as compared with the control group. These enhancements were associated with increased CD44^hiCD62L^? activated/memory T cells in dLN as well as upregulation of Ag-specific IgA level in luminal contents. No upregulation of cytokine production by dLN T cells was observed in dectin-1-deficient mice, suggesting that the effect of gagome on cytokine production is largely dependent on the dectin-1 pathway despite its composite constituents. Our findings indicate that gagome is an effective immunomodulator and a potent adjuvant for both the intestinal and the systemic immune response.     

T cells in inductive and effector compartments of the intestinal mucosal immune system of nonhuman primates differ in lymphokine mRNA expression, lymphokine utilization, and regulatory function.

To define further the basis of T cell function in the inductive and effector limbs of the normal intestinal immune system, the capacity of mucosal lymphocytes to produce and use lymphokines and their effects on regulation of Ig production were determined in normal nonhuman primates. Northern blots of RNA from mitogen-activated lamina propria T cells contained more mRNA for IL-2 and IFN-gamma than did mesenteric lymph node T cells. In comparison with lymphocytes from peripheral sites, there was high expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA in both mesenteric lymph node and lamina propria T cells. In studies of lymphokine utilization, T cells from lamina propria had high IL-2-induced but no IL-4-induced proliferative responses. In contrast, mesenteric lymph node T cells had high IL-4-induced and lower IL-2-induced proliferative responses compared with lamina propria T cells. Lamina propria T cells had higher helper activity in PWM-stimulated cultures and exhibited less inhibition by IL-4 than did mesenteric lymph node T cells. These data and previous studies suggest that T cells in an inductive site such as the mesenteric lymph node are a mixed population containing both "naive" cells with low potential for IFN-gamma and IL-2 production and differentiated cells with high potential for IL-4 and IL-5 production. In contrast, the data suggest that T cells in the effector compartment of the lamina propria are comprised primarily of differentiated "memory" cells that produce high levels of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-5, have high helper activity, and have a more limited ability to proliferate in response to lymphokines such as IL-4.     

西藏灵菇胞外多糖组分对小鼠免疫调节作用及机制的研究

摘要：【目的】研究数均分子量为0.1×105~3.0×105（组分1）及1.8×103（组分2）的西藏灵菇胞外多糖组分对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响,并探讨其影响机制。【方法】依据卫生部保健食品功能学评价程序和检验方法,灌胃给药,剂量分别120 mg/kg体重、80 mg/kg体重、40 mg/kg体重,检测脏器／体重比值、半数溶血值（HC50）、自然杀伤细胞（NK）活性、迟发型变态反应（DTH）、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能。采用免疫印迹法,测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞中Erk蛋白及COX-2酶的表达量。【结果】组分1能够明     

鸡胸腺APUD细胞的存在

为了确定鸟类免疫器官内有无内分泌细胞的存在,该文应用Ｇｒｉｍｅｌｉｕｓ嗜银染色法,ＭａｓｓｏｎＦａｎｔａｎａ亲银染色法,铅苏木精法和５－ＨＴ免疫组织化学方法,对鸟胸腺,腔上囊和脾脏进行了观察。结果表明：鸡和虎斑颈槽蛇相同,仅胸腺含有少量嗜银,亲银,铅染和（或）５－免疫反应阳性的细胞,具有一定的内分泌功能,腔上囊虽与胸腺同为中枢免疫器官,但没有此类细胞,这说明二者在内分泌调节等方面且一定差异。     

硫丹对小鼠红细胞免疫功能的影响

为了探讨有机氯农药硫丹对小鼠(Mus musculus)红细胞免疫功能的影响,设计了体内、外两组实验。体内实验:将40只小鼠随机分成4组,灌胃硫丹的量依次为:0、0.4、1.6、6.4mg/(kg·d)。灌胃25d后,取血测定红细胞的免疫功能。体外实验:将9只小鼠的红细胞分别与不同浓度的硫丹在体外培养,实验设空白对照组、溶剂丙酮组和4个不同浓度硫丹组,其6组实验所用硫丹的量依次为:0、0、5、10、20、40μg/ml。体外培养2h后,测定红细胞免疫粘附能力。结果表明,在活体实验中,随着硫丹浓度的增加,小鼠红细胞C3b受体花环率(ratio of C3b rosetting,C3bRR)明显下降,依硫丹灌胃浓度由低到高,其C3bRR依次为7.78%、6.80%、4.96%、4.33%;而循环免疫复合物花环率(ratio of immune complexes rosetting,ICRR)随着硫丹浓度升高而升高,分别为6.69%、6.31%、7.86%、9.42%。红细胞促NK细胞活性的功能在各组间没有显著差异。硫丹6.4mg/(kg·d)组小鼠红细胞对T淋巴细胞免疫粘附促进能力较其他3组明显降低。血浆中红细胞天然免疫促进因子活性在1.6mg/(kg·d)组和6.4mg/(kg·d)组较0mg/(kg·d)组明显降低。与溶剂丙酮组相比,血浆中红细胞天然免疫抑制因子活性在0.4mg/(kg·d)组明显下降,而在6.4mg/(kg·d)组却明显升高。离体红细胞经硫丹处理后其C3bRR显著降低,4个硫丹处理组依其浓度由低到高,C3bRR依次为:6.14%、5.56%、5.06%、4.44%;而ICRR却显著升高,分别为6.69%、6.31%、7.86%、9.42%。这表明,硫丹能抑制小鼠红细胞免疫粘附能力和红细胞对T淋巴细胞的正向调节功能,降低血浆中红细胞天然免疫促进因子活性,而对抑制因子活性影响比较复杂,低剂量时起抑制作用,而高剂量时能促进其活性。     

舒芬太尼自控静脉镇痛对肺癌切除术后患者血流动力学及免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨舒芬太尼自控静脉镇痛对肺癌切除术后患者血流动力学及免疫功能的影响。方法:选择2009年2月-2014年2月在我院行肺叶切除术的非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者110例,依据随机数字表法将全部患者分为对照组和观察组,每组55例。术后观察组患者接受舒芬太尼自控静脉镇痛,对照组接受芬太尼自控静脉镇痛,观察两组患者血液动力学指标和免疫功能指标的差异。结果:镇痛1 d后,观察组全血粘度、全血还原粘度、红细胞聚集指数(RAI)和毛细血管血浆粘度均显著低于对照组(均P0.05),CD4+T细胞、IL-2含量观察组显著高于对照组(P0.05),CD8+T细胞、IL-6、IL-10含量观察组均显著低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:肺癌根治术后采用舒芬太尼自控静脉镇痛可显著调节患者血流动力学指标,改善机体免疫功能,可推广临床实践。     

Effects of Prunella vulgaris on the Mice Immune Function

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Prunella Vulgaris (P. vulgaris) on the immune function in mice. The mice were randomly divided into one control group and three treatment groups of 10 mice each. The control group received pure water and the treatment groups received P. vulgaris extract at concentrations of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.90 g/kg BW orally for 30 days, respectively. Changes in cell immune function, non-specific immunity and humoral immunity function were evaluated. Active lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subsets were determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Certain Serum concentrations of cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that, for cell immune function, compared with the control group, foot pad thickness in high dose group increased significantly (p<0.01), whereas no significant difference in the proliferative ability of splenic lymphocytes was observed among all groups (p>0.05). For non-specific immunity, NK cell activity increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner in P. vulgaris treated mice (p<0.01), mononuclear-macrophage function in medium and high dose P. vulgaris treated mice were significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). For humoral immunity, no significant differences were observed in terms of the half value of hemolysis (HC50), number of hemolytic plaques and serum IgG level (p>0.05). The percentage of active T and Th lymphocytes of mice peripheral blood in high dose group were significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in serum levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ among all of the four groups (p>0.05). The data indicated that 0.90 g/kg BW P. vulgaris extract (equivalent to 7.5 g/kg BW crude drug) had some effect on cellular immune function and non-specific immune function in mice.     

Gliadin-specific type 1 regulatory T cells from the intestinal mucosa of treated celiac patients inhibit pathogenic T cells

Celiac disease (CD) results from a permanent intolerance to dietary gluten and is due to a massive T cell-mediated immune response to gliadin, the main component of gluten. In this disease, the regulation of immune responses to dietary gliadin is altered. Herein, we investigated whether IL-10 could modulate anti-gliadin immune responses and whether gliadin-specific type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells could be isolated from the intestinal mucosa of CD patients in remission. Short-term T cell lines were generated from jejunal biopsies, either freshly processed or cultured ex vivo with gliadin in the presence or absence of IL-10. Ex vivo stimulation of CD biopsies with gliadin in the presence of IL-10 resulted in suppression of Ag-specific proliferation and cytokine production, indicating that pathogenic T cells are susceptible to IL-10-mediated immune regulation. T cell clones generated from intestinal T cell lines were tested for gliadin specificity by cytokine production and proliferative responses. The majority of gliadin-specific T cell clones had a Th0 cytokine production profile with secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 and proliferated in response to gliadin. Tr1 cell clones were also isolated. These Tr1 cells were anergic, restricted by DQ2 (a CD-associated HLA), and produced IL-10 and IFN-gamma, but little or no IL-2 or IL-4 upon activation with gliadin or polyclonal stimuli. Importantly, gliadin-specific Tr1 cell clones suppressed proliferation of pathogenic Th0 cells. In conclusion, dietary Ag-specific Tr1 cells are present in the human intestinal mucosa, and strategies to boost their numbers and/or function may offer new therapeutic opportunities to restore gut homeostasis.     

Immune Activation and Regulation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Plasmodium fragile-Coinfected Rhesus Macaques

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by immune activation, while chronic malaria is associated with elevated interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. How these apparently antagonizing forces interact in the coinfected host is poorly understood. Using a rhesus macaque model of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-Plasmodium fragile coinfection, we evaluated how innate immune effector cells affect the balance between immune activation and regulation. In vitro Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses of peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and monocytes were temporarily associated with acute parasitemic episodes and elevated plasma IL-10 levels. Prolonged infection resulted in a decline of mDC function. Monocytes maintained TLR responsiveness but, in addition to IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, also produced IL-10. Consistent with the role of spleen in the clearance of parasite-infected red blood cells, coinfected animals also had increased splenic IL-10 mRNA levels. The main cellular source of IL-10 in the spleens of coinfected animals, however, was not splenic macrophages but T cells, suggesting an impairment of adaptive immunity. In contrast to those in spleen, IL-10-positive cells in axillary lymph nodes of coinfected animals were predominantly mDC, reminiscent of the immunosuppressive phenotype of peripheral blood mDC. Concurrent with IL-10 induction, however, SIV infection promoted elevated systemic IL-12 levels. The continuously increasing ratio of plasma IL-12 to IL-10 suggested that the overall host response in SIV-P. fragile-coinfected animals was shifted toward immune activation versus immune regulation. Therefore, SIV-P. fragile coinfection might be characterized by earlier manifestation of immune dysfunction and exhaustion than that of single-pathogen infections. This could translate into increased morbidity in HIV-malaria-coinfected individuals.