我国东北地区3个群体DYS390多态位点的遗传学研究

目的　研究中国群体Y染色体微卫星位点 DYS390遗传多态性 ,可以用于追溯人类进化上的父系祖先 ,也可以为人类基因组和法医学等研究积累数据。方法　采用 PCR技术扩增微卫星DNA片段 ,再经变性凝胶电泳及银染方法 ,对我国东北地区汉族、蒙古族及朝鲜族 3个群体的1 0 2例男性个体的 DYS390位点的遗传多态性进行了研究。结果　除汉族群体发现 5种等位基因外 ,朝鲜族和蒙古族群体均检出 4种。在汉族群体中 ,我们检出 1例具223bp等位基因。等位基因频率分布在汉族、朝鲜族以211bp的频率为最高 ,分别为0.439和0.451 ;而蒙古族群体则以215bp的频率为最高 (0.433)。结论　 3个群体之间 DYS390位点等位基因频率无显著性差异 ( Fisher精确概率检验 :P=0.930 )。 3个群体中DYS390位点 5种等位基因的分化程度以223bp为最高 ,分化程度最低的为211bp。聚类分析表明3个群体的父系亲缘关系较为密切 ,其中以汉族与朝鲜族之间的遗传距离最近。     

广东汉族22个Y-STR基因座遗传多态性及遗传关系分析

调查了广东汉族群体22个 Y-STR基因座的遗传多态性分布情况, 探讨其群体遗传学及法医学应用价值。通过自行建立的两组Y-STR荧光标记复合扩增体系(MultiplexⅠ: DYS505, DYS533, DYS576, DYS588, DYS634, DYS643; MultiplexⅡ: DYS461, DYS481, DYS504, DYS508, DYS607)和应用进口Powerplex Y System (DYS19, DYS389Ⅰ/Ⅱ, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439), 对广东汉族216 名无关男性个体进行22 个STR基因座的复合分型, 用ABI310基因分析仪对扩增产物进行检测, 统计22 个Y-STR基因座的群体遗传学参数, 并结合已公开发表的其他12 个群体“扩展单倍型”的数据资料, 分析广东汉族群体遗传距离和聚类关系。3 组复合扩增系统均可成功进行分型, 基因多样性GD值在0.3299(DYS634)~ 0.9425(DYS385); 22 个Y-STR基因座共同构成的单倍型214 种, 单倍型多样性为0.9999。广东汉族和潮汕汉族的遗传距离最近(-0.0030), 与东北汉族的遗传距离最远(0.0195)。22 个Y-STR基因座联合检测具有丰富的遗传多态性, 对建立Y染色体STR数据库, 研究群体遗传学和进行法医学应用有重要意义。     

新Y-STR DYS605在山西汉族人群中的多态性分布

为了应用更多的Y染色体特异性STR基因座以用于法医学和人类遗传学研究,用PCR结合PAGE技术检测128例山西汉族无关男性DYS605等位基因分布状况。结果显示：山西地区汉族男性DYS605基因座观察到22,21,20,19,18共5个等位基因,基因频率分别为0．0156;0．1797;0．4531;0．2891;0．0625。等位基因20和19之间的电泳距离在非变性胶上非常接近,要有足够的电泳距离才能区分。测序表明该基因座包括3个串联重复区,其中一个为可变重复区。20例女性DNA未发现扩增产物。     

7个Y-STR基因座荧光标记复合分型及在中国汉族群体中遗传多态性的研究

建立了FAM（蓝色荧光）标记的DYS456、DYS464a/b/c/d和DYS527a/b和JOE(绿色荧光)标记的DYS531、DYS709、DYS448和DYS522 7个Y染色体STR基因座(相当于11个位点)复合扩增分型体系。利用ABI3100遗传分析仪调查中国广东汉族151例和河南106例汉族无关男性个体的遗传多态性分布, 并探讨在法医学中的应用价值。结果显示, 此方法能作出正确分型的最低基因组DNA量为0.02 ng; 在女性成份为男性成份150倍的混合DNA样本(总DNA量为160 ng)中能正确检出全部7个Y-STR基因座的基因型。 广东和河南2个汉族男性群体中, 观察到的单体型分别有150、105种, 其中仅观察到1次的单体型分别有149、104种, 单体型多样性(HD)分别为0.999912、0.999820; 这组Y-STR单体型在两个群体中的分布差异有统计学显著意义(秩和检验: P<0.001)。此7个Y-STR基因座多态性分析适用于法医学实践和人类进化的研究。     

对法医学相关的DYS549、DYS527和DYS459基因座在男性不育症人群中的缺失、重复调查

位于Y染色体无精症因子区域(Azoospermia factor, AZF)的基因座位点DYS549、DYS527和DYS459在法医学鉴定和家系分析中被广泛应用。但是,在男性不育患者中,DYS549、DYS527和DYS459位点很可能会表现出特殊的基因型,对应用Y染色体短串联重复序列(Y chromosome short tandem repeat, Y-STR)进行个体识别的结果产生干扰。因此,文章应用14个Y-STR基因座复合扩增体系和Y染色体AZFc区DAZ、CDY1基因的拷贝数检测等方法,探讨男性不育症中法医学相关的3个Y-STR基因座的异常分型,对个体识别和家系分析中的DNA检验异常结果提供合理的解释。在240例男性非梗阻性无精、严重少精、先天性双侧输精管缺如(CBVAD)患者中,采用改良的多重PCR体系进行AZF区域微缺失的序列标签位点(Sequence tagged sites, STSs)检测,发现AZF微缺失40例(AZFa：2例;AZFb：2例;AZFc：30例;AZFb+c：6例),AZF的总缺失率为16.67%。应用14 Y-STR复合扩增体系对上述AZF微缺失的阳性患者样本进行检测,发现所有AZFb缺失患者存在DYS549等位基因缺失,AZFc缺失患者存在DYS527、DYS459等位基因缺失,AZFb+c缺失患者存在DYS549、DYS527和DYS459等位基因缺失。在AZF微缺失阴性的不育症患者中,通过检测DAZ、CDY1基因拷贝数发现10例AZFc部分复制的患者(1例为先天性输精管缺如,2例非梗阻性无精症,7例严重少精子症),占所调查不育人群的4.17%。男性不育人群AZF区域3个Y-STR基因座多态性会造成等位基因缺失或者重复,这些异常分型是由于临床遗传缺陷造成的而不是实验偏差。阐明Y-STR在男性不育人群中的异质性可以更好地完善Y-STR数据库和解释STR实验结果。     

Y染色体微缺失人群中Y-STR等位基因缺失模式分析

Y染色体短串联重复序列(Y-short tandem repeats, Y-STRs)已被广泛应用到DNA检验领域。然而,由于Y染色体存在较高的结构突变率,可能会导致部分Y-STR等位基因丢失甚至产生特殊的缺失模式,从而影响其在法医学中的应用。位于Y染色体长臂的无精子症因子(azoospermia factor, AZF)与精子发生有关,该区域微缺失可导致不育症。然而Y染色体微缺失人群是否存在特殊的Y-STR缺失模式仍有待研究。本文利用法医学上常用17个Y-STR探讨了85例Y染色体微缺失患者的Y-STR缺失模式。结果显示,单纯AZF a区缺失样本,均存在DYS439-DYS389I-DYS389II基因座无效扩增情况;单纯AZF b区或单纯AZF c区缺失样本存在DYS448基因座无效扩增;复合AZF b+c+d区缺失样本存在DYS385-DYS392-DYS448基因座无效扩增;复合AZFa+b+c+d区缺失样本存在DYS390-Y-GATA-H4-DYS385-DYS392-DYS448基因座无效扩增。因此,本研究结果提示Y-STR缺失模式与Y染色体微缺失有对应关系。     

铜川汉族人群38个Y-STR基因座多态性调查

Y染色体上的短串联重复序列（Y chromosome short tandem repeats, Y-STRs）在法医鉴定,尤其是混合斑中男性成分的检测分析和家系排查中具有重要作用。随着Y-STR试剂盒的不断推出和数据库的建立,国内外针对不同地区和群体的Y-STR多态性研究日益增多,而有关铜川汉族Y-STR研究鲜有报道。基于此,采用YfilerTM Platinum复合扩增试剂盒对陕西铜川汉族669名无关男性个体进行38个Y-STR基因座遗传多态性调查,并探索铜川地区汉族与其他群体之间的遗传关系。调查共检出657种单倍型,单倍型多样性和识别能力分别为0.999 937 345和0.982 1。38个Y-STR基因座共检出428个等位基因,基因多样性值在0.108 9（DYS645）~0.969 9（DYS385）。群体遗传分析中,多维尺度分析（multi-dimensional scaling, MDS）和系统发育树分析结果显示铜川汉族与其他地区的汉族群体遗传距离更近。综上,研究结果中38个Y-STR基因座在铜川汉族群体中具有较高的遗传多态性,适合铜川地区法庭科学应用。     

福建畲族群体17个Y-STR基因座单倍型及遗传关系

应用Y-filerTM试剂盒及基因分型技术,检测152份福建畲族无关男性个体17个Y-STR基因座的多态性分布,计算等位基因频率及单倍型多样性,并结合已公开发表的其他11个群体相应基因座的单倍型资料,分析福建畲族群体遗传距离和聚类关系。福建畲族DYS385a/b基因座检出50种单倍型,其余15个Y-STR基因座分别检出3-11个等位基因,基因多样性GD值在0.4037(DYS391)～0.9725(DYS385a/b);观察到DYS19和DYS390基因座双等位基因和DYS385a/b基因座三等位基因,以及DYS448等部分基因座出现的"off-ladder"等位基因现象。17个Y-STR基因座共同构成的单倍型144种,其中138种单倍型出现1次,5种出现2次,1种出现4次,累计GD值为0.9990。从遗传距离分析发现,福建畲族与浙江汉族之间的遗传距离最近(0.0042),与青海藏族(0.2378)之间的遗传距离相对较远。福建畲族最靠近由台湾群体、浙江汉族、南方汉族等典型南方汉族群体聚成的分支区域。结果表明该17个Y-STR基因座在福建畲族群体中具有丰富的遗传多态性,对建立Y染色体STR数据库,研究群体遗传学和进行法医学应用有重要意义。     

山西汉族17个Y-STR基因座遗传多态性及遗传关系

为了调查山西汉族群体17个Y-STR基因座的多态性分布,探讨其群体遗传学及法医学应用价值,文章应用Y-filer TM试剂盒检测222名山西汉族无关男性个体的17个Y-STR基因座,用ABI3130遗传分析仪进行基因分型,计算等位基因频率及单倍型多样性,并结合已公开发表的国内其他13个群体相关数据资料,分析山西汉族群体遗传距离和聚类关系。结果:山西汉族个体中共检出219种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.9999;基因多样性GD值在0.3894(DYS391)~0.9755(DYS385a/b)。从遗传距离分析发现,山西汉族与吉黑汉族之间的遗传距离最近(?0.0001),与台湾群体(0.0152)之间的遗传距离相对较远。结果表明该17个Y-STR基因座在山西汉族群体中具有丰富的遗传多态性,对建立Y染色体STR数据库、研究群体遗传学和进行法医学应用有重要意义。     

深圳无偿献血人群中李姓、王姓和张姓无关男性个体Y-STR单倍型遗传多态性

为研究姓氏群体Y染色体特异STR单倍型的遗传多态性, 采用PCR复合扩增和ABI PrismTM 3100基因测序仪荧光检测方法对DYS426等9个Y-STR基因座进行基因分型, 检测深圳地区李姓无关男性个体血样139份、王姓无关男性个体118份、张姓无关男性个体119份。结果在139份李姓群体中, 共检出126种单倍型, 其中118种单倍型仅出现1次, 检出频率最高的1种单倍型出现6次, 单倍型多样性为0.9974; 118份王姓无关男性样本中, 共检出105种单倍型, 其中94种单倍型仅出现1次, 检出频率最高的1种单倍型出现4次, 单倍型多样性为0.9953; 张姓无关男性样本中, 共检出101种单倍型, 其中88种单倍型仅出现1次, 检出频率最高的1种单倍型出现4次, 单倍型多样性为0.9964。结果表明: 深圳地区李、王、张姓氏无关男性个体Y-STR单倍型的遗传多态性丰富, 与以往的汉族无关男性群体遗传资料相比较, 差异不显著。     

宁夏回族、汉族人手指指毛的分布

调查了宁夏回族316例（男性166例,女性150例）、汉族542例（男性253例,女性289例）手指指毛的分布。结果表明,手指近侧指节除回族中有2例女性没有指毛外,其余均生指毛;中间指节指毛出现率在同一民族男女间、回汉族间均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;各指中间指节指毛出现频率的排列顺序为4>3>5>2;每指两侧指毛分布不对称;左、右手同位指指毛分布基本对称。比较分析了11个民族共13个群体有中间指节指毛的基因频率。     

广西玉林地区汉族儿童青少年头面部发育特征

为了了解广西玉林地区汉族儿童青少年头面型,本文采用分层随机抽样方法对广西玉林地区1119名7－16岁城镇汉族儿童青少年的9项头面部指标进行测量,分析和比较儿童青少年容貌特征的发育与年龄增长的关系,按头面部各项指数分型。结果显示：汉族儿童青少年头面部的9项指标除头最大宽外均随年龄的增长而增大,各年龄组的性别间存在显著性差异。头面型以中头型和圆头型、高头型、狭头型及阔面型和中面型为主。     

Genetic diversity of Y-chromosome microsatellites in the Fujian Han and the Sichuan Han populations of China

Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (STRs) are potentially useful for forensic, anthropological and evolutionary studies. In this study we chose the loci DYS 19, DYS 388, DYS 389 I, DYS 389 II, DYS 390, DYS 391, DYS 392, DYS 393, DYS 425 and DYS 426. Blood samples were taken from 46 unrelated male individuals from Fujian Han and 43 unrelated males from Sichuan Han in China. DNA was extracted by conventional chelex extraction procedure. PCR was carried out in two multiplex reactions. Fragment analysis was conducted on an ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer. Allele frequency distributions and discrimination indices were calculated, and the two populations were tested for genetic differences by means of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Here we obtained 75 Y-STR haplotypes and the haplotype diversity for the complete haplotype was 0.9884 in Fujian Han and 0.9967 in Sichuan Han. A larger genetic difference became apparent between the two populations that belong to the Sino-Tibetan speaking populations.     

中国13个民族7个Y-STR基因座遗传关系的研究

选择具有高度遗传多态性与稳定性的7个Y-STR位点分析宁夏回族与国内17个群体之间的群体遗传关系。采用Y-STR复合扩增、ABI全自动测序仪测序方法,结合基因扫描和自动分型技术获得150名宁夏回族个体DYS19、DYS389Ⅰ、DYS389Ⅱ、DYS390、DYS391、DYS392和DYS393七个基因座的基因频率,同时还收集国内17个群体这7个基因座的基因频率数据,计算他们间的遗传距离,进行聚类分析。结果显示:宁夏回族与北京汉族、云南汉族、安徽汉族、天津汉族、湖南汉族先聚为一类,然后与福建汉族相聚,最后与其他少数民族相聚,揭示回族与汉族在遗传结构上具有很大的相似性,为回族起源和发展过程中融入了大量汉族血缘的论点提供了遗传学证据。     

Genetic diversity in an Andean population from Peru and regional migration patterns of Amerindians in South America: data from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA

The genetic variability of a Quechua-speaking Andean population from Peru was examined on the basis of four Y chromosome markers and restriction sites that define the Amerindian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups. Forty-nine out of 52 (90.4%) individuals had mtDNA which belonged to one of the four common Amerindian haplogroups, with 54% of the samples belonging to haplogroup B. Among 25 males, 12 had an Amerindian Y chromosome, which exists as four haplotypes defined on the basis of the DYS287, DYS199, DYS392 and DYS19 markers, three of which are shared by Amazonian Amerindians. Thus, there is a clear directionality of marriages, with an estimated genetic admixture with non-Amerindians that is 9 times lower for mtDNA than for Y chromosome DNA. The comparison of mtDNA of Andean Amerindians with that of people from other regions of South America in a total of 1,086 individuals demonstrates a geographical pattern, with a decreasing frequency of A and C haplotypes and increasing frequency of the D haplotype from the north of the Amazon River to the south of the Amazon River, reaching the lowest and the highest frequencies, respectively, in the more southern populations of Chile and Argentina. Conversely, the highest and lowest frequencies of the haplogroup B are found, respectively, in the Andean and the North Amazon regions, and it is absent from some southern populations, suggesting that haplotypes A, C and D, and haplotype B may have been dispersed by two different migratory routes within the continent.     

Y-chromosome polymorphisms and the origins of the European gene pool

Gradients of allele frequencies have long been considered the main genetic characteristic of the European population, but mitochondrial DNA diversity seems to be distributed differently. One Alu insertion (YAP), five tetranucleotide (DYS19, DYS389B, DYS390, DYS391 and DYS393) and one trinucleotide (DYS392) microsatellite loci of the Y chromosome were analysed for geographical patterns in 59 European populations. Spatial correlograms showed clines for most markers, which paralleled the gradients previously observed for two RFLP polymorphisms. Effective separation times between populations were estimated from genetic distances at microsatellite loci. Even after correcting for the possible effects of continuous local gene flow, the most distant Indo-European-speaking populations seem to have separated no more than 7000 years ago. The clinal patterns and the estimated, recent separation times between populations jointly suggest that Y-chromosome diversity in Europe largely reflects a directional demic expansion, which is unlikely to have occurred before the Neolithic period.     

Biodemographic and molecular analysis of an isolated Alpine population (Postua)

Isolated populations have been the object of several genetic and anthropological studies, since endogamy and inbreeding often lead to the acquisition of a particular gene pool. In this context, we studied the small, ancient population of Postua in the north-western Italian Alps. We used biodemographic and molecular techniques to analyse the population structure in order to evaluate the relationship between geographical and genetic isolation. We examined about 26,000 certificates kept in the town and parish archives, concerning the period from 1640 to 1999. High rates of endogamy and isonymy, short marriage distances and a low ratio between the number of surnames and the number of individuals were inferred. In the molecular analysis, we compared the distribution of Y chromosome SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) with those of mitochondrial variations and Y chromosomal microsatellites (short tandem repeat polymorphisms) in 102 healthy individuals originating from Postua. A control sample (94 individuals) was collected from a plain area, 50 km away. We examined 23 SNPs and an Alu repeat, located in the nonrecombinant portion of the Y chromosome. To further delineate Y chromosome lineages, the biallelic haplogroups were further resolved using Y microsatellite markers (DYS19, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393). Mitochondrial HVS-I and HVS-II regions were sequenced, and RFLP screening with the six classical enzymes was performed. Postua is similar to other populations living in northern Italy, but it shows a lower number of haplotypes. The samples were compared with other European populations. We calculated genetic distances according to Reynold and Nei and we carried out a phylogenetic analysis by phylogenetic trees and reduced median networks construction. Postua clusters with other samples from northern Italy but in a separate position, probably indicating drift phenomena. These relationships are supported by AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance). Our results suggest that the influence of neighbouring populations on the gene pool of Postua has been very low through both females and males.     

吉林省朝鲜族体质特征

从413人朝鲜族(男236人,女177人)268人吉林省汉族(男170人,女98人)的头面部体征的分析,作者认为朝鲜族与吉林省汉族体征之差别主要表现在前者具有比后者更宽而扁平的面形。两者在头面部特征上与蒙古族、满族、以及东北三省的汉族同属一个体质类型。他们体征的形成主要受到来自古代华北居民的影响。